蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)作為一(yi)種方便適(shi)用(yong)的直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源廣泛用(yong)于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，工礦(kuang)企(qi)業變配電(dian)(dian)(dian)所和各(ge)類(lei)機動車(che)。由(you)于在鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的裝(zhuang)配過程中涉及到(dao)鉛中毒、易燃、易爆等危險特性，因而確(que)保(bao)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的安全生產(chan)十分重(zhong)要。目前，鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已被列入(ru)《危險化學品名錄》，我國也一(yi)直重(zhong)視鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的安全生產(chan)，加(jia)強(qiang)了對(dui)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)生產(chan)裝(zhuang)配的安全防范措(cuo)施，制(zhi)定了《鉛作業安全生生規程》等規范標準。

廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)污染(ran)及(ji)其處理已經成為(wei)目(mu)前社會最為(wei)關注的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保焦點之(zhi)一。國家環(huan)(huan)(huan)保總(zong)局科技標準(zhun)司有(you)關人(ren)士認為(wei)，隨(sui)著(zhu)我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、生(sheng)產量(liang)和使用量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)擴(kuo)大(da)，廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)增加。廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)含(han)有(you)汞(gong)(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)、鎳(nie)等重金(jin)屬及(ji)酸(suan)(suan)、堿等電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液，對人(ren)體及(ji)生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境有(you)不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)(de)危害。據(ju)了(le)解，其中對人(ren)體健康(kang)和生(sheng)態環(huan)(huan)(huan)境危害較大(da)、列入(ru)危險(xian)廢(fei)物控制名(ming)錄的(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)主要有(you)：含(han)汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要是氧(yang)化汞(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；鉛酸(suan)(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)；含(han)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，主要是鎳(nie)鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。有(you)關資料顯示，一節一號電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)爛在(zai)地里(li)，能(neng)使1平方(fang)米的(de)(de)(de)土壤(rang)永久(jiu)失去利用價值；一粒紐扣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可使600噸水(shui)(shui)受到污染(ran)，相(xiang)當(dang)于(yu)一個人(ren)一生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)飲(yin)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)。在(zai)對自然環(huan)(huan)(huan)境威(wei)脅(xie)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)幾種(zhong)物質(zhi)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)里(li)就包(bao)含(han)了(le)汞(gong)(gong)、鉛、鎘(ge)(ge)等多(duo)種(zhong)，若將廢(fei)舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)混入(ru)生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾一起填埋，或者隨(sui)手丟棄，滲(shen)出的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)及(ji)重金(jin)屬物質(zhi)就會滲(shen)透于(yu)土壤(rang)、污染(ran)地下水(shui)(shui)，進而進入(ru)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、農(nong)作(zuo)物中，破壞(huai)人(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)存環(huan)(huan)(huan)境，間接威(wei)脅(xie)到人(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)健康(kang)。

人(ren)體一旦吸收這些重金(jin)屬(shu)以后，會(hui)出現哪些病癥(zheng)呢(ni)？據(ju)有關專家介紹，汞是一種毒(du)性(xing)很(hen)強的重金(jin)屬(shu)，對(dui)人(ren)體中(zhong)樞神經的破壞力很(hen)大。目前我(wo)國生產的含(han)汞堿性(xing)干電池(chi)的汞含(han)量(liang)達(da)1％－5％，中(zhong)性(xing)干電池(chi)的汞含(han)量(liang)為(wei)0．025％，我(wo)國電池(chi)生產消(xiao)耗(hao)的汞每(mei)年就達(da)幾十噸之多。鎘在人(ren)體內極易(yi)引起慢性(xing)中(zhong)毒(du)，主(zhu)要(yao)病癥(zheng)是肺(fei)氣腫、骨質軟化、貧血，很(hen)可能(neng)使人(ren)體癱瘓(huan)。而鉛進(jin)入(ru)人(ren)體后最難排(pai)泄，它(ta)干擾腎(shen)功能(neng)。

專家們認為，由于(yu)電池污染具(ju)有(you)周期長、隱蔽性(xing)大(da)等特點，其潛在危害相當(dang)嚴(yan)重，處理不當(dang)還會造成二(er)次污染。據楊毅(yi)夫博士介紹，我國沿海某省的一(yi)些農民在回收(shou)(shou)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池中的鉛(qian)時(shi)，因為回收(shou)(shou)處理不當(dang)，把(ba)含(han)有(you)鉛(qian)和硫酸的廢液倒掉，不僅造成了鉛(qian)中毒，而且(qie)使當(dang)地農作物無法生長。如(ru)何及時(shi)安全地回收(shou)(shou)和處理廢電池，已日(ri)益突出地擺在人(ren)們面前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸蓄(xu)電池(chi)裝(zhuang)配過程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)產生的危險(xian)、危害主(zhu)要是中(zhong)毒、火(huo)災、爆炸(zha)，以及高溫灼燙、機(ji)械傷(shang)害、腐(fu)蝕傷(shang)害等。限(xian)于篇幅(fu)，僅對(dui)中(zhong)毒、火(huo)災和爆炸(zha)3種因素(su)進(jin)行(xing)分析。

稱片(pian)、包片(pian)區，存在著大量的(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)塵，屬(shu)于鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)重污染(ran)區，易發生慢(man)(man)性(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)。鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)對人(ren)體(ti)的(de)(de)危害主要集中(zhong)(zhong)在消化系統和神經(jing)系統，在蓄電池廠工作(zuo)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)工患職業性(xing)慢(man)(man)性(xing)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)比例高達25%～30%。更為嚴重的(de)(de)是，鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)不僅局(ju)限在蓄電池廠里(li)的(de)(de)成年(nian)操(cao)作(zuo)工鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)反應，甚(shen)至周(zhou)邊許多兒童也出現了鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)反應。2004年(nian)6月，某縣曾(ceng)經(jing)發生數(shu)百(bai)名(ming)鉛(qian)(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)(du)事(shi)件。

引(yin)起(qi)這(zhe)些(xie)中毒事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)主(zhu)要有廠(chang)區內缺乏必(bi)(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)排風(feng)(feng)環保(bao)設備，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家雖(sui)然(ran)有，但是(shi)工作期間(jian)不開(kai)啟，形同(tong)虛設，工人缺少必(bi)(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞保(bao)用(yong)品(pin)以及工人的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)我保(bao)護意識不強(qiang)等(deng)。稱(cheng)片(pian)、包片(pian)是(shi)引(yin)起(qi)鉛中毒的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點部位，必(bi)(bi)須有完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護措施和(he)排風(feng)(feng)系統。

根(gen)據工藝要求，焊(han)接區使用的(de)乙炔、液化石油氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)危(wei)險為(wei)甲類(lei)，氧氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)災(zai)危(wei)險為(wei)乙類(lei)。乙炔在空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)極限為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)溫度(du)在305℃左右(you)；液化石油在空氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)極限為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)(yin)燃(ran)(ran)熳(man)度(du)在426～537℃左右(you)。因(yin)此(ci)，生產過(guo)程中(zhong)最大危(wei)險因(yin)素是火(huo)(huo)災(zai)和爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)，如果在焊(han)接極群和極柱(zhu)過(guo)程中(zhong)操(cao)作不當，劇烈碰撞或(huo)離明火(huo)(huo)過(guo)近，溫度(du)太高等都可能引(yin)(yin)起火(huo)(huo)災(zai)、爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)。

根據鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工(gong)(gong)作原理，鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)質是(shi)(shi)二(er)氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)活(huo)性物(wu)質是(shi)(shi)海綿鉛(qian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是(shi)(shi)稀硫酸溶(rong)液，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量時，正極(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)始產生(sheng)氧(yang)氣(qi)，當(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基本(ben)完成(cheng)(cheng)約90%時，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)開(kai)始產生(sheng)氫氣(qi)。氫氣(qi)是(shi)(shi)易(yi)燃(ran)易(yi)爆(bao)的(de)甲類物(wu)質，在空氣(qi)中的(de)爆(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)(ji)限為(wei)4.1%～74.1%，引燃(ran)溫度(du)在450℃左右，因此充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)室內(nei)氫氣(qi)濃度(du)極(ji)(ji)(ji)易(yi)達到爆(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)(ji)限，一遇火源就會生(sheng)產燃(ran)爆(bao)。例如(ru)，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池室發生(sheng)燃(ran)爆(bao)事故，造成(cheng)(cheng)1名巡(xun)檢工(gong)(gong)死亡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池嚴重損壞(huai)。事故主要原因是(shi)(shi)該蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池通風設(she)備失效，造成(cheng)(cheng)室內(nei)氫氣(qi)聚(ju)積，而巡(xun)檢工(gong)(gong)嚴重違(wei)章在巡(xun)檢時抽煙，明火引起燃(ran)爆(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過(guo)上述分析可(ke)知(zhi)，蓄電(dian)池裝配(pei)過(guo)程中存在的主要危(wei)害因素為中毒(du)、火(huo)災、爆炸等(deng)。為確保安全生產建議(yi)采取以(yi)下安全措施(shi)：

1．廠址(zhi)選(xuan)擇與周圍居民(min)及公共設施(shi)保持必要(yao)的安全防護(hu)距離(li)，同時(shi)必須滿足(zu)《建筑(zhu)設計(ji)防火規(gui)(gui)范》，《鉛作業(ye)安全衛(wei)生規(gui)(gui)程》，《工業(ye)企(qi)業(ye)設計(ji)衛(wei)生標(biao)準》和《使用有毒物品作業(ye)場所勞動保護(hu)條例》的要(yao)求。

2．在(zai)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)前(qian)盡可(ke)能(neng)先將(jiang)操(cao)作(zuo)環境濕潤，防止(zhi)鉛(qian)塵(chen)飛揚；作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)時工(gong)(gong)人除穿戴相應(ying)的工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)、防塵(chen)口(kou)(kou)罩外，必(bi)須使用(yong)能(neng)保證(zheng)新鮮(xian)空氣供給的通風設(she)施；操(cao)作(zuo)臺(tai)上(shang)清出(chu)的鉛(qian)粉塵(chen)，必(bi)須放(fang)置在(zai)專用(yong)容器內，不(bu)得與其他垃圾等堆放(fang)在(zai)一起；作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)后，工(gong)(gong)人必(bi)須洗(xi)澡，并將(jiang)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)和防塵(chen)口(kou)(kou)罩在(zai)廠內集中洗(xi)滌；同時作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)場所(suo)所(suo)應(ying)禁止(zhi)吸煙(yan)，飲食等；班中喝水前(qian)必(bi)須洗(xi)手，洗(xi)臉及漱(shu)口(kou)(kou)，嚴禁穿工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)服(fu)進食堂，出(chu)廠。

此(ci)外(wai)，為防止雜質侵入和水分蒸發，采用了僅有極(ji)樁(zhuang)外(wai)露(lu)的全封閉式(shi)外(wai)殼。

為(wei)防止蓄電池損壞和(he)爆炸(zha)，在密封(feng)式殼體上設(she)有排氣(qi)孔和(he)安(an)全閥。安(an)全閥中(zhong)裝有催化劑，可使氫氣(qi)與氧(yang)氣(qi)合(he)成(cheng)為(wei)水蒸氣(qi)，冷(leng)卻后(hou)再返回電解液內。

為有效防止外來火(huo)花造成危(wei)害(hai)，在(zai)其內(nei)部還裝(zhuang)有火(huo)花捕捉(zhuo)器(qi)。

免(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)工作原理與普通鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相同(tong)。放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)二氧化(hua)鉛和(he)負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)海綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛與電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸反應生(sheng)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸鉛和(he)水，硫(liu)酸鉛分(fen)別沉積在(zai)(zai)正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上，而水則留在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內；充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鉛又分(fen)別還原成(cheng)二氫化(hua)鉛和(he)海綿(mian)狀(zhuang)鉛。

普通鉛蓄電池(chi)，在充電接近終了(le)時，其充電電流除(chu)了(le)用(yong)來使正、負極板的(de)硫酸鉛還原成二氧化鉛和海綿狀(zhuang)鉛外(wai)，還有(you)一部(bu)分(fen)電流被用(yong)在水的(de)分(fen)解(jie)上，致使蓄電池(chi)內產生根多氣(qi)泡。特別是(shi)充電終了(le)時產生和外(wai)逸的(de)氣(qi)泡就(jiu)更多，從而造成電解(jie)液內水分(fen)大量散失。

免維(wei)護蓄電池(chi)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)其負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)含量比(bi)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上多，因(yin)此(ci)，充足電時(shi)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)全部(bu)轉變(bian)成(cheng)了二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，而負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上仍有一部(bu)分硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)殘留。這(zhe)樣，過(guo)充電時(shi)，充電電流只在正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上用來(lai)產生(sheng)(sheng)氧氣，而在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上則被用于(yu)(yu)使多余(yu)的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)轉變(bian)成(cheng)海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)。同時(shi)，在正極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上所產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)氧氣也不會外逸，而是迅(xun)速與(yu)(yu)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上的(de)活性物質(海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian))發生(sheng)(sheng)反應生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)，再與(yu)(yu)電解液中的(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)反應變(bian)成(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)和水。

由此可見，免(mian)維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池在過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)時，其(qi)負極板上的(de)硫酸鉛永遠(yuan)不會(hui)(hui)(hui)消失(shi)，即(ji)負極板上不會(hui)(hui)(hui)產(chan)生氫氣。即(ji)從理論上講，免(mian)維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池即(ji)使在過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)時，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)水也不會(hui)(hui)(hui)散失(shi)。

3．車(che)間(jian)(jian)(jian)內的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體鋼瓶不(bu)得(de)隨意堆放(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)(qi)體鋼瓶混放(fang)。雖然乙(yi)炔、液化石(shi)油氣(qi)(qi)及氧氣(qi)(qi)用(yong)最較少，但氣(qi)(qi)體鋼瓶仍(reng)需單獨存(cun)放(fang)。存(cun)放(fang)處(chu)(chu)應(ying)在(zai)生產車(che)間(jian)(jian)(jian)外(wai)墻(qiang)處(chu)(chu)用(yong)磚(zhuan)墻(qiang)和(he)預制板砌兩間(jian)(jian)(jian)作(zuo)為(wei)石(shi)油液化氣(qi)(qi)和(he)氧氣(qi)(qi)的(de)中間(jian)(jian)(jian)倉庫，選用(yong)下端帶百頁窗(chuang)的(de)門，兩側墻(qiang)留通(tong)風口，并(bing)安裝鋼絲網，保持良(liang)好的(de)通(tong)風。門開在(zai)車(che)間(jian)(jian)(jian)外(wai)面，并(bing)在(zai)醒目位置貼上(shang)禁(jin)止明火和(he)吸煙的(de)標志。根據《建筑設(she)計防(fang)火規(gui)范》的(de)規(gui)定，該存(cun)放(fang)處(chu)(chu)只能作(zuo)為(wei)車(che)間(jian)(jian)(jian)中間(jian)(jian)(jian)庫房，且(qie)乙(yi)炔的(de)存(cun)放(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)應(ying)超過25m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下)，。液化石(shi)油氣(qi)(qi)的(de)存(cun)放(fang)數(shu)量不(bu)應(ying)超過50m3(標準狀(zhuang)態下)。氧氣(qi)(qi)和(he)乙(yi)炔的(de)保管(guan)和(he)使用(yong)要設(she)專人負責，嚴(yan)禁(jin)超壓使用(yong)和(he)人為(wei)加熱氣(qi)(qi)瓶，嚴(yan)禁(jin)用(yong)帶油污的(de)手套開啟氧氣(qi)(qi)瓶閥門；操作(zuo)人員作(zuo)業前必須(xu)先檢查軟(ruan)管(guan)與焊接(jie)的(de)連接(jie)處(chu)(chu)是否(fou)牢固，軟(ruan)管(guan)是否(fou)有(you)打結處(chu)(chu)。

4．充(chong)(chong)電(dian)區應保持良好的通(tong)風(feng)(feng)，必要時(shi)應增加防(fang)爆型通(tong)風(feng)(feng)設(she)(she)(she)備，同時(shi)設(she)(she)(she)置可燃氣(qi)體濃度檢漏報警(jing)裝(zhuang)置，并(bing)達(da)到(dao)《火(huo)災自(zi)動(dong)報警(jing)系統設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規范》的相關要求。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)區不準(zhun)使(shi)用不防(fang)爆的電(dian)器設(she)(she)(she)備(如開關、插座、熔斷(duan)及(ji)燈具等)，嚴禁在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)區吸(xi)煙，用明火(huo)照明或(huo)取暖；不準(zhun)在(zai)(zai)室內動(dong)火(huo)作(zuo)業。室內各電(dian)氣(qi)線路應穿管(guan)敷設(she)(she)(she)，電(dian)氣(qi)連接處(chu)應接觸(chu)良好、牢靠(kao)，不得(de)松動(dong)，避免產(chan)生火(huo)花放電(dian)。不冷穿化纖服裝(zhuang)進入充(chong)(chong)電(dian)區，以免摩(mo)擦產(chan)生放電(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正常情(qing)況下(xia)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)是以電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)次數量(liang)來決定。并(bing)不以使用時(shi)間來計(ji)量(liang)。過充(chong)、小電(dian)流(liu)長時(shi)間放電(dian)、電(dian)池(chi)長時(shi)間處于充(chong)電(dian)不足狀態均(jun)可訊速(su)導致電(dian)池(chi)失效(xiao)。隨著(zhu)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放次數量(liang)的(de)增加電(dian)池(chi)逐漸(jian)老化，低于標稱容量(liang)的(de)80%時(shi)即認(ren)為電(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)終止。目前金(jin)麗溫(wen)高(gao)速(su)公路電(dian)池(chi)的(de)主要(yao)失效(xiao)原因有以下(xia)幾個方面：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥(fa)控電(dian)(dian)池(chi)對(dui)溫度頗為敏(min)感，環境(jing)溫度的(de)變化對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)運行壽(shou)命、放電(dian)(dian)容量(liang)、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓都(dou)有影響(xiang)。持續過(guo)(guo)高(gao)的(de)環境(jing)溫度，會造成浮充電(dian)(dian)流加大，內部熱量(liang)增(zeng)加，失(shi)水過(guo)(guo)快(kuai)，最終導(dao)致熱失(shi)控，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)損壞；過(guo)(guo)低的(de)溫度則會降低電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)。

溫度(du)與電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)影響，由于閥(fa)控蓄電(dian)(dian)池本身散(san)熱條件比較差，熱量積累的(de)增加引(yin)起惡性循環易造成熱失控。當環境溫度(du)超過(guo)25度(du)時，溫度(du)每升(sheng)高(gao)10度(du)，使用壽(shou)命(ming)減少一半，所以當環境溫度(du)在(zai)非25度(du)時，溫度(du)升(sheng)高(gao)一度(du)，浮充電(dian)(dian)壓應降3MV/每只，防止(zhi)過(guo)充。反之溫度(du)降低(di)時低(di)于25度(du)時，每低(di)一度(du)浮充電(dian)(dian)壓應增3MV/每只，防止(zhi)出現虧電(dian)(dian)現象。

譬如，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在35度(du)下長(chang)期(qi)運行，如在25度(du)下電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)設計(ji)(ji)壽(shou)命(ming)為8年(電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)普遍設計(ji)(ji))，實際壽(shou)命(ming)則(ze)只有5年，若長(chang)期(qi)在15度(du)下運行，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命(ming)則(ze)有20年。不(bu)(bu)難看出(chu)，金麗溫(wen)高(gao)速(su)高(gao)路(lu)麗青段(duan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過早失效不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)說溫(wen)度(du)才是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的第一殺手。因(yin)為以麗青段(duan)而言，配電(dian)房基本無空調配置(zhi)。夏(xia)天溫(wen)度(du)均(jun)在40度(du)以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)下，小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)損(sun)害大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)深度(du)(du)下，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越(yue)(yue)小(xiao)(xiao)，過飽(bao)和度(du)(du)降低，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)核(he)越(yue)(yue)少。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)沉(chen)淀速(su)度(du)(du)就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)(yue)慢(man)。生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)核(he)少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)量(liang)是相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。則生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)就(jiu)(jiu)大(da)一些(xie)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，結晶(jing)(jing)沉(chen)淀速(su)度(du)(du)越(yue)(yue)慢(man)，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)體就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)(yue)完善，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)更難以充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)，這(zhe)些(xie)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣會造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堵塞(sai)。這(zhe)樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)很難還原(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海綿狀純鉛(qian)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)影響到電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)。而(er)(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)池大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)比(bi)小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)損(sun)害大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因。因為(wei)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，在(zai)固(gu)液交界處形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過飽(bao)和度(du)(du)大(da)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)體沉(chen)淀，一方(fang)面(mian)，堵塞(sai)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔，一方(fang)面(mian)也(ye)堵塞(sai)隔板(ban)(ban)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)孔。更容(rong)易生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)。還使(shi)許多(duo)微(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)晶(jing)(jing)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)脫落。從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)對電(dian)(dian)池造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷害。還有(you)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)也(ye)由(you)于(yu)硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擴散速(su)度(du)(du)慢(man)，只能到達淺層而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)阿爾法二氧化鉛(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)轉化。從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)(er)使(shi)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)易與(yu)軟(ruan)化。大(da)電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)不能全部放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出，如獲使(shi)用1小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)僅為(wei)額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)55%，而(er)(er)(er)半小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)則為(wei)35%。小(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)，使(shi)用價20小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)則可以放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出額定容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)是(shi)以(yi)某(mou)只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)最先達到終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為止(zhi)的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，若(ruo)是(shi)UPS蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則會影響整組(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的容(rong)(rong)量(liang)。以(yi)-48V系(xi)統為例，系(xi)統放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)(zhong)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為1.8V/只，(即43.2V)以(yi)10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的話從(cong)48至43.2用時(shi)(shi)10小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，一旦出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則系(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)48-2V=46V系(xi)統46V到43.2V放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)將大大下降。因些(xie)這些(xie)落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)就應(ying)該及時(shi)(shi)剔除，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部(bu)門(men)經驗規定，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)個數少于3只時(shi)(shi)單(dan)個更(geng)換(huan)，落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)大于3時(shi)(shi)則整體更(geng)換(huan)。落(luo)(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的發(fa)現(xian)(xian)就須我們在日常(chang)(chang)維(wei)護中(zhong)(zhong)通(tong)過容(rong)(rong)量(liang)測試或日常(chang)(chang)維(wei)護中(zhong)(zhong)的端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)測量(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。但(dan)目前金麗溫高速此項工作基本為空白。

額定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)：在規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的工(gong)(gong)作條件(jian)下(xia)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)(fang)出(chu)的最(zui)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱(cheng)為額定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)。VRLA蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的額定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)作條件(jian)為：在10小時放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫度(du)(du)(du)為25度(du)(du)(du)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池為6×1.80=10.8V)。實際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)：在特(te)點的放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫度(du)(du)(du)和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等條件(jian)下(xia)，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池實際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出(chu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)稱(cheng)為實際(ji)容(rong)量(liang)。影響實際(ji)放(fang)(fang)出(chu)容(rong)量(liang)的主要因素(su)有(you)：放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溫度(du)(du)(du)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫度(du)(du)(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂免維護(hu)蓄(xu)電池，是(shi)指(zhi)在規(gui)定的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)條件下，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)期(qi)間不需要進(jin)行(xing)維護(hu)的蓄(xu)電池。對于車用(yong)(yong)鉛蓄(xu)電池來講，也就(jiu)是(shi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)期(qi)間不需經(jing)常(chang)添加蒸(zheng)餾水的蓄(xu)電池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為(wei)了提(ti)高鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命，隨著其(qi)使(shi)性能，免維護蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)正極(ji)板柵(zha)(zha)架(jia)一般采用鉛鈣合金或(huo)低(di)(di)銻合金制(zhi)作，而負極(ji)柵(zha)(zha)架(jia)均用鉛鈣合金制(zhi)作。為(wei)了減小極(ji)板短路(lu)和(he)活性物質脫落(luo)，其(qi)隔板大多(duo)采用超細玻璃纖維棉制(zhi)作，或(huo)將其(qi)正極(ji)板裝在(zai)(zai)袋(dai)式(shi)(shi)隔板內(nei)。為(wei)了防止氧氣(qi)(qi)、氫氣(qi)(qi)垂(chui)直上溢(yi)，減小水(shui)(shui)分損失(shi)和(he)活性物質脫落(luo)，極(ji)板組多(duo)采用緊湊結構(gou)。為(wei)了縮短聯接(jie)條的(de)(de)長度，減小內(nei)阻，提(ti)高蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)起動性能，各單格(ge)極(ji)板組之間采用內(nei)連式(shi)(shi)接(jie)法，露(lu)在(zai)(zai)密(mi)(mi)(mi)封式(shi)(shi)殼體(ti)外(wai)面的(de)(de)只有正、負極(ji)樁。為(wei)了更有效(xiao)地避免水(shui)(shui)分損失(shi)，在(zai)(zai)殼體(ti)上部(bu)設(she)有收集(ji)水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)和(he)硫酸蒸氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)室，待其(qi)冷卻后(hou)變成液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)重新流回電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)內(nei)。為(wei)了便于檢查(cha)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度，了解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)存電(dian)情況，在(zai)(zai)其(qi)內(nei)部(bu)設(she)有的(de)(de)溫度補償式(shi)(shi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度計(ji)。密(mi)(mi)(mi)度計(ji)的(de)(de)指示器(qi)用不同(tong)的(de)(de)顏色指示蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池的(de)(de)存電(dian)情況和(he)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)面高低(di)(di)。電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度正常(chang)時，指示器(qi)顯(xian)示綠(lv)色，表示蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池存電(dian)充(chong)足；指示器(qi)顯(xian)示黑色，表示電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度低(di)(di)于標準(zhun)值，應進行(xing)補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)；指示器(qi)顯(xian)示黃色，表示電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)面過低(di)(di)，需添(tian)加蒸餾水(shui)(shui)。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如上所述，免維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池與普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的最大區(qu)別是極板材料不同。由于采用(yong)鉛(qian)鈣合金制作(zuo)柵(zha)(zha)架，消除了鉛(qian)銻合金柵(zha)(zha)架的一些(xie)弱點(如水分蒸發、過量充電(dian)(dian)、熱(re)破壞和自(zi)行放(fang)電(dian)(dian))，因此，不僅使(shi)其使(shi)用(yong)性能得到改善，而且還延(yan)長了其使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)和儲存壽命(ming)。

免(mian)(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水量(liang)少，一般僅為普(pu)通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1／10左右，使用中一般不需添(tian)加(jia)蒸(zheng)餾水。這(zhe)一方面是由于(yu)鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金的析(xi)氫(qing)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)位比鉛(qian)銻合(he)金高，充電(dian)(dian)時析(xi)氫(qing)量(liang)少，從而(er)水分逸出量(liang)大大降低(di)；另一方面是由于(yu)免(mian)(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)設(she)有集氣室，可使收(shou)集到的水蒸(zheng)氣冷卻后重新返回電(dian)(dian)解液內(nei)，避免(mian)(mian)了水分散失。因此，使用中免(mian)(mian)維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)不需要添(tian)加(jia)蒸(zheng)餾水。

普通(tong)鉛蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)柵架，一(yi)般用鉛銻(ti)合金(jin)制作，且含銻(ti)量較高。充電(dian)時，正極(ji)柵架上的(de)(de)(de)銻(ti)被逐漸溶(rong)解(jie)到電(dian)解(jie)液中(zhong)，并(bing)不斷地在負極(ji)板表面上沉積(ji)，與負極(ji)板上的(de)(de)(de)活性物(wu)質(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)池，使其自行(xing)(xing)放電(dian)量增大。免維護蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)柵架采用的(de)(de)(de)是鉛鈣合金(jin)，其特(te)點是晶(jing)粒較細，耐腐蝕，不易形(xing)成(cheng)微(wei)電(dian)池，自行(xing)(xing)放電(dian)量小。

普通鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池，其(qi)內部經常有硫酸氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸出(chu)，并聚集在蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)頂蓋部位。這些硫酸氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在金屬接(jie)頭(tou)處凝結，形成短路通道，產生短路電(dian)(dian)流，并對(dui)極(ji)樁和(he)連(lian)接(jie)件造成腐(fu)蝕(shi)。嚴重時，甚至影響到蓄電(dian)(dian)池功率輸(shu)出(chu)。由于維護蓄電(dian)(dian)池設有集氣(qi)(qi)室(shi)和(he)新型的(de)通氣(qi)(qi)裝置，不僅可(ke)避免水分散失，而且(qie)可(ke)有效地(di)防止酸氣(qi)(qi)外逸，從而大大降(jiang)臨了酸氣(qi)(qi)對(dui)極(ji)樁連(lian)接(jie)件的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)。

免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池的起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流比普(pu)通(tong)鉛蓄電(dian)(dian)池大，起動(dong)性能(neng)(neng)好。這一方(fang)面(mian)是由(you)于鉛鈣合金(jin)的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)比鉛銻合金(jin)好，蓄電(dian)(dian)池內阻小，輸出電(dian)(dian)流大；另一方(fang)面(mian)是由(you)于免(mian)維(wei)護蓄電(dian)(dian)池采用(yong)內連(lian)式(shi)連(lian)接，縮(suo)短了連(lian)線(xian)長度，功率損失小，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。