簡介
中(zhong)(zhong)國唐代(dai)佛教寺廟建筑。在河北省(sheng)正定縣城內。創(chuang)建于東魏興和(he)二(er)年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元540年(nian)(nian)），名凈觀寺。唐乾(qian)寧(ning)五年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)元898年(nian)(nian)）重(zhong)修，更名為(wei)(wei)開元寺。寺院(yuan)早年(nian)(nian)毀棄(qi)，現僅(jin)存鐘(zhong)樓(lou)一座(zuo)和(he)磚塔一座(zuo)。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)建于唐，明(ming)(ming)清(qing)重(zhong)修，是現存唯(wei)一的唐代(dai)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)實例(li)。1988年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)國國務院(yuan)公(gong)布為(wei)(wei)全(quan)國重(zhong)點文物保護單位(wei)。鐘(zhong)樓(lou)的始建年(nian)(nian)代(dai)未發(fa)現確切記載，但從建筑結構用材及制作手法(fa)分析，當為(wei)(wei)晚 唐遺物。明(ming)(ming)、清(qing)均進(jin)行(xing)過修繕，1988年(nian)(nian)鐘(zhong)樓(lou)被(bei)列為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國重(zhong)點文物保護單位(wei)。1990年(nian)(nian)進(jin)行(xing)落架復原性重(zhong)修。
建筑特色
與須彌塔相(xiang)對(dui)立的鐘樓是二層樓閣建筑。高14米，磚木結構(gou)，一(yi)層四周為磚墻，門向西開。重檐歇山頂，平(ping)面(mian)正(zheng)方形，面(mian)闊進深各(ge)三間，由上下2個單(dan)獨的結構(gou)層組成，總(zong)面(mian)積 170平(ping)方米。
鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)，是一(yi)座平面呈正方形，單(dan)層(ceng)歇山頂(ding)式二(er)層(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)閣。進得門(men)來，屋(wu)內(nei)正中有(you)圓井，與二(er)樓(lou)(lou)懸掛的鐘(zhong)口相(xiang)對，大概起(qi)共鳴作用。順北墻有(you)樓(lou)(lou)梯直通二(er)樓(lou)(lou)。二(er)樓(lou)(lou)為木結構，四(si)面各有(you)門(men)與四(si)周木欄(lan)環臺相(xiang)通，樓(lou)(lou)上通風透光，遮(zhe)陽避(bi)雨(yu)，大概這(zhe)就保(bao)證了(le)銅(tong)鐘(zhong)不銹、木架不朽。
銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)懸(xuan)掛于樓中(zhong)心(xin)粗大(da)(da)木架(jia)上(shang)，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)2.9米(mi)(mi)，口(kou)徑1.56米(mi)(mi)，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口(kou)厚15.5厘米(mi)(mi)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)身無(wu)銘(ming)文，造型古樸(pu)，端(duan)莊大(da)(da)方。鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓的鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與樓一(yi)體(ti)，重心(xin)在鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)上(shang)，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)落(luo)則(ze)樓毀(hui)。偌(ruo)大(da)(da)一(yi)口(kou)銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，懸(xuan)掛在一(yi)座不(bu)起眼的鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓上(shang)，千年不(bu)墜(zhui)，可謂(wei)世界奇觀。下(xia)層斗栱雄大(da)(da)，建(jian)筑(zhu)結構簡練，柱(zhu)、枋、斗栱制作手法(fa)基本保持唐代建(jian)筑(zhu)特點(dian)。兩山和后檐(yan)砌筑(zhu)墻(qiang)體(ti)。前檐(yan)明、次(ci)間(jian)各(ge)開雙扇板門，明間(jian)板門大(da)(da)于兩次(ci)間(jian)。內外(wai)柱(zhu)同(tong)高(gao)，柱(zhu)有(you)側腳和生起。四角(jiao)柱(zhu)為素平方形(xing)柱(zhu)礎，其余檐(yan)柱(zhu)和內柱(zhu)都用(yong)(yong)蓮瓣柱(zhu)礎。柱(zhu)頭卷殺，各(ge)間(jian)柱(zhu)頭用(yong)(yong)闌(lan)額聯(lian)結，無(wu)普(pu)柏枋，闌(lan)額至(zhi)角(jiao)柱(zhu)不(bu)出頭。檐(yan)柱(zhu)12根，小八角(jiao)形(xing)。
內(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)圓形(xing)(xing)。內(nei)(nei)外柱(zhu)(zhu)用乳(ru)栿和(he)草栿相聯。乳(ru)栿制成月梁(liang)形(xing)(xing)，曲線(xian)柔和(he)，制作精細(xi)，梁(liang)的斷面比近于1∶2。內(nei)(nei)外柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)均施(shi)(shi)斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，外檐柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)五鋪作雙(shuang)抄(chao)單(dan)栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)偷心造，斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)用材25.5×17厘米，結構簡單(dan)。第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)泥道(dao)栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相交，泥道(dao)栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上施(shi)(shi) 3層(ceng)(ceng)單(dan)材柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)枋，第(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)枋上隱(yin)刻(ke)(ke)泥道(dao)慢栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，第(di)(di)一(yi)跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承托乳(ru)栿，乳(ru)栿頭(tou)(tou)斫成第(di)(di)二跳(tiao)華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，華栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)上不(bu)用令栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)直接(jie)承托替木和(he)橑(lao)檐榑，次間(jian)無補(bu)(bu)間(jian)鋪作，明間(jian)補(bu)(bu)間(jian)斗栱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隱(yin)刻(ke)(ke)在第(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)(tou)枋上為一(yi)斗三升。
內槽(cao)斗(dou)(dou)栱(gong)(gong)和(he)外檐(yan)基本相(xiang)同。斗(dou)(dou)栱(gong)(gong)上施(shi)峻腳(jiao)椽和(he)遮椽板(ban)構成長(chang)條形的天 花，在(zai)天花板(ban)與樓(lou)(lou)板(ban)之間形成一(yi)個低矮的暗層(ceng)。上層(ceng)梁(liang)架經后世多次重修(xiu)已改為明清(qing)風(feng)(feng)格，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)叉(cha)在(zai)下層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)(dou)栱(gong)(gong)上。檐(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)比內柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)，不施(shi)斗(dou)(dou)栱(gong)(gong)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)無卷殺，內柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)小八角(jiao)形，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上施(shi)斗(dou)(dou)栱(gong)(gong)。梁(liang)架七檁六架椽。上懸掛銅鐘(zhong)一(yi)口，高(gao) 2.6米(mi)，徑1.55米(mi)。志書稱銅鐘(zhong)為唐(tang)物。屋頂灰(hui)瓦，瓦條壘(lei)脊，兩端置鴟尾。1988年鐘(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)落(luo)架重修(xiu)，上層(ceng)部分結構按唐(tang)代建(jian)筑風(feng)(feng)格進行復原。
考證之謎
為了解開當地流傳的(de)(de)“鐘墜樓毀”之謎吧(ba)，中國(guo)當代數學(xue)(xue)泰斗華(hua)羅庚教(jiao)授，1952年(nian)春偕兩(liang)名外國(guo)數學(xue)(xue)家專程來(lai)正定查看鐘樓，每天(tian)早到(dao)晚(wan)歸，滾得渾身(shen)泥土,歷(li)時八天(tian)多，從幾何力(li)學(xue)(xue)角度也(ye)沒計(ji)算出樓的(de)(de)受力(li)結(jie)構(gou)和鐘的(de)(de)掛(gua)法之間的(de)(de)關系。華(hua)羅庚先生感慨(kai)萬(wan)千，激動地說：“這(zhe)個鐘再(zai)重(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點也(ye)不行，再(zai)輕一(yi)(yi)(yi)點也(ye)不行；這(zhe)個樓的(de)(de)木(mu)質結(jie)構(gou)、長短粗細、輻射方向(xiang)再(zai)差一(yi)(yi)(yi)點也(ye)不行。這(zhe)樣(yang)建起(qi)來(lai)，這(zhe)樣(yang)掛(gua)上(shang)(shang)去，恰(qia)巧鐘的(de)(de)重(zhong)量就一(yi)(yi)(yi)點也(ye)沒有了，但它(ta)結(jie)實得好像(xiang)打上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個非常奇妙(miao)的(de)(de)釘子。”華(hua)羅庚先生那時說，這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)世界(jie)建筑(zhu)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)、世界(jie)數學(xue)(xue)史(shi)上(shang)(shang)，至今未被后人算清揭示出來(lai)的(de)(de)數學(xue)(xue)幾何力(li)學(xue)(xue)題。又過(guo)了五(wu)十(shi)年(nian)，這(zhe)道(dao)樓與鐘之間存在(zai)的(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)(xue)結(jie)構(gou)數學(xue)(xue)題仍(reng)無人破解。
1933年(nian)春四(si)月(yue)，中國著(zhu)名建(jian)筑(zhu)學家梁(liang)思成(cheng)教授(shou)，冒(mao)著(zhu)兵荒馬亂的(de)危險(xian)，考(kao)察了正定(ding)的(de)古建(jian)筑(zhu)，他(ta)(ta)稱鐘樓是他(ta)(ta)此行的(de)意外收獲(huo)。“文化大革(ge)命”開始(shi)以后的(de)1966年(nian)，受到批判的(de)梁(liang)思成(cheng)先(xian)生還十分關心鐘樓的(de)保(bao)護(hu)，他(ta)(ta)于(yu)5月(yue)16日上午急電正定(ding)文保(bao)所(suo)，讓把(ba)鐘樓的(de)唐代板門拆下(xia)來保(bao)護(hu)好。
鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓的始建年代未發現(xian)確切記載，但(dan)從建筑結構用材及制(zhi)作手法分析，當為晚唐遺(yi)物。明、清均進(jin)行過修繕，1988年鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓被列為中國重點(dian)文物保護單(dan)位。1990年進(jin)行落架復原性重修。
相關傳說
鐘落船開
銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)法船(chuan)殿建在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，這(zhe)里有(you)一(yi)個鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)落船(chuan)開(kai)的(de)傳(chuan)說。正定開(kai)元寺的(de)銅鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)從滹沱河上游沖下(xia)來的(de)，是(shi)“公(gong)公(gong)”鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，“婆(po)婆(po)”鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還在(zai)山上，一(yi)遇山洪，婆(po)婆(po)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)報警，公(gong)公(gong)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)便發生(sheng)共鳴，正定的(de)百姓趕緊聚眾抗洪，確保一(yi)方(fang)平安。如遇大(da)水，鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就(jiu)(jiu)落地，船(chuan)便開(kai)出(chu)，人們(men)就(jiu)(jiu)乘船(chuan)逃(tao)生(sheng)。雖然(ran)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聲悠揚，聲震四(si)方(fang)，但鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)響鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)落都與災害(hai)相連，所以人們(men)想聽又怕聽。
幸運鐘
經常(chang)到(dao)(dao)正定(ding)，或在(zai)正定(ding)居住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，都知道開(kai)元寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樓，現在(zai)叫幸(xing)運鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。“開(kai)元寺(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)多(duo)厚？”去過開(kai)元寺(si)(si)后(hou)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可能會問。“一(yi)(yi)拃(zha)。（張開(kai)大(da)拇(mu)指和(he)中指（或小指）量長度(du)）”所(suo)有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都會這么回答。但這一(yi)(yi)拃(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寬度(du)是(shi)不定(ding)數，每個人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)拃(zha)是(shi)不一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)什么得(de)到(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)答案會一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)呢？這原(yuan)因得(de)從鑄造(zao)(zao)這個鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說起(qi)，在(zai)以前，滹沱(tuo)河(he)是(shi)常(chang)年(nian)流(liu)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，不像現在(zai)，一(yi)(yi)眼望去都是(shi)砂子。每年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夏天雨(yu)水(shui)季(ji)節，滹沱(tuo)河(he)都發水(shui)，大(da)水(shui)從上游鋪天蓋(gai)地滾滾而下(xia)，一(yi)(yi)到(dao)(dao)正定(ding)段決堤，為(wei)了(le)防止水(shui)患，就鑄造(zao)(zao)了(le)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，這鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)本是(shi)一(yi)(yi)對，是(shi)用來報警(jing)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)口(kou)在(zai)開(kai)元寺(si)(si)，一(yi)(yi)口(kou)在(zai)井(jing)陘(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)中。那時(shi)兩(liang)口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都有(you)專(zhuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)看守，當山(shan)洪(hong)爆(bao)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，負責井(jing)陘(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)就敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，開(kai)元寺(si)(si)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨即也就響了(le)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們就知道洪(hong)水(shui)快要來了(le)，于(yu)是(shi)就組(zu)織人(ren)(ren)(ren)看守河(he)堤。現在(zai)井(jing)陘(xing)山(shan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)那口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已經不見(jian)了(le)，只留下(xia)了(le)開(kai)元寺(si)(si)這口(kou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。所(suo)以這鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鑄造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特別精細。致于(yu)看不出(chu)厚度(du)，那是(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沿(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)坡度(du)流(liu)線(xian)過渡特別好(hao)。無論誰去用手(shou)量，一(yi)(yi)拃(zha)下(xia)去都認(ren)為(wei)到(dao)(dao)了(le)邊。這就是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們為(wei)什么都說鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)拃(zha)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。
背景介紹
開元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)鐘樓(lou)坐(zuo)落(luo)在開元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)內，開元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)在河北正定古城(cheng)大(da)十字街(jie)以南(nan)路西(xi)，始(shi)建于東魏興和二年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)540年(nian)(nian)），原(yuan)名凈觀寺(si)，隋開皇十一年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)591年(nian)(nian)）改名解慧寺(si)，唐開元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)間改額開元(yuan)(yuan)寺(si)。寺(si)內現存鐘樓(lou)、磚(zhuan)塔和法船(chuan)(chuan)殿(dian)遺址。坐(zuo)北面南(nan)的法船(chuan)(chuan)殿(dian)為(wei)寺(si)內正殿(dian)，正中塑(su)有(you)法船(chuan)(chuan)，船(chuan)(chuan)上塑(su)有(you)慈航普渡的神(shen)像(xiang)。正殿(dian)西(xi)側(ce)(ce)是(shi)(shi)磚(zhuan)塔，東側(ce)(ce)即是(shi)(shi)鐘樓(lou)。這種塔樓(lou)對峙(zhi)的平面布(bu)局國內僅此一例。塔稱須彌(mi)塔，四角九級，全(quan)部磚(zhuan)砌，塔高40.82米，始(shi)建于唐貞觀十年(nian)(nian)（公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)636年(nian)(nian)）。
斌斌有禮 
