蓄電池危害及其防范

蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)作為一種方(fang)便適用的(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)源廣泛(fan)用于(yu)發電(dian)廠(chang)，工礦企(qi)業變配(pei)電(dian)所(suo)和各類(lei)機動車。由于(yu)在鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)裝配(pei)過程(cheng)中涉及到(dao)鉛(qian)(qian)中毒、易燃(ran)、易爆(bao)等危險特性，因而(er)確(que)保鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)安全生(sheng)(sheng)產十分重(zhong)要。目前，鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)已被列入《危險化學品名錄》，我(wo)國也(ye)一直(zhi)重(zhong)視鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)安全生(sheng)(sheng)產，加強了(le)對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)產裝配(pei)的(de)安全防范措(cuo)施，制定了(le)《鉛(qian)(qian)作業安全生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)規程(cheng)》等規范標準(zhun)。

廢電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)污染及其(qi)(qi)處理已(yi)經成(cheng)為(wei)目(mu)前(qian)社會(hui)最(zui)為(wei)關(guan)注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保(bao)焦(jiao)點之一。國(guo)家環(huan)保(bao)總(zong)局科(ke)技標準(zhun)司(si)有關(guan)人(ren)(ren)士(shi)認為(wei)，隨著我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產量(liang)和使(shi)用量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)擴大，廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)和種(zhong)類(lei)也在(zai)不(bu)斷(duan)增加。廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)含(han)有汞、鉛、鎘(ge)、鎳等(deng)重金(jin)(jin)屬及酸(suan)、堿等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)溶液，對人(ren)(ren)體(ti)及生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)有不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)。據了解，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)對人(ren)(ren)體(ti)健(jian)(jian)康和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)危(wei)害(hai)較大、列入危(wei)險廢物(wu)控制名錄的(de)(de)(de)廢電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)主要(yao)(yao)有：含(han)汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)氧化汞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)；含(han)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。有關(guan)資料顯(xian)示(shi)，一節(jie)一號電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)爛在(zai)地里(li)，能(neng)使(shi)1平方米的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)壤(rang)永久失去利用價值；一粒紐扣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)使(shi)600噸水受到污染，相當(dang)于一個(ge)人(ren)(ren)一生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)飲水量(liang)。在(zai)對自然環(huan)境(jing)威(wei)脅最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)種(zhong)物(wu)質(zhi)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)里(li)就包(bao)含(han)了汞、鉛、鎘(ge)等(deng)多種(zhong)，若將廢舊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)混入生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活垃圾一起填埋，或者隨手丟棄，滲(shen)出的(de)(de)(de)汞及重金(jin)(jin)屬物(wu)質(zhi)就會(hui)滲(shen)透(tou)于土(tu)壤(rang)、污染地下水，進(jin)而進(jin)入魚類(lei)、農(nong)作物(wu)中(zhong)，破壞(huai)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存環(huan)境(jing)，間接威(wei)脅到人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)健(jian)(jian)康。

人體(ti)一旦吸收(shou)這些(xie)(xie)重(zhong)金屬(shu)以后，會(hui)出現哪些(xie)(xie)病癥(zheng)呢？據(ju)有關專家(jia)介(jie)紹，汞(gong)(gong)是一種毒性(xing)很(hen)強的(de)重(zhong)金屬(shu)，對人體(ti)中(zhong)樞神經的(de)破壞(huai)力很(hen)大。目(mu)前(qian)我國生產的(de)含(han)汞(gong)(gong)堿性(xing)干電池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量達1％－5％，中(zhong)性(xing)干電池(chi)的(de)汞(gong)(gong)含(han)量為0．025％，我國電池(chi)生產消(xiao)耗的(de)汞(gong)(gong)每(mei)年(nian)就達幾十噸之多。鎘在人體(ti)內極易引起(qi)慢(man)性(xing)中(zhong)毒，主要病癥(zheng)是肺氣腫(zhong)、骨質軟化、貧血，很(hen)可(ke)能(neng)使(shi)人體(ti)癱(tan)瘓。而鉛(qian)進入(ru)人體(ti)后最難排泄(xie)，它干擾(rao)腎功能(neng)。

專家(jia)們認為，由于電(dian)池(chi)污染(ran)具(ju)有周期長、隱蔽性大等特點，其潛在危害相當(dang)嚴重，處(chu)(chu)理(li)不(bu)當(dang)還會造成(cheng)二(er)次污染(ran)。據楊毅夫博士(shi)介紹，我國沿海某省(sheng)的一些農民(min)在回收(shou)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)中的鉛(qian)時，因為回收(shou)處(chu)(chu)理(li)不(bu)當(dang)，把含有鉛(qian)和(he)硫酸的廢(fei)液倒(dao)掉，不(bu)僅造成(cheng)了鉛(qian)中毒，而且使當(dang)地(di)(di)農作(zuo)物無法生長。如何及時安全地(di)(di)回收(shou)和(he)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廢(fei)電(dian)池(chi)，已日益突出地(di)(di)擺(bai)在人們面(mian)前。

一、 鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中的主要危害因素分析

鉛酸蓄電池裝配過程中(zhong)可能(neng)產生的危險、危害(hai)(hai)主(zhu)要(yao)是中(zhong)毒、火(huo)災、爆炸，以及高溫灼燙、機械傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)、腐蝕傷(shang)害(hai)(hai)等。限于篇幅(fu)，僅對中(zhong)毒、火(huo)災和爆炸3種(zhong)因素進行分析。

稱(cheng)片(pian)、包片(pian)區，存在著大量(liang)的(de)(de)鉛(qian)塵，屬(shu)于(yu)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)污染區，易發生(sheng)慢性(xing)鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒。鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒對人體的(de)(de)危害主要集中(zhong)(zhong)在消化系統和神(shen)經系統，在蓄電(dian)池(chi)廠工作的(de)(de)操(cao)作工患(huan)職(zhi)業性(xing)慢性(xing)鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒的(de)(de)比例高達(da)25%～30%。更為嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)是，鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒不(bu)僅局限在蓄電(dian)池(chi)廠里的(de)(de)成年(nian)操(cao)作工鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒反(fan)應，甚(shen)至周邊(bian)許(xu)多兒童也出(chu)現了(le)鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒的(de)(de)反(fan)應。2004年(nian)6月，某縣曾經發生(sheng)數(shu)百(bai)名鉛(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)毒事(shi)件。

引(yin)起這(zhe)些(xie)中毒(du)事(shi)故的(de)原因(yin)主要(yao)有(you)(you)廠區內(nei)缺乏必要(yao)的(de)排風(feng)環保設(she)備(bei)，有(you)(you)的(de)廠家雖然(ran)有(you)(you)，但是(shi)工(gong)作期間不(bu)(bu)開(kai)啟，形同虛(xu)設(she)，工(gong)人缺少必要(yao)的(de)勞保用品以及工(gong)人的(de)自我保護意識不(bu)(bu)強(qiang)等。稱片、包(bao)片是(shi)引(yin)起鉛中毒(du)的(de)重點(dian)部位，必須有(you)(you)完(wan)善的(de)防護措施和排風(feng)系統。

根據工藝要求，焊接區使用的(de)(de)乙炔(gui)、液化(hua)石油氣(qi)火災(zai)(zai)危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)甲類，氧(yang)氣(qi)火災(zai)(zai)危(wei)險(xian)為(wei)乙類。乙炔(gui)在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸極(ji)限(xian)(xian)為(wei)2.1%～80.0%(υ/υ)，引(yin)燃溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)305℃左(zuo)右；液化(hua)石油在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸極(ji)限(xian)(xian)為(wei)2.25%～9.65%(υ/υ)，引(yin)燃熳(man)度(du)在(zai)426～537℃左(zuo)右。因(yin)此(ci)，生產過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)大危(wei)險(xian)因(yin)素(su)是(shi)火災(zai)(zai)和爆(bao)炸，如果(guo)在(zai)焊接極(ji)群和極(ji)柱過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)操作不當，劇烈碰撞(zhuang)或離明火過(guo)近，溫(wen)度(du)太高等都可能引(yin)起火災(zai)(zai)、爆(bao)炸。

根據鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池工作原(yuan)理(li)，鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質是(shi)(shi)二氧化鉛，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質是(shi)(shi)海綿鉛，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是(shi)(shi)稀硫酸(suan)溶液，當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)到70%～80%電(dian)(dian)量時(shi)，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生氧氣(qi)(qi)，當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)基(ji)本完成(cheng)(cheng)約(yue)90%時(shi)，負(fu)極(ji)(ji)開(kai)始(shi)產(chan)生氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)。氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)易(yi)燃(ran)易(yi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)甲類物(wu)質，在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限為4.1%～74.1%，引燃(ran)溫(wen)度(du)在(zai)450℃左右，因(yin)此充電(dian)(dian)室(shi)內氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)濃度(du)極(ji)(ji)易(yi)達到爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸極(ji)(ji)限，一遇火源就會生產(chan)燃(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。例如，1991年7月3日，某電(dian)(dian)站鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)池室(shi)發生燃(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)事(shi)故，造成(cheng)(cheng)1名巡檢(jian)工死亡(wang)，充電(dian)(dian)設備和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池嚴重(zhong)損壞(huai)。事(shi)故主(zhu)要原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)該蓄電(dian)(dian)池通(tong)風設備失(shi)效，造成(cheng)(cheng)室(shi)內氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)聚(ju)積，而巡檢(jian)工嚴重(zhong)違章在(zai)巡檢(jian)時(shi)抽(chou)煙，明火引起燃(ran)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。

二、安全預防措施與建議

通過(guo)上述分析可知，蓄電池裝配(pei)過(guo)程(cheng)中存在的主要危害因素為中毒、火災、爆炸等。為確(que)保安(an)全(quan)生產建議采取(qu)以下(xia)安(an)全(quan)措施：

1．廠(chang)址選擇與周圍(wei)居民及(ji)公共設(she)施保持必要(yao)的(de)安(an)全防(fang)護距(ju)離(li)，同(tong)時必須滿足《建筑設(she)計(ji)防(fang)火規范》，《鉛作(zuo)業安(an)全衛(wei)生規程》，《工業企業設(she)計(ji)衛(wei)生標(biao)準》和《使用(yong)有毒物(wu)品作(zuo)業場所勞動保護條例》的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。

2．在(zai)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)前盡(jin)可能(neng)先(xian)將(jiang)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)環境濕(shi)潤(run)，防(fang)止鉛塵(chen)飛揚；作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)時工人(ren)除(chu)穿戴相應的(de)工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)、防(fang)塵(chen)口(kou)罩外，必須(xu)使用(yong)能(neng)保證新(xin)鮮空氣供(gong)給的(de)通風設施(shi)；操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)臺上清出(chu)的(de)鉛粉塵(chen)，必須(xu)放置在(zai)專用(yong)容器內，不得(de)與(yu)其(qi)他垃圾等(deng)(deng)堆放在(zai)一起(qi)；作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)后(hou)，工人(ren)必須(xu)洗澡(zao)，并將(jiang)工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)和防(fang)塵(chen)口(kou)罩在(zai)廠內集中洗滌；同時作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)場所所應禁(jin)止吸煙，飲食等(deng)(deng)；班中喝水(shui)前必須(xu)洗手，洗臉及(ji)漱口(kou)，嚴禁(jin)穿工作(zuo)服(fu)(fu)進食堂，出(chu)廠。

此外(wai)(wai)，為防止雜質(zhi)侵入(ru)和水分蒸發，采用了僅有極樁外(wai)(wai)露的全(quan)封(feng)閉式外(wai)(wai)殼。

為防止(zhi)蓄電池損壞(huai)和爆炸，在(zai)密封(feng)式殼體上(shang)設有排氣孔(kong)和安全(quan)閥(fa)(fa)。安全(quan)閥(fa)(fa)中裝有催化(hua)劑，可使氫氣與氧氣合成為水蒸(zheng)氣，冷卻后再返回電解液內。

為有效防止外(wai)來火花造(zao)成危害(hai)，在(zai)其(qi)內部還裝有火花捕捉(zhuo)器。

免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)池的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)原理與(yu)普通鉛蓄電(dian)池相(xiang)同。放(fang)電(dian)時，正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)二氧化鉛和負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛與(yu)電(dian)解液內(nei)的(de)硫酸(suan)反應生成硫酸(suan)鉛和水(shui)，硫酸(suan)鉛分別(bie)沉積在正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)，而(er)水(shui)則留在電(dian)解液內(nei)；充電(dian)時，正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)硫酸(suan)鉛又分別(bie)還(huan)原成二氫化鉛和海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛。

普通鉛蓄電(dian)池，在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)接近終了(le)時(shi)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)除了(le)用來使(shi)正(zheng)、負(fu)極板的硫酸鉛還(huan)(huan)原成二氧(yang)化鉛和海(hai)綿狀鉛外(wai)，還(huan)(huan)有一部分(fen)電(dian)流(liu)被用在水的分(fen)解(jie)上(shang)，致使(shi)蓄電(dian)池內產生(sheng)根(gen)多(duo)氣(qi)泡。特別(bie)是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)終了(le)時(shi)產生(sheng)和外(wai)逸的氣(qi)泡就更多(duo)，從而造成電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)內水分(fen)大(da)量散失。

免維護蓄(xu)電池，由于其負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)含(han)量比正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)多(duo)，因(yin)此，充足電時(shi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)全部轉變成(cheng)了二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，而負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)仍有一部分硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)殘(can)留(liu)。這樣，過(guo)充電時(shi)，充電電流(liu)只在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)用來產生氧氣(qi)，而在負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)則(ze)被(bei)用于使多(duo)余的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)轉變成(cheng)海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)。同時(shi)，在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)所產生的(de)氧氣(qi)也不(bu)會外逸，而是迅速與負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)活性物(wu)質(海(hai)綿狀鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian))發(fa)生反應生成(cheng)二(er)氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)，再與電解(jie)液中的(de)硫(liu)(liu)酸反應變成(cheng)硫(liu)(liu)酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)和水。

由此(ci)可見(jian)，免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)池在(zai)過充電(dian)時(shi)，其負極(ji)板上(shang)(shang)的(de)硫酸鉛永遠不會消(xiao)失(shi)(shi)，即負極(ji)板上(shang)(shang)不會產生氫氣。即從理論(lun)上(shang)(shang)講，免維(wei)護蓄電(dian)池即使在(zai)過充電(dian)時(shi)，其電(dian)解液中的(de)水(shui)也不會散失(shi)(shi)。

3．車間內的(de)(de)氣(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)不(bu)得隨意堆放(fang)(fang)或不(bu)同氣(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)混放(fang)(fang)。雖然(ran)乙(yi)炔、液(ye)化石(shi)油(you)(you)氣(qi)及氧氣(qi)用最較少，但(dan)氣(qi)體鋼(gang)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)仍需單(dan)獨存(cun)放(fang)(fang)。存(cun)放(fang)(fang)處應(ying)在(zai)生產車間外墻處用磚墻和預制板砌兩間作為石(shi)油(you)(you)液(ye)化氣(qi)和氧氣(qi)的(de)(de)中間倉庫，選用下端(duan)帶百頁窗的(de)(de)門(men)，兩側墻留通風口，并安裝鋼(gang)絲(si)網(wang)，保持良好的(de)(de)通風。門(men)開(kai)在(zai)車間外面，并在(zai)醒目(mu)位置貼上禁(jin)止明(ming)火(huo)(huo)和吸(xi)煙的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志。根據(ju)《建筑設(she)計防火(huo)(huo)規(gui)范》的(de)(de)規(gui)定，該存(cun)放(fang)(fang)處只(zhi)能作為車間中間庫房，且乙(yi)炔的(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)(fang)數量(liang)不(bu)應(ying)超(chao)過25m3(標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)狀(zhuang)態下)，。液(ye)化石(shi)油(you)(you)氣(qi)的(de)(de)存(cun)放(fang)(fang)數量(liang)不(bu)應(ying)超(chao)過50m3(標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)狀(zhuang)態下)。氧氣(qi)和乙(yi)炔的(de)(de)保管和使(shi)用要設(she)專人(ren)負責，嚴禁(jin)超(chao)壓使(shi)用和人(ren)為加熱氣(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)，嚴禁(jin)用帶油(you)(you)污(wu)的(de)(de)手套開(kai)啟(qi)氧氣(qi)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)閥門(men)；操作人(ren)員(yuan)作業前必須先檢查(cha)軟管與(yu)焊接(jie)的(de)(de)連接(jie)處是(shi)否牢固，軟管是(shi)否有打(da)結處。

4．充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)應(ying)保持良好的(de)(de)通風(feng)(feng)，必要時應(ying)增(zeng)加防爆(bao)型通風(feng)(feng)設備，同時設置(zhi)可(ke)燃氣體濃(nong)度檢(jian)漏報警裝置(zhi)，并(bing)達到《火災(zai)自(zi)動(dong)報警系統(tong)設計規范》的(de)(de)相關(guan)要求(qiu)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)不準使用(yong)(yong)不防爆(bao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設備(如(ru)開關(guan)、插(cha)座、熔斷及燈(deng)具等)，嚴禁在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)吸煙，用(yong)(yong)明火照(zhao)明或(huo)取(qu)暖；不準在(zai)室(shi)內動(dong)火作業。室(shi)內各電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣線路應(ying)穿管敷設，電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣連接處應(ying)接觸(chu)良好、牢靠，不得(de)松動(dong)，避免(mian)產生火花放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。不冷(leng)穿化纖(xian)服(fu)裝進入充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)，以免(mian)摩擦產生放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

三、影響UPS電池壽命及容量的幾個因素

正(zheng)常情(qing)況(kuang)下的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命是以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次數(shu)量來決(jue)定。并(bing)不以(yi)使用(yong)時(shi)間來計量。過充(chong)(chong)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)長時(shi)間處于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足狀態均可訊(xun)速導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失效。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)次數(shu)量的增加(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)逐漸老化，低于(yu)標稱容量的80%時(shi)即認為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命終止。目(mu)前金麗溫高速公路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的主(zhu)要失效原因有(you)以(yi)下幾(ji)個方面(mian)：

1、溫度對閥控鉛酸蓄電池壽命的影響

閥控電(dian)(dian)池對(dui)溫度頗為敏感，環境溫度的變化(hua)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池的運行(xing)壽命、放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量、浮充電(dian)(dian)壓都有影響(xiang)。持續(xu)過(guo)高的環境溫度，會(hui)造成浮充電(dian)(dian)流加(jia)大(da)，內部熱量增加(jia)，失(shi)水過(guo)快(kuai)，最終導致熱失(shi)控，電(dian)(dian)池損壞；過(guo)低(di)的溫度則會(hui)降低(di)電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量。

溫度(du)(du)(du)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，由于閥控蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池本身散熱條件比較差，熱量積累的(de)增加引起惡性循環(huan)(huan)易(yi)造成熱失控。當(dang)環(huan)(huan)境溫度(du)(du)(du)超過(guo)25度(du)(du)(du)時，溫度(du)(du)(du)每(mei)升(sheng)高(gao)10度(du)(du)(du)，使用(yong)壽命減(jian)少一半，所以當(dang)環(huan)(huan)境溫度(du)(du)(du)在非25度(du)(du)(du)時，溫度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高(gao)一度(du)(du)(du)，浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)降3MV/每(mei)只，防止過(guo)充(chong)。反之溫度(du)(du)(du)降低(di)時低(di)于25度(du)(du)(du)時，每(mei)低(di)一度(du)(du)(du)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應(ying)增3MV/每(mei)只，防止出現(xian)虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象(xiang)。

譬如，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)35度下(xia)長(chang)期運行(xing)(xing)，如在(zai)25度下(xia)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)設計(ji)壽命(ming)(ming)為8年(nian)(電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)普(pu)遍設計(ji))，實(shi)際壽命(ming)(ming)則只有(you)5年(nian)，若長(chang)期在(zai)15度下(xia)運行(xing)(xing)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)(ming)則有(you)20年(nian)。不(bu)難看出，金麗(li)溫高速高路麗(li)青(qing)段電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過早失效(xiao)不(bu)得不(bu)說溫度才是電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的第(di)一殺手。因為以麗(li)青(qing)段而言，配電(dian)房基本無(wu)空調配置。夏天溫度均在(zai)40度以上。

2、大電池和小電流放電對電池的影響

相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)的(de)(de)原因(yin)。相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)越小(xiao)，過(guo)飽和度降(jiang)低，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)核(he)越少。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)越慢(man)。生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)核(he)少，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)量(liang)是(shi)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)。則生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)顆粒(li)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)大(da)一些(xie)，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，結晶(jing)(jing)沉淀(dian)速(su)度越慢(man)，生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)晶(jing)(jing)體就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)越完善，從(cong)(cong)而(er)更難以(yi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，這些(xie)顆粒(li)同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)極板的(de)(de)微孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)堵塞。這樣充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后很(hen)難還原成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海綿狀純鉛(qian)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)影響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)。而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)損害大(da)的(de)(de)原因(yin)。因(yin)為大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在(zai)(zai)固液交(jiao)界處形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)的(de)(de)過(guo)飽和度大(da)，從(cong)(cong)而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)晶(jing)(jing)體沉淀(dian)，一方(fang)面，堵塞極板微孔(kong)(kong)，一方(fang)面也堵塞隔板微孔(kong)(kong)。更容易生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)枝晶(jing)(jing)。還使許多(duo)微晶(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)脫落。從(cong)(cong)而(er)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)傷害。還有，同(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也由于硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)的(de)(de)擴散速(su)度慢(man)，只能到達(da)淺層而(er)使更多(duo)的(de)(de)阿爾法二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化(hua)。從(cong)(cong)而(er)使極板易與軟化(hua)。大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)不能全部放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)，如獲使用1小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)容量(liang)僅為額(e)定(ding)容量(liang)的(de)(de)55%，而(er)半小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則為35%。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)則可以(yi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)更多(duo)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，使用價20小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率則可以(yi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)(chu)額(e)定(ding)容量(liang)的(de)(de)110%。

3、落后電池對容量的影響

計算蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是以某只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)最(zui)先(xian)達到(dao)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)止的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，若是UPS蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)會影響整組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。以-48V系統(tong)為(wei)(wei)例，系統(tong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)1.8V/只(zhi)，(即43.2V)以10小時放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)話從48至43.2用時10小時，一旦出現(xian)(xian)落(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓48-2V=46V系統(tong)46V到(dao)43.2V放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間將(jiang)大大下降。因(yin)些這些落(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)就(jiu)應該(gai)及時剔除，根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信部(bu)門經驗規(gui)定，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)個(ge)數少于3只(zhi)時單個(ge)更(geng)換，落(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大于3時則(ze)整體更(geng)換。落(luo)后(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發現(xian)(xian)就(jiu)須我們(men)在(zai)日常(chang)維護(hu)中(zhong)通過容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)測試或日常(chang)維護(hu)中(zhong)的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓測量(liang)(liang)(liang)中(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)。但目(mu)前金麗溫高速此項工作基本為(wei)(wei)空白。

額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在(zai)(zai)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的工(gong)作(zuo)條件下，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池能放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出的最低電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。VRLA蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的額(e)定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)條件為(wei)：在(zai)(zai)10小(xiao)時放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度(du)(du)為(wei)25度(du)(du)，放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)1.80V(12V電(dian)(dian)池為(wei)6×1.80=10.8V)。實(shi)際容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)：在(zai)(zai)特點的放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)終了電(dian)(dian)壓等條件下，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池實(shi)際放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出的電(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)稱為(wei)實(shi)際容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。影響(xiang)實(shi)際放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)出容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的主要因素有：放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)、放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)和(he)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)溫(wen)度(du)(du)。

四、關注免維護蓄電池

所謂(wei)免維護(hu)(hu)蓄(xu)(xu)電池，是(shi)指(zhi)在規定的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用條(tiao)件下，使(shi)(shi)用期(qi)間(jian)不需要(yao)進行維護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電池。對于車用鉛蓄(xu)(xu)電池來講，也就(jiu)是(shi)使(shi)(shi)用期(qi)間(jian)不需經常添(tian)加蒸餾(liu)水(shui)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電池。

1.免維護蓄電池的結構特點

為了(le)(le)提高(gao)鉛(qian)(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)，隨著其使性(xing)能(neng)，免(mian)維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)柵架一般采用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)鈣(gai)合金或(huo)低(di)(di)(di)銻(ti)合金制作，而負極(ji)柵架均用(yong)(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)鈣(gai)合金制作。為了(le)(le)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)短路和活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫落，其隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)大(da)多采用(yong)(yong)超細玻璃(li)纖維(wei)棉制作，或(huo)將其正(zheng)極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)裝在(zai)(zai)袋式(shi)隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。為了(le)(le)防止氧氣(qi)(qi)、氫氣(qi)(qi)垂直上溢，減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)水分損失和活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)脫落，極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)組多采用(yong)(yong)緊湊結構。為了(le)(le)縮短聯接條的(de)(de)長度(du)(du)(du)，減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)內(nei)(nei)(nei)阻，提高(gao)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)起動性(xing)能(neng)，各單格極(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)組之(zhi)間采用(yong)(yong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)連(lian)式(shi)接法，露在(zai)(zai)密(mi)封式(shi)殼體外面的(de)(de)只(zhi)有正(zheng)、負極(ji)樁。為了(le)(le)更有效地避免(mian)水分損失，在(zai)(zai)殼體上部(bu)設有收集(ji)水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)和硫酸蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)室，待其冷卻后變(bian)成液(ye)(ye)體重新流回電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)內(nei)(nei)(nei)。為了(le)(le)便于檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)，了(le)(le)解(jie)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，在(zai)(zai)其內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)設有的(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)補償(chang)式(shi)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)計。密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)計的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)不同的(de)(de)顏色(se)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)情況和電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面高(gao)低(di)(di)(di)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)正(zheng)常時，指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯示(shi)綠色(se)，表示(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充足；指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯示(shi)黑色(se)，表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)低(di)(di)(di)于標準(zhun)值，應進行補充充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)示(shi)器(qi)(qi)顯示(shi)黃色(se)，表示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)液(ye)(ye)面過低(di)(di)(di)，需添加蒸(zheng)餾水。

2.免維護蓄電池的性能特點

如(ru)上所述，免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)與(yu)普通鉛蓄電(dian)池(chi)的最大區別是極板材料不(bu)同。由于采(cai)用鉛鈣合金制作柵(zha)架，消除了(le)鉛銻合金柵(zha)架的一些弱點(dian)(如(ru)水分(fen)蒸(zheng)發、過量充電(dian)、熱破(po)壞和(he)自行(xing)放電(dian))，因(yin)此，不(bu)僅使(shi)其使(shi)用性能得到改善(shan)，而且還延長了(le)其使(shi)用壽命和(he)儲存壽命。

免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電池失水(shui)量(liang)少，一(yi)般僅為普(pu)通鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電池的1／10左(zuo)右，使(shi)用中(zhong)一(yi)般不需添加蒸餾水(shui)。這一(yi)方面是(shi)由于鉛(qian)鈣合金的析氫過電位(wei)比(bi)鉛(qian)銻(ti)合金高，充電時析氫量(liang)少，從而水(shui)分逸出(chu)量(liang)大大降低；另一(yi)方面是(shi)由于免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電池設有(you)集(ji)氣室，可(ke)使(shi)收集(ji)到的水(shui)蒸氣冷卻后重新返回電解液內，避(bi)免(mian)了水(shui)分散失。因此，使(shi)用中(zhong)免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電池不需要添加蒸餾水(shui)。

普通(tong)鉛(qian)(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)柵架(jia)，一(yi)般用鉛(qian)(qian)銻合(he)金制(zhi)作，且含銻量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)高。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正極柵架(jia)上的(de)銻被(bei)逐(zhu)漸溶(rong)解(jie)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中，并不斷地在負極板表面上沉(chen)積(ji)，與負極板上的(de)活(huo)性物質形成微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，使其自(zi)(zi)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)大。免維護(hu)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)柵架(jia)采(cai)用的(de)是(shi)鉛(qian)(qian)鈣合(he)金，其特點是(shi)晶粒較(jiao)細，耐腐蝕(shi)，不易形成微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，自(zi)(zi)行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小。

普通鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，其內部經常有(you)硫酸(suan)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸(yi)出(chu)，并聚集在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)頂蓋部位。這些(xie)硫酸(suan)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)金屬接頭處凝(ning)結，形成(cheng)短路通道，產生短路電(dian)流(liu)，并對極(ji)樁和(he)連接件造成(cheng)腐蝕。嚴重時，甚至影響(xiang)到蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)功率輸出(chu)。由于維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)設有(you)集氣(qi)(qi)室和(he)新(xin)型的(de)(de)通氣(qi)(qi)裝置，不僅可(ke)(ke)避免水分散(san)失(shi)，而且可(ke)(ke)有(you)效(xiao)地防止酸(suan)氣(qi)(qi)外逸(yi)，從而大(da)大(da)降臨了(le)酸(suan)氣(qi)(qi)對極(ji)樁連接件的(de)(de)腐蝕。

免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)比普通(tong)鉛(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大，起動(dong)性(xing)能好。這一方(fang)面是(shi)由于鉛(qian)鈣合(he)金的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能比鉛(qian)銻(ti)合(he)金好，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內阻小(xiao)，輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大；另一方(fang)面是(shi)由于免(mian)維護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用內連(lian)式連(lian)接，縮(suo)短了連(lian)線(xian)長度，功率損失(shi)小(xiao)，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓高。

由于免維護蓄電池采用鉛鈣合金制作柵架，既增加了機械強度又提高了耐充性，再加上采用袋裝式隔板結構，可有效防止活性物質脫落，因此，其使用壽命顯著提高。同時，由于自行放電量小，其儲存壽命也大大增長，一般為普通鉛蓄電池的2～3倍。