唐以前,講武城遺址稱武城。
宋代以后,武城改稱講武城。
1958年,在講(jiang)武城遺(yi)址火(huo)車(che)站附近(jin)進行部(bu)分發掘。
講(jiang)武城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址,位于河北(bei)(bei)省邯鄲(dan)市磁縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)漳(zhang)河北(bei)(bei)岸講(jiang)武城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)村西面和南(nan)(nan)面,南(nan)(nan)達鄭衛,北(bei)(bei)通燕(yan)趙,原是(shi)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang),東(dong)(dong)西窄(zhai)(zhai),因南(nan)(nan)部被漳(zhang)河沖(chong)毀,殘存遺(yi)(yi)址則相反為東(dong)(dong)西寬,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)窄(zhai)(zhai);南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)被漳(zhang)水(shui)沖(chong)沒(mei),西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)與東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)各被沖(chong)毀一部分,北(bei)(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)還有(you)7段(duan),遺(yi)(yi)址墻(qiang)(qiang)基寬為17-26米(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)體寬處(chu)(chu)大約有(you)9米(mi),窄(zhai)(zhai)處(chu)(chu)僅(jin)有(you)3-4米(mi),高處(chu)(chu)近9米(mi);從(cong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)角至西北(bei)(bei)角長(chang)(chang)1169米(mi),東(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)(qiang)殘存200米(mi),西墻(qiang)(qiang)尚存920米(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)址殘高2-9米(mi),上寬6.5米(mi),均為黃土堆積而成(cheng),在土層中間散落(luo)著很多(duo)貝殼。
講武(wu)城遺址文(wen)化(hua)堆(dui)積上為(wei)東漢(han)文(wen)化(hua)層,下(xia)為(wei)戰國文(wen)化(hua)層,個別地方還有(you)(you)較早(zao)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)層,出土遺物有(you)(you)石(shi)虎(hu)雕刻像(xiang)、石(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)錛、白(bai)釉覆(fu)蓮罐(guan)、陶俑(yong)(yong)、繩紋(wen)筒瓦(wa)和板瓦(wa)等;石(shi)虎(hu)雕刻像(xiang),為(wei)北朝時期墓葬前(qian)神道石(shi)刻像(xiang),又稱石(shi)虎(hu)坑(keng),虎(hu)像(xiang)呈現蹲坐(zuo)狀,頭(tou)部(bu)略有(you)(you)損毀,整體保存較好,高約1.9米,底長約1.6米,重約4噸,4肢襯(chen)以羽翅紋(wen);白(bai)釉覆(fu)蓮罐(guan),胎呈白(bai)色,有(you)(you)4系(xi),施白(bai)釉,釉上還點綴有(you)(you)綠彩和黃彩,為(wei)“齊三彩”;陶俑(yong)(yong)大到眼(yan)耳(er)鼻口(kou),小到眉毛、胡(hu)子(zi)和唇紅都清晰可見,特殊部(bu)分陶俑(yong)(yong)的(de)耳(er)朵用黃金包(bao)裹涂抹。
磁縣是殷都(dou)、趙都(dou)、鄴都(dou)“三都(dou)”文(wen)化(hua)交匯之(zhi)地。其(qi)中,講武(wu)城遺址位于磁縣城南(nan)10公(gong)里的漳河北(bei)岸(an),是歷代兵家必(bi)爭之(zhi)地,保存(cun)有(you)部分城墻(qiang),具有(you)重要的歷史、文(wen)物和藝術價值(zhi)。
2006年(nian)5月25日(ri),講武(wu)城遺(yi)址被中(zhong)華(hua)人民共和國國務院(yuan)公布為第六(liu)批(pi)全(quan)國重點文物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)單位;2010年(nian)11月1日(ri),由河(he)北(bei)省(sheng)人民政府(fu)設(she)立保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范圍:東、西、北(bei)均以城墻(qiang)基(ji)(ji)外沿為基(ji)(ji)線(xian),各向(xiang)外擴(kuo)60米(mi)(mi),南(nan)以斷崖為界,其東西長(chang)1439米(mi)(mi),南(nan)北(bei)寬1410米(mi)(mi);建(jian)設(she)控制(zhi)地帶:以保(bao)(bao)護(hu)范圍為基(ji)(ji)線(xian),東、西、北(bei)各向(xiang)外擴(kuo)30米(mi)(mi),南(nan)向(xiang)外擴(kuo)50米(mi)(mi),均至農(nong)田。
三國時期,曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)在(zai)官渡以少勝多,擊(ji)敗袁紹后,占(zhan)據鄴城(cheng)(cheng),大(da)(da)規模地興(xing)建土木建筑(zhu),在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)北漳(zhang)河大(da)(da)修玄武(wu)(wu)池以保水(shui)(shui)路安(an)全,在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)要道經營講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)以抵御陸(lu)路之(zhi)敵,如此(ci)水(shui)(shui)陸(lu)設防(fang),拱衛鄴都(dou)。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)的兵馬(ma)經常在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)活動,把講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為培(pei)養武(wu)(wu)將(jiang)的基(ji)地,據說(shuo)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)曾經講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)演講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍事戰術,講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)名(ming)由此(ci)而來。《魏書(shu)》中(zhong)記載:“太(tai)祖御軍三十(shi)余年(nian),手不舍(she)書(shu)。書(shu)則(ze)(ze)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)策,夜則(ze)(ze)思經傳。”講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)村南(nan)的村子叫南(nan)營,之(zhi)前(qian)叫講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)營,據說(shuo)是(shi)當(dang)年(nian)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)駐軍的兵營。”宋代洪皓《講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)》詩(shi):“……曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)公(gong)(gong)走熙(xi)尚,氣(qi)欲陵韓白。欺(qi)取計(ji)已成(cheng),軍容(rong)漫輝(hui)赫(he)。跨(kua)漳(zhang)筑(zhu)大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)……四陵寄遺(yi)恨,講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)存陳(chen)跡。”詩(shi)中(zhong)說(shuo)的就是(shi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)、屯軍、練兵的事情。《漢書(shu)·地理志》記載:“鄴有……武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)”,《水(shui)(shui)經注》也記載:“漳(zhang)水(shui)(shui)又東經武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)”。曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)去(qu)世后,在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)布72疑冢(zhong)。南(nan)宋詩(shi)人(ren)范成(cheng)大(da)(da)寫詩(shi)《七十(shi)二冢(zhong)》:“一(yi)棺何用(yong)冢(zhong)如林,誰(shui)復(fu)如公(gong)(gong)負此(ci)心。聞(wen)說(shuo)北人(ren)為封土,世間隨事有知音。”范成(cheng)大(da)(da)還(huan)專門給詩(shi)作(zuo)了注:“七十(shi)二冢(zhong)在(zai)講(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai),曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)疑冢(zhong)也。森然彌望,北人(ren)比常增(zeng)封之(zhi)。”
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