電弧是什么

電(dian)(dian)弧是(shi)(shi)一(yi)束高溫電(dian)(dian)離(li)氣(qi)體(ti)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)現象，是(shi)(shi)氣(qi)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)中(zhong)最強烈的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自(zi)持放電(dian)(dian)，也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等離(li)子體(ti)。當電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過某些絕緣介質（例如空氣(qi)）所產生的(de)(de)瞬間(jian)火花(hua)，就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)弧，電(dian)(dian)弧放電(dian)(dian)最顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)外(wai)觀特(te)征是(shi)(shi)明(ming)亮(liang)的(de)(de)弧光柱和電(dian)(dian)極(ji)斑點，通(tong)常(chang)可(ke)分為長(chang)弧和短弧兩類。長(chang)弧中(zhong)弧柱起重(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用，短弧長(chang)度在幾毫米(mi)以下，陰極(ji)區和陽極(ji)區起主要(yao)作(zuo)用。

該圖片由注冊用戶"生活就是藝術"提供，版權聲明反饋

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧在(zai)外力作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)，如氣流，外界磁場甚(shen)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧本身產生的磁場作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下(xia)會(hui)迅速移(yi)動(dong)（每秒可達幾百米），拉長、卷曲形(xing)成十分復雜的形(xing)狀(zhuang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上的孳(zi)生點也會(hui)快速移(yi)動(dong)或跳(tiao)動(dong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可用(yong)(yong)(yong)于焊接、冶煉、照明、噴涂(tu)等(deng)，主要(yao)是利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧的高溫(wen)、高能(neng)量(liang)密度、易控制(zhi)等(deng)特點，在(zai)這些應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)中，都需使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧穩定放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。注意(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧具有(you)超強的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，能(neng)瞬間使(shi)心(xin)臟停跳(tiao)，所以，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧而工作(zuo)的人(ren)們(men)需要(yao)小心(xin)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)是工(gong)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)中應用(yong)最廣泛的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)方法，將(jiang)(jiang)要焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)金屬作為(wei)一(yi)極(ji)，焊(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)作為(wei)另一(yi)極(ji)，兩(liang)極(ji)接(jie)近時產(chan)(chan)(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)，利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所產(chan)(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)熱量將(jiang)(jiang)焊(han)(han)(han)條(tiao)與工(gong)件互相(xiang)熔(rong)化并在冷凝后形成焊(han)(han)(han)縫，從而(er)獲得(de)牢固接(jie)頭(tou)(tou)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)過程。電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)實質是氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)所在的(de)(de)(de)空間中的(de)(de)(de)中性(xing)氣體在一(yi)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作用(yong)下分解成帶(dai)正電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)正離子(zi)和(he)帶(dai)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離，這兩(liang)種帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)質點分別(bie)向(xiang)兩(liang)極(ji)方向(xiang)運動，使局(ju)部氣體導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)(hu)(hu)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換成熱能，加熱和(he)熔(rong)化金屬，形成焊(han)(han)(han)接(jie)接(jie)頭(tou)(tou)。

電弧焊接方法有哪些

1、手工電弧焊

手(shou)工電(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)是(shi)通過帶藥(yao)皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焊(han)條和(he)(he)(he)被焊(han)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)將被焊(han)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)加(jia)熱(re)，從而達(da)到(dao)焊(han)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。焊(han)條和(he)(he)(he)工件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)是(shi)由電(dian)流(liu)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它提供熱(re)能并將母材、填充金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)以及藥(yao)皮融化(hua)，隨(sui)著電(dian)弧(hu)向右(you)移動(dong)，焊(han)接金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)得以凝固(gu)并在表(biao)面(mian)形成一(yi)層焊(han)渣。手(shou)工電(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)中最主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要素(su)是(shi)焊(han)條本身，它是(shi)由金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)芯外覆(fu)一(yi)層粒狀焊(han)劑和(he)(he)(he)某種粘接劑制作而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳鋼和(he)(he)(he)低合金(jin)(jin)鋼焊(han)條基本上都用(yong)低碳鋼絲做芯，而合金(jin)(jin)元素(su)則來(lai)自于藥(yao)皮，這也(ye)是(shi)較為經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種合金(jin)(jin)化(hua)方法(fa)。

2、氣體保護電弧焊

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)焊是(shi)通過焊槍(qiang)連續(xu)不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)送絲(si)(si)，由(you)焊絲(si)(si)和工件(jian)之間(jian)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)弧(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱量將母材和焊絲(si)(si)熔化(hua)，從(cong)而(er)達到焊接的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)焊很重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個特點是(shi)焊接過程的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)也是(shi)由(you)焊槍(qiang)輸(shu)送，這些氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)有惰性的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也有非惰性的(de)(de)(de)(de)。惰性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)如氬、氦可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于某(mou)些焊接當中，它(ta)們(men)可(ke)(ke)單獨使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，也可(ke)(ke)混(hun)合使(shi)用(yong)(yong)，或與其它(ta)非惰性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)如氮氣(qi)(qi)(qi)、氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)或二(er)氧化(hua)碳混(hun)合使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。多數(shu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)焊使(shi)用(yong)(yong)二(er)氧化(hua)碳作(zuo)為(wei)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)，因為(wei)與惰性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)相比，它(ta)價格較為(wei)便宜。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)弧(hu)焊的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極是(shi)實芯焊絲(si)(si)。

3、藥芯焊絲電弧焊

藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)與氣(qi)(qi)體保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)非常相似，差別在于藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是管狀(zhuang)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)，其(qi)中(zhong)裝有粒(li)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑，而(er)不是氣(qi)(qi)體保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)所用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)實芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)。管狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)通過焊(han)(han)(han)(han)槍(qiang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)嘴送進(jin)，并在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)和工(gong)件之間產生電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)。隨著(zhu)向前焊(han)(han)(han)(han)接而(er)熔敷焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)金屬(shu)，和手工(gong)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)一(yi)樣(yang)，在焊(han)(han)(han)(han)縫(feng)金屬(shu)上覆蓋著(zhu)一(yi)層焊(han)(han)(han)(han)渣。根據(ju)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)類型不同，可以對藥(yao)芯(xin)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)附(fu)帶或(huo)不附(fu)帶額外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體。有些(xie)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)被(bei)設計成靠內部焊(han)(han)(han)(han)劑提(ti)(ti)供(gong)所有需要的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)，它(ta)們被(bei)稱為(wei)自保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)性。其(qi)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)焊(han)(han)(han)(han)絲(si)(si)(si)(si)要求附(fu)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)氣(qi)(qi)體提(ti)(ti)供(gong)附(fu)加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。

4、鎢極氣體保護電弧焊

鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)氣體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)特(te)性是(shi)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)在焊(han)接(jie)過程中不會消耗。它采用(yong)純鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)或鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)合金(jin)(jin)制造，具(ju)(ju)有(you)承受高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)的(de)能力，甚至是(shi)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)的(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)。因而，當電(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過時，就在鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)和(he)工(gong)件之間(jian)建立起電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)。當需要(yao)(yao)填(tian)充金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)時，必須(xu)額外添加(jia)，通(tong)常采用(yong)手工(gong)方式，或采用(yong)機械送絲系統。電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)和(he)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)采用(yong)惰性氣體(ti)保護(hu)，這些氣體(ti)從包圍(wei)著鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)的(de)噴嘴中流出。因為沒有(you)使用(yong)焊(han)劑，熔(rong)敷金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)不需要(yao)(yao)清(qing)渣(zha)。鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)氣體(ti)保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)焊(han)在許(xu)多(duo)工(gong)業領域有(you)著廣泛(fan)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)，它能焊(han)接(jie)幾乎所有(you)的(de)材料，因為電(dian)(dian)極(ji)在焊(han)接(jie)過程沒有(you)熔(rong)化(hua)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)在極(ji)低電(dian)(dian)流情況下焊(han)接(jie)的(de)能力，使得鎢(wu)(wu)(wu)極(ji)氬弧(hu)焊(han)可用(yong)于極(ji)薄材料的(de)焊(han)接(jie)。它特(te)有(you)的(de)清(qing)潔和(he)操作可控特(te)性，使它成(cheng)為苛刻條件下應(ying)用(yong)的(de)首選，這些應(ying)用(yong)如(ru)太空、食品和(he)藥品加(jia)工(gong)，石化(hua)和(he)動力管道工(gong)業。

5、埋弧焊

埋弧焊(han)通過用實芯焊(han)絲連(lian)續送進，焊(han)絲產生的(de)(de)電弧完全(quan)被顆粒狀的(de)(de)焊(han)劑(ji)層所覆蓋，因(yin)而被命名(ming)成(cheng)“埋弧”焊(han)，這種方法是目(mu)前(qian)所提及的(de)(de)在焊(han)縫金(jin)屬(shu)熔敷效率上最高(gao)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種典型焊(han)接方法。對于埋弧焊(han)工藝，顆粒狀焊(han)劑(ji)被置于焊(han)絲的(de)(de)前(qian)部或周(zhou)圍來實現對熔化金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)保(bao)護。在焊(han)接過程中，在焊(han)道上有一(yi)(yi)層焊(han)渣和仍然為(wei)顆粒狀的(de)(de)焊(han)劑(ji)。