一、火花機的主要組成部件
火花機也(ye)稱(cheng)為電火花加工機(ji)床或EDM機(ji)床,主要組成部(bu)件包括(kuo)以下幾個部(bu)分:
1、機床主體
機(ji)床主(zhu)體是火花機(ji)的(de)基礎結構,它承載著所有的(de)工作(zuo)部件和控制(zhi)系統。主(zhu)體通常由鑄鐵或(huo)鋼材制(zhi)成,以確保(bao)穩定性和剛性。
2、主軸和電極夾持裝置
主軸是安裝和移動電極的部分,用于將電極精確定位在工件上方。電極夾持(chi)裝置(zhi)用于固(gu)定電極,并(bing)確保(bao)電極在加工過程中(zhong)保(bao)持(chi)穩定的(de)位置(zhi)和(he)角度。
3、工作臺和工件夾持裝置
工作臺用于支撐和移動工件,以便在加工過程中精確定位工件。工件夾(jia)持(chi)裝(zhuang)置用(yong)于固定工件,防止(zhi)在加(jia)工過程中發生移動或振動。
4、電源和控制系統
電源系統為火花機提供所需的電壓和電流,用于產生電火花。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系統是火花機的核心部分(fen),它控(kong)(kong)(kong)制電極和(he)工(gong)作(zuo)臺的運(yun)動,以及電源(yuan)的通斷,確保加工(gong)過(guo)程的精(jing)確性和(he)穩定性。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制系統通常包(bao)括計算機數控(kong)(kong)(kong)(CNC)系統,用(yong)于編程和(he)自動化加工(gong)過(guo)程。
5、工作液循環系統
工作(zuo)(zuo)液在(zai)火花加工過程中起到冷卻、潤滑和(he)清除加工廢屑的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。工作(zuo)(zuo)液循(xun)環(huan)系統負責將工作(zuo)(zuo)液輸送到加工區域,并回收和(he)過濾使(shi)用(yong)過的工作(zuo)(zuo)液。
6、電氣系統和傳感器
電氣系統為火花機提供電力和信號傳輸,確保各個部件的正常運行。傳感器用于監測(ce)加工(gong)過程中的(de)各種參數,如電極和(he)工(gong)作臺(tai)的(de)位置、電流(liu)和(he)電壓(ya)等,以便及時調整和(he)控制加工(gong)過程。
7、安全防護裝置
火花機(ji)在工作(zuo)過程中可能會產生火花和(he)(he)飛濺物(wu),因(yin)此需(xu)要配備安全防(fang)護裝置(zhi),如防(fang)護罩(zhao)、防(fang)護門和(he)(he)緊急停(ting)機(ji)按鈕等,以保護操作(zuo)人員的安全。
二、火花機的工作原理
進行電火花機加工(gong)時,工(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)和工(gong)件(jian)分別接(jie)脈沖(chong)電(dian)源的(de)兩(liang)極(ji),并(bing)浸入(ru)工(gong)作液(ye)(ye)中(zhong),或(huo)將工(gong)作液(ye)(ye)充入(ru)放電(dian)間(jian)隙。通過間(jian)隙自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)向工(gong)件(jian)進給,當兩(liang)電(dian)極(ji)間(jian)的(de)間(jian)隙達到一定距(ju)離(li)時,兩(liang)電(dian)極(ji)上施(shi)加的(de)脈沖(chong)電(dian)壓將工(gong)作液(ye)(ye)擊穿,產生火花放電(dian)。
在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)微(wei)(wei)細通(tong)道(dao)中(zhong)瞬時集(ji)中(zhong)大(da)量(liang)的(de)熱能,溫度可(ke)高達一萬攝氏(shi)度以上(shang),壓力也有急劇變化,從而使這(zhe)一點工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)表面局部微(wei)(wei)量(liang)的(de)金(jin)屬材料立刻熔化、氣化,并爆(bao)炸式地(di)飛濺到工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液中(zhong),迅速冷凝,形成(cheng)固(gu)體的(de)金(jin)屬微(wei)(wei)粒,被(bei)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液帶走。這(zhe)時在(zai)工(gong)件表面上(shang)便(bian)留下一個微(wei)(wei)小(xiao)的(de)凹坑痕(hen)跡,放電(dian)(dian)短暫停(ting)歇,兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)間工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)液恢復絕緣狀態(tai)。
緊接(jie)著,下(xia)一個脈沖(chong)電(dian)壓又在(zai)兩電(dian)極相(xiang)對(dui)接(jie)近的(de)另一點處(chu)擊穿,產生(sheng)火花放電(dian),重復上述(shu)過程。這樣,雖然每個脈沖(chong)放電(dian)蝕除(chu)的(de)金屬量極少,但因每秒有成(cheng)千上萬(wan)次脈沖(chong)放電(dian)作用(yong),就(jiu)能蝕除(chu)較(jiao)多的(de)金屬,具(ju)有一定的(de)生(sheng)產率。
在(zai)保持工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)與工(gong)(gong)件(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)恒(heng)定(ding)放電(dian)間(jian)隙的(de)條件(jian)下,一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)蝕(shi)除(chu)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)金(jin)(jin)屬,一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)使工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)不斷地向工(gong)(gong)件(jian)進給,最后便(bian)加工(gong)(gong)出與工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)形狀相對(dui)應(ying)的(de)形狀來。因(yin)此(ci),只要改變工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)的(de)形狀和工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)與工(gong)(gong)件(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)相對(dui)運動方式,就能加工(gong)(gong)出各種復雜的(de)型(xing)面。工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)常用導電(dian)性良好、熔點較高、易加工(gong)(gong)的(de)耐電(dian)蝕(shi)材料,如銅、石(shi)墨、銅鎢合金(jin)(jin)和鉬(mu)等(deng)。在(zai)加工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中,工(gong)(gong)具(ju)電(dian)極(ji)也有損(sun)耗,但(dan)小于工(gong)(gong)件(jian)金(jin)(jin)屬的(de)蝕(shi)除(chu)量,甚至接近于無損(sun)耗。
工(gong)作(zuo)液(ye)作(zuo)為放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)介質,在加(jia)工(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中還起著冷卻、排(pai)屑等(deng)作(zuo)用。常用的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)液(ye)是粘(zhan)度較低(di)、閃點較高(gao)、性能穩定的(de)介質,如(ru)(ru)煤(mei)油(you)、去離子水(shui)和乳化液(ye)等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)機是一種自激放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian),其特點如(ru)(ru)下:火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間(jian)在放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)具(ju)較高(gao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,當兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)接近時,其間(jian)介質被(bei)擊穿后(hou)(hou),隨(sui)即發生火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。伴隨(sui)擊穿過程(cheng)(cheng),兩(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻急劇(ju)變(bian)小,兩(liang)極(ji)(ji)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓也隨(sui)之(zhi)急劇(ju)變(bian)低(di)。火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)通道必須在維持(chi)暫(zan)短的(de)時間(jian)(通常為10-7-10-3s)后(hou)(hou)及時熄(xi)滅(mie),才可(ke)保持(chi)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)“冷極(ji)(ji)”特性(即通道能量轉換(huan)的(de)熱(re)能來不及傳(chuan)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)縱深),使(shi)(shi)通道能量作(zuo)用于極(ji)(ji)小范圍(wei)。通道能量的(de)作(zuo)用,可(ke)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)局部(bu)被(bei)腐蝕。利用火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時產生的(de)腐蝕現象對材料進行尺寸加(jia)工(gong)的(de)方法,叫電(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)機加(jia)工(gong)。