一、弦樂器為什么要擦松香
在民間樂器制作和演奏中,松香通常被用來涂抹小提琴、二胡等弦樂器的(de)弦,而不是(shi)涂抹樂器本(ben)身。涂抹弓(gong)頭和弓(gong)毛上(shang)的(de)松香能(neng)夠起(qi)到(dao)這些(xie)作用:
1、提高摩擦力:涂抹松(song)香可以(yi)增加弓毛與琴弦之間(jian)的摩擦力,使得弓弦更容(rong)易產生振動(dong)和發出聲(sheng)音。
2、控制音色:松(song)香的(de)種(zhong)類和涂抹的(de)方(fang)法可以影響演奏出的(de)音(yin)色(se),不同的(de)松(song)香能(neng)夠產(chan)生不同的(de)音(yin)色(se)效(xiao)果。
3、保護琴弦:松香涂(tu)抹在弓毛(mao)上(shang),能夠起(qi)到(dao)保護琴(qin)弦的作用(yong),防止弓毛(mao)直接(jie)接(jie)觸琴(qin)弦磨(mo)損(sun)。
需(xu)要(yao)(yao)注意的是(shi),涂(tu)抹松香的多(duo)少(shao)、涂(tu)抹方法、松香品(pin)質等因素(su)都(dou)會對演奏產(chan)生影響(xiang),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)根據具體(ti)情況進行(xing)選擇和(he)調整。此外(wai),使用松香時(shi)要(yao)(yao)避免過量(liang),否則會影響(xiang)演奏效果,甚至對樂器產(chan)生不良影響(xiang)。
二、弦樂器揉弦的作用是什么
揉弦,是小提琴,中提琴,大提琴,二胡,吉他等弦樂器演奏(zou)所掌握的(de)(de)最(zui)具表現力的(de)(de)演奏(zou)技巧之一(yi)(yi)。在(zai)樂句適當的(de)(de)地方加上適當的(de)(de)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian),會比(bi)沒(mei)有(you)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)樂句在(zai)聲(sheng)音(yin)(yin)上要生動的(de)(de)多。揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個小提琴(qin)演奏(zou)很(hen)有(you)表現力的(de)(de)技巧,用它(ta)可(ke)以來表現不(bu)同風格(ge)和特(te)征(zheng)的(de)(de)每一(yi)(yi)個音(yin)(yin)或每一(yi)(yi)個樂段(duan)。揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)要點是(shi)怎樣找到手的(de)(de)最(zui)佳動作,用速度(du)快慢、揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)寬窄來演奏(zou)出(chu)每一(yi)(yi)個樂段(duan)獨特(te)的(de)(de)風格(ge)和特(te)征(zheng)。有(you)幾種方法,初學(xue)者可(ke)以試(shi)試(shi),可(ke)能會有(you)利于(yu)學(xue)習揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)(xian):
1、做指(zhi)(zhi)端(duan)關節(jie)前后屈仰動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。先在桌子上練,分(fen)別(bie)練習各個(ge)手指(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)關節(jie)向后躺下(不是完全貼在桌子上),再立起(qi)的(de)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo),再分(fen)別(bie)作(zuo)(zuo)左(zuo)右晃動(dong)。由快(kuai)到慢(man),最后五個(ge)指(zhi)(zhi)頭一(yi)起(qi)練習。
2、首(shou)先(xian)(xian)應學(xue)會手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)。其方法可(ke)(ke)先(xian)(xian)將手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)臂(bei)放(fang)(fang)在大腿上(shang)或椅(yi)臂(bei)上(shang),然(ran)(ran)后(hou)將手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)放(fang)(fang)松前后(hou)搖動(dong)(dong)(dong),力求(qiu)平(ping)均(jun),待(dai)動(dong)(dong)(dong)作習(xi)(xi)慣自(zi)如后(hou),再(zai)(zai)放(fang)(fang)到指(zhi)(zhi)板上(shang)練習(xi)(xi)。同時要(yao)注意,在手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)前后(hou)揉(rou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)時,帶動(dong)(dong)(dong)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)的關節,手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)的觸弦(xian)(xian)點不能隨(sui)著(zhu)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)的揉(rou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)而(er)移位。在練習(xi)(xi)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)時,可(ke)(ke)先(xian)(xian)從(cong)三指(zhi)(zhi)開始。因為用三指(zhi)(zhi)揉(rou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)可(ke)(ke)以使動(dong)(dong)(dong)作更為寬松,然(ran)(ran)后(hou)再(zai)(zai)練習(xi)(xi)二指(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)一指(zhi)(zhi)。而(er)練習(xi)(xi)四指(zhi)(zhi)時,還(huan)可(ke)(ke)將三指(zhi)(zhi)緊靠四指(zhi)(zhi)幫(bang)助揉(rou)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。這樣的練習(xi)(xi)會使顫動(dong)(dong)(dong)的效(xiao)果(guo)更為自(zi)如。在手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)腕(wan)揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)練習(xi)(xi)的基礎上(shang)也可(ke)(ke)逐(zhu)漸學(xue)習(xi)(xi)和(he)(he)熟悉手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)臂(bei)的揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)手(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)的揉(rou)弦(xian)(xian)。目的是(shi)為了更好的豐(feng)富演奏上(shang)的表現(xian)力,適應于各種力度和(he)(he)情緒變(bian)化的需要(yao)。