簡要介紹
貴(gui)州白山羊是貴(gui)州省地方優良品種, 具有性(xing)成熟早、繁殖力強、適應(ying)性(xing)廣、肉質優良、遺(yi)傳性(xing)能穩定(ding)等(deng)特點。
貴州(zhou)(zhou)白(bai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)原產于黔東(dong)北烏(wu)江中下游的沿河、思南、務川等縣,分布(bu)在貴州(zhou)(zhou)遵義、銅仁兩地,黔東(dong)南苗族侗族自治(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)、黔南布(bu)依族苗族自治(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)也(ye)有(you)(you)分布(bu)。公母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)均有(you)(you)角(jiao),頜(he)下有(you)(you)須,公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)頸部有(you)(you)卷毛,少數母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)頸下有(you)(you)一對肉(rou)垂。該品種具(ju)有(you)(you)產肉(rou)性能(neng)好(hao)(hao),繁殖力強(qiang),板皮(pi)(pi)質量(liang)好(hao)(hao)等特性。貴州(zhou)(zhou)白(bai)山羊(yang)(yang)(yang)肉(rou)質細嫩(nen),肌肉(rou)間有(you)(you)脂肪分布(bu),板皮(pi)(pi)拉(la)力強(qiang)而柔軟,纖(xian)維致(zhi)密。
體形外貌
貴州白(bai)山羊是(shi)貴州省優(you)良(liang)的地方肉用山羊良(liang)種。白(bai)色短(duan)毛,體(ti)型(xing)中(zhong)等,大部分(fen)有(you)角(jiao),角(jiao)向同側(ce)后上(shang)外(wai)扭曲(qu)生長;有(you)須,腿(tui)較(jiao)短(duan),背(bei)寬平(ping)(ping),體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)較(jiao)長大豐滿,后軀(qu)(qu)發育良(liang)好(hao)。頭寬額平(ping)(ping),頸(jing)部較(jiao)圓,部分(fen)母羊頸(jing)下(xia)有(you)一(yi)對肉垂,胸深,背(bei)寬平(ping)(ping),體(ti)軀(qu)(qu)呈圓桶狀(zhuang),體(ti)長,四(si)肢較(jiao)矮。毛被(bei)以白(bai)色為主,其次為麻、黑、花色,毛被(bei)較(jiao)短(duan)。少數(shu)羊鼻、臉(lian)、耳(er)部皮膚上(shang)有(you)灰(hui)褐色斑點。
產地環境
產區(qu)地(di)勢復雜,西(xi)高東低,海拔為(wei)500—1200m,坡度為(wei)30度左右,山間有零星盆地(di),鄰近的川、湘(xiang)兩(liang)省屬云貴高原東斜坡向(xiang)四川盆地(di)及湘(xiang)西(xi)丘陵的過渡地(di)帶。氣候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)暖濕(shi)潤,年(nian)平均氣溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)15.5—21度,年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)為(wei)1030一(yi)1355mm,80%的降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)集中在(zai)4一(yi)10月份,無霜(shuang)期為(wei)250一(yi)290 d。河流主要屬烏江水(shui)系,河網密(mi)度大。土(tu)壤多為(wei)酸性黃壤土(tu)及紅(hong)壤土(tu)。農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)一(yi)年(nian)二(er)、三(san)熟,主要有水(shui)稻(dao)、玉米、甘(gan)薯(shu)、小麥、油菜等。農(nong)業(ye)副產品豐富,為(wei)山羊的發展提(ti)供了良好的飼料條件。
生長性能
貴州白山羊(yang)初生重,公羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)1.7kg,母(mu)(mu)羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)1.6kg;3月(yue)齡公羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)8.1kg,3月(yue)齡母(mu)(mu)羔平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)7.5kg;周歲(sui)公羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)19.6kg,相當于(yu)成(cheng)年公羊(yang)的60.22%,周歲(sui)母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)18.3kg,相當于(yu)成(cheng)年母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)的56.18%。成(cheng)年公羊(yang)體重平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)32.8kg,成(cheng)年母(mu)(mu)羊(yang)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能
貴州白山羊(yang)(yang)肉(rou)(rou)質細嫩,肌肉(rou)(rou)間(jian)有脂肪(fang)分布(bu),膻味輕(qing)。一般在秋、冬兩季屠宰(zai)。成年(nian)羯羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)47.53kg,胴(dong)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)23.26kg,內臟(zang)(zang)脂肪(fang)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)19.02kg,屠宰(zai)率(lv)(包括(kuo)內臟(zang)(zang)脂肪(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)57.92形,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)40.02%;一歲揭羊(yang)(yang)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)24.11kg,胴(dong)體(ti)(ti)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)11.45kg,內臟(zang)(zang)脂肪(fang)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)重(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)8.83kg,屠宰(zai)率(lv)(包括(kuo)內臟(zang)(zang)脂肪(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)(jing)肉(rou)(rou)率(lv)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質
貴(gui)州白(bai)山(shan)羊的皮(pi)板厚薄均勻,柔韌(ren)、纖維(wei)致密(mi),毛孔(kong)細小(xiao),拉力強,張(zhang)幅面(mian)積(ji)在3000~6000平方厘米(mi)之間,干皮(pi)重為(wei)500~700g。
繁殖性能
貴州(zhou)白(bai)山羊(yang)性(xing)成熟(shu)早,母羊(yang)初(chu)情(qing)期在3~4月(yue)(yue)齡(ling),發(fa)情(qing)周期為(wei)17~20d,發(fa)情(qing)持續(xu)期為(wei)2d。5個月(yue)(yue)齡(ling)就開始(shi)配種。公羊(yang)一(yi)歲后閹割(ge)肥育,故產(chan)(chan)(chan)區很少見(jian)到飼(si)養大(da)公羊(yang)。貴州(zhou)白(bai)山羊(yang)常年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔(gao)(gao)(gao),1~3月(yue)(yue)份(fen)產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)占全年(nian)的一(yi)半。母羊(yang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)后45d即可發(fa)情(qing)配種,能年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)兩胎。從1~7胎(4歲左右)產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)率逐漸上升,為(wei)124.27~180.0%,7胎后下(xia)降。貴州(zhou)白(bai)山羊(yang)平均產(chan)(chan)(chan)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)率為(wei)273.60%,年(nian)繁殖存活(huo)率平均為(wei)243.19%。
觀測結果顯示,選育群和自(zi)繁群羊均具(ju)有明(ming)顯的早熟性能, 其(qi)各項指標符(fu)合貴州(zhou)白山羊品種繁殖生理特征, 說明(ming)貴州(zhou)白山羊品種繁殖生理指標具(ju)有穩定的遺傳性。
養殖技術
要養(yang)(yang)好(hao)貴(gui)州白山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),就得從(cong)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抓起,羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)至幾周齡(ling)后(hou),母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)奶(nai)已不(bu)(bu)能滿足其營養(yang)(yang)需(xu)要,因此(ci)需(xu)早(zao)期(qi)訓練羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)草(cao)(cao)(cao)吃(chi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),進行(xing)補飼(si)(si)(si)。一般(ban)從(cong)7-10日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)開始(shi)誘食,15-30日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)日(ri)(ri)喂50-70克(ke),30-60日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)達(da)到100克(ke),60-90日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)達(da)到200克(ke),保(bao)證羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全活全壯,快(kuai)速生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang),為(wei)早(zao)期(qi)斷(duan)奶(nai)和后(hou)期(qi)育(yu)肥(fei)打好(hao)基礎(chu)。早(zao)期(qi)斷(duan)奶(nai)在(zai)100日(ri)(ri)齡(ling)進行(xing),最遲不(bu)(bu)要超過4月齡(ling),這(zhe)樣(yang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)縮(suo)短產羔(gao)(gao)(gao)間隔(ge),增加(jia)母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年限(xian)內所(suo)(suo)產胎數(shu),養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶在(zai)加(jia)強喂養(yang)(yang)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的同時(shi),對于育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的管理(li)方面,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)肉用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)優(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地(di)母羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)開展(zhan)二元或三(san)元雜交,生(sheng)(sheng)產優(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)雜種(zhong)(zhong)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),育(yu)肥(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)產商品肉羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜種(zhong)(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)僅生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)快(kuai),飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)報酬高(gao),而(er)且(qie)肉質好(hao)、鮮(xian)嫩、售(shou)價高(gao),經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益好(hao)。要養(yang)(yang)好(hao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),還有(you)就是(shi)要有(you)充(chong)足的飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),因此(ci)必須廣(guang)(guang)開飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)來源,保(bao)證白山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)常年不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)。在(zai)解決山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)來源問題上,廣(guang)(guang)大(da)農民在(zai)實(shi)踐中積累了豐富的經(jing)驗。他們的措(cuo)施(shi)是(shi):廣(guang)(guang)泛收集,種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)放養(yang)(yang)和加(jia)工(gong)貯存(cun)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)以采(cai)集野草(cao)(cao)(cao),同時(shi)還需(xu)因地(di)制宜,種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)一些高(gao)產青(qing)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)草(cao)(cao)(cao),如(ru)優(you)(you)(you)(you)優(you)(you)(you)(you)玉米(mi)草(cao)(cao)(cao)、優(you)(you)(you)(you)優(you)(you)(you)(you)苜蓿等高(gao)產牧草(cao)(cao)(cao)品種(zhong)(zhong)。加(jia)工(gong)貯存(cun)方式,大(da)體有(you)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong):一是(shi)曬干貯存(cun):在(zai)夏(xia)秋季節,將羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)不(bu)(bu)完的青(qing)綠飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),曬成(cheng)青(qing)干草(cao)(cao)(cao),供山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)枯草(cao)(cao)(cao)季節利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。二是(shi)制成(cheng)青(qing)貯料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao):將優(you)(you)(you)(you)質青(qing)草(cao)(cao)(cao)等進行(xing)青(qing)貯,在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季代(dai)替(ti)青(qing)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)喂羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。三(san)是(shi)窖藏部分新鮮(xian)的青(qing)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和多(duo)汁飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),以備補料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。貴(gui)州規(gui)模化飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)白山(shan)(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)場開始(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)施(shi)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),以往農戶養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)樁拴系,露天飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)往往出現(xian)夏(xia)壯、秋肥(fei)、冬(dong)(dong)瘦(shou)、春乏的狀況。所(suo)(suo)以若想增加(jia)養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效(xiao)益,就應推(tui)廣(guang)(guang)設(she)施(shi)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),建(jian)造(zao)布局結構合(he)理(li)的羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)或暖棚。這(zhe)樣(yang)無論在(zai)炎夏(xia)還是(shi)寒冬(dong)(dong),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)都(dou)有(you)一個舒適的生(sheng)(sheng)活環(huan)境,促(cu)其快(kuai)速生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)與增重。飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)設(she)施(shi)的合(he)理(li)建(jian)造(zao)與布局,可(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低疾病的發生(sheng)(sheng)。把錢花在(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍(she)建(jian)設(she)上比花錢買藥吃(chi)更經(jing)濟(ji),何(he)況用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥過多(duo)會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)藥物殘留。
養殖戶(hu)在做好(hao)了羊的(de)(de)喂養管理(li)后(hou),防病的(de)(de)管理(li)可不能少(shao),因為(wei)疾(ji)病是(shi)(shi)養羊生產的(de)(de)一(yi)大威脅,應重點搞好(hao)傳染病的(de)(de)預防接(jie)種工作(zuo),堅持預防為(wei)主的(de)(de)原(yuan)則。定(ding)期驅(qu)除(chu)羊體(ti)內外寄生蟲,注意圈舍的(de)(de)衛生消毒,在日(ri)常(chang)(chang)(chang)管理(li)中經常(chang)(chang)(chang)觀(guan)察羊只(zhi)精(jing)神、飲食、糞便等是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正常(chang)(chang)(chang),做到(dao)沒病早(zao)防,有病早(zao)發現、早(zao)治(zhi)療。
地理分布
貴州白(bai)山羊(yang)是貴州省優良的地(di)(di)方山羊(yang)品種之一,原產于黔(qian)東北烏江中(zhong)下游的沿河(he)、思(si)南(nan)(nan)和務川(chuan)等縣,分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)貴州省的遵(zun)義、銅仁兩地(di)(di),黔(qian)東南(nan)(nan)苗族侗(dong)族自(zi)治(zhi)州、黔(qian)南(nan)(nan)布(bu)依族苗族自(zi)治(zhi)州也(ye)有分(fen)布(bu)。
養殖歷史
貴(gui)州白山羊(yang)(yang)是一個古老的山羊(yang)(yang)品種,據明嘉靖(公(gong)元1522—1567)年間《思南府志》記(ji)載:“羊(yang)(yang),皆(jie)山羊(yang)(yang),罕(han)綿羊(yang)(yang)”。又據《史記(ji)》、《后漢書》等(deng)記(ji)敘,在現今(jin)的思南、印江、沿河一帶,漢代(dai)以前飼養牲畜(chu)已(yi)具(ju)規模,黃牛、山羊(yang)(yang)已(yi)為當(dang)地主要(yao)家(jia)畜(chu)。由(you)此(ci)可見,貴(gui)州飼養白山羊(yang)(yang)已(yi)有悠久的歷史。
價值
貴州白山羊(yang)肉質細嫩,肌肉間(jian)有脂肪分布。具有極(ji)高的(de)營養價值。
該品種具(ju)有產肉性(xing)能(neng)好,繁殖力強(qiang)(qiang),板(ban)皮(pi)質(zhi)量好等(deng)特性(xing)。貴州白山羊肉質(zhi)細嫩,肌肉間有脂肪分布(bu),板(ban)皮(pi)拉(la)力強(qiang)(qiang)而柔軟,纖(xian)維(wei)致密(mi)。