簡要介紹
貴州白山羊是(shi)貴州省地(di)方優(you)良品種, 具(ju)有性成熟早、繁殖力(li)強、適(shi)應性廣、肉質(zhi)優(you)良、遺傳性能穩定(ding)等(deng)特點。
貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊原(yuan)產于(yu)黔東北(bei)烏江中下游的沿河、思南(nan)、務川等縣,分(fen)布在貴(gui)州(zhou)遵義、銅(tong)仁兩(liang)地,黔東南(nan)苗族(zu)侗族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)、黔南(nan)布依(yi)族(zu)苗族(zu)自(zi)治(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)也有(you)分(fen)布。公母羊均有(you)角,頜下有(you)須,公羊頸部有(you)卷毛,少數母羊頸下有(you)一對(dui)肉(rou)垂。該品種具(ju)有(you)產肉(rou)性(xing)能(neng)好,繁殖力強,板皮質量好等特性(xing)。貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)山(shan)(shan)羊肉(rou)質細嫩,肌肉(rou)間有(you)脂肪分(fen)布,板皮拉力強而柔(rou)軟,纖維致密。
體形外貌
貴(gui)州白(bai)山羊是貴(gui)州省優(you)良(liang)(liang)的地方肉(rou)用山羊良(liang)(liang)種。白(bai)色(se)短毛(mao),體(ti)型中等,大(da)部分(fen)有(you)角(jiao),角(jiao)向同側后上(shang)外扭曲生長;有(you)須,腿較(jiao)短,背(bei)寬(kuan)平,體(ti)軀(qu)較(jiao)長大(da)豐滿(man),后軀(qu)發(fa)育良(liang)(liang)好。頭寬(kuan)額平,頸部較(jiao)圓(yuan)(yuan),部分(fen)母羊頸下有(you)一對肉(rou)垂,胸(xiong)深,背(bei)寬(kuan)平,體(ti)軀(qu)呈(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)桶(tong)狀,體(ti)長,四(si)肢較(jiao)矮。毛(mao)被(bei)以(yi)白(bai)色(se)為主,其次為麻(ma)、黑、花(hua)色(se),毛(mao)被(bei)較(jiao)短。少數(shu)羊鼻、臉、耳部皮(pi)膚(fu)上(shang)有(you)灰褐(he)色(se)斑點(dian)。
產地環境
產(chan)區地(di)勢復雜,西高(gao)東(dong)低,海拔為(wei)(wei)500—1200m,坡度為(wei)(wei)30度左(zuo)右,山(shan)(shan)間有零星盆(pen)地(di),鄰近的川(chuan)、湘兩省屬云貴高(gao)原東(dong)斜(xie)坡向四川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)及(ji)湘西丘陵(ling)的過渡地(di)帶。氣候(hou)溫暖濕潤(run),年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣溫為(wei)(wei)15.5—21度,年(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)1030一1355mm,80%的降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)集(ji)中(zhong)在4一10月份(fen),無霜期為(wei)(wei)250一290 d。河流(liu)主要(yao)屬烏江水(shui)(shui)系,河網密(mi)度大。土(tu)壤多為(wei)(wei)酸(suan)性黃壤土(tu)及(ji)紅壤土(tu)。農作(zuo)物一年(nian)(nian)二、三熟(shu),主要(yao)有水(shui)(shui)稻、玉(yu)米、甘薯(shu)、小麥(mai)、油菜等。農業副產(chan)品豐富,為(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)羊的發展提供了良好的飼料(liao)條件。
生長性能
貴州白山羊(yang)初生重,公(gong)羔平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)1.7kg,母(mu)(mu)(mu)羔平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)1.6kg;3月齡公(gong)羔平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)8.1kg,3月齡母(mu)(mu)(mu)羔平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)7.5kg;周歲公(gong)羊(yang)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)19.6kg,相當(dang)于成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)公(gong)羊(yang)的60.22%,周歲母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)18.3kg,相當(dang)于成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)的56.18%。成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)公(gong)羊(yang)體重平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)32.8kg,成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)母(mu)(mu)(mu)羊(yang)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)30.8kg。
生產性能
貴州白(bai)山羊肉質細嫩,肌肉間(jian)有脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)分布,膻味輕。一般在(zai)秋、冬兩季屠(tu)(tu)宰。成年(nian)羯羊體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)47.53kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)23.26kg,內臟脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)4.27kg,凈(jing)肉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)19.02kg,屠(tu)(tu)宰率(包括(kuo)內臟脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)57.92形(xing),凈(jing)肉率平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)40.02%;一歲(sui)揭羊體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)24.11kg,胴(dong)體重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)11.45kg,內臟脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)1.40kg,凈(jing)肉重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)8.83kg,屠(tu)(tu)宰率(包括(kuo)內臟脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang))平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)53.30%,凈(jing)肉率平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)為(wei)36.60%。
皮板品質
貴州白山羊(yang)的皮板厚薄均勻,柔(rou)韌、纖維致密,毛(mao)孔細小,拉力(li)強,張幅(fu)面積(ji)在(zai)3000~6000平方厘米之間,干皮重(zhong)為500~700g。
繁殖性能
貴(gui)州(zhou)白山羊性成熟早,母(mu)羊初(chu)情期在3~4月齡,發情周期為17~20d,發情持(chi)續期為2d。5個(ge)月齡就開始配種。公羊一歲后閹割肥(fei)育,故產(chan)區很少見到(dao)飼(si)養大公羊。貴(gui)州(zhou)白山羊常年(nian)產(chan)羔(gao)(gao),1~3月份產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)占全年(nian)的一半。母(mu)羊產(chan)后45d即(ji)可發情配種,能年(nian)產(chan)兩胎。從1~7胎(4歲左右(you))產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)率(lv)逐漸(jian)上(shang)升(sheng),為124.27~180.0%,7胎后下降(jiang)。貴(gui)州(zhou)白山羊平均(jun)產(chan)羔(gao)(gao)率(lv)為273.60%,年(nian)繁殖存活率(lv)平均(jun)為243.19%。
觀測結果顯示,選育群(qun)和自繁群(qun)羊均具(ju)有明(ming)顯的(de)早熟(shu)性能, 其各項(xiang)指標符(fu)合貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)(bai)山羊品種繁殖生理特征, 說明(ming)貴(gui)州(zhou)白(bai)(bai)山羊品種繁殖生理指標具(ju)有穩定的(de)遺傳性。
養殖技術
要(yao)養(yang)(yang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)貴州白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),就(jiu)得從羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)抓(zhua)起,羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)長(chang)(chang)至幾周(zhou)齡(ling)后(hou),母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)奶已不(bu)(bu)(bu)能滿足其營養(yang)(yang)需(xu)要(yao),因此需(xu)早(zao)期(qi)訓練羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)草(cao)(cao)吃(chi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),進(jin)行(xing)補飼(si)(si)(si)。一(yi)(yi)般從7-10日(ri)齡(ling)開始(shi)誘食,15-30日(ri)齡(ling)日(ri)喂50-70克,30-60日(ri)齡(ling)達到(dao)100克,60-90日(ri)齡(ling)達到(dao)200克,保證羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)全活(huo)全壯,快(kuai)速(su)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),為早(zao)期(qi)斷奶和(he)后(hou)期(qi)育肥(fei)打好(hao)(hao)(hao)基礎。早(zao)期(qi)斷奶在(zai)(zai)100日(ri)齡(ling)進(jin)行(xing),最遲不(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)超過4月齡(ling),這(zhe)樣可(ke)縮短產(chan)羔(gao)間隔(ge),增加母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年限內所產(chan)胎(tai)數(shu),養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶在(zai)(zai)加強(qiang)喂養(yang)(yang)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)同時,對于育種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)管理方面,利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)肉(rou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)優(you)(you)良品(pin)種(zhong)公羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)與本地母(mu)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)開展二(er)元或三(san)元雜交,生(sheng)產(chan)優(you)(you)良雜種(zhong)羔(gao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),育肥(fei)生(sheng)產(chan)商品(pin)肉(rou)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。雜種(zhong)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)快(kuai),飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)報(bao)酬高(gao)(gao)(gao),而且肉(rou)質好(hao)(hao)(hao)、鮮(xian)嫩、售價高(gao)(gao)(gao),經(jing)濟效益好(hao)(hao)(hao)。要(yao)養(yang)(yang)好(hao)(hao)(hao)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),還有就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)有充足的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),因此必須廣開飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)來源,保證白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)常年不(bu)(bu)(bu)斷。在(zai)(zai)解決山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)來源問題上(shang),廣大農(nong)民(min)在(zai)(zai)實踐中積累了豐富的(de)(de)經(jing)驗。他們的(de)(de)措施是(shi)(shi)(shi):廣泛(fan)收集,種(zhong)植(zhi)放養(yang)(yang)和(he)加工貯(zhu)存(cun)。可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)集野草(cao)(cao),同時還需(xu)因地制宜,種(zhong)植(zhi)一(yi)(yi)些高(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)青(qing)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)草(cao)(cao),如優(you)(you)優(you)(you)玉(yu)米(mi)草(cao)(cao)、優(you)(you)優(you)(you)苜蓿等高(gao)(gao)(gao)產(chan)牧草(cao)(cao)品(pin)種(zhong)。加工貯(zhu)存(cun)方式,大體(ti)有三(san)種(zhong):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曬干貯(zhu)存(cun):在(zai)(zai)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)秋季節,將(jiang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)吃(chi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完的(de)(de)青(qing)綠(lv)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),曬成青(qing)干草(cao)(cao),供山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)枯草(cao)(cao)季節利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)制成青(qing)貯(zhu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao):將(jiang)優(you)(you)質青(qing)草(cao)(cao)等進(jin)行(xing)青(qing)貯(zhu),在(zai)(zai)冬季代替青(qing)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)喂羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)窖藏(zang)部分新鮮(xian)的(de)(de)青(qing)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)和(he)多汁飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),以(yi)備補料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)之用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。貴州規模化(hua)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)場(chang)開始(shi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)(she)施養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),以(yi)往(wang)農(nong)戶養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)樁拴系(xi),露天(tian)飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang),羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)(qun)往(wang)往(wang)出現夏(xia)(xia)(xia)壯、秋肥(fei)、冬瘦、春(chun)乏的(de)(de)狀況(kuang)(kuang)。所以(yi)若想增加養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)效益,就(jiu)應(ying)推廣設(she)(she)施養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi),建(jian)造布(bu)局結構合理的(de)(de)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍或暖(nuan)棚(peng)。這(zhe)樣無論在(zai)(zai)炎(yan)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)寒冬,羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)群(qun)(qun)都有一(yi)(yi)個舒適的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)環境,促其快(kuai)速(su)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)與增重。飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)設(she)(she)施的(de)(de)合理建(jian)造與布(bu)局,可(ke)大大降低疾病的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)。把(ba)錢(qian)花(hua)在(zai)(zai)羊(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)舍建(jian)設(she)(she)上(shang)比花(hua)錢(qian)買(mai)藥吃(chi)更經(jing)濟,何(he)況(kuang)(kuang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥過多會產(chan)生(sheng)藥物殘留(liu)。
養殖戶在(zai)做好(hao)了(le)羊(yang)的(de)(de)喂養管(guan)理后,防(fang)病的(de)(de)管(guan)理可(ke)不能少(shao),因為疾病是養羊(yang)生產的(de)(de)一大威脅,應重點搞好(hao)傳染(ran)病的(de)(de)預防(fang)接種工作(zuo),堅(jian)持預防(fang)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)原則。定期驅除羊(yang)體內外寄生蟲,注意圈舍的(de)(de)衛生消毒(du),在(zai)日常(chang)管(guan)理中經常(chang)觀(guan)察羊(yang)只精神、飲食(shi)、糞(fen)便等是否正常(chang),做到沒病早防(fang),有(you)病早發現、早治療(liao)。
地理分布
貴(gui)州(zhou)白山(shan)羊(yang)是貴(gui)州(zhou)省優(you)良的地方山(shan)羊(yang)品種之一,原產于(yu)黔東(dong)北烏(wu)江中下游的沿河(he)、思南和務川等縣,分布(bu)在(zai)貴(gui)州(zhou)省的遵義、銅仁兩地,黔東(dong)南苗族侗族自(zi)治州(zhou)、黔南布(bu)依族苗族自(zi)治州(zhou)也(ye)有(you)分布(bu)。
養殖歷史
貴州白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)是一(yi)(yi)個古(gu)老的山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)品種,據(ju)明嘉靖(公元(yuan)1522—1567)年間《思南府(fu)志》記載:“羊(yang)(yang),皆山(shan)羊(yang)(yang),罕綿羊(yang)(yang)”。又(you)據(ju)《史記》、《后(hou)漢書》等記敘,在現今的思南、印江、沿河一(yi)(yi)帶,漢代以前飼養(yang)牲畜(chu)已具(ju)規模,黃牛、山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已為當地主要(yao)家畜(chu)。由此可見,貴州飼養(yang)白(bai)(bai)山(shan)羊(yang)(yang)已有悠久的歷史。
價值
貴州白(bai)山(shan)羊肉質細嫩,肌(ji)肉間有脂肪分布(bu)。具有極高的營(ying)養價(jia)值。
該品種具(ju)有(you)產肉性(xing)能好,繁殖力(li)強,板皮(pi)(pi)質量好等特性(xing)。貴州白(bai)山羊肉質細嫩,肌肉間(jian)有(you)脂肪(fang)分布(bu),板皮(pi)(pi)拉(la)力(li)強而(er)柔軟,纖維致密。