一、電動車電機有幾種類型
1、按工作電源(yuan)種類(lei)劃分:可(ke)分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)。
直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji):按(an)結構及工作原理可(ke)劃分:無(wu)刷(shua)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和有刷(shua)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。又可(ke)分為永磁直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。永磁直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)材料又分為稀土、鐵氧體、鋁鎳(nie)鈷永磁直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)勵磁方(fang)式(shi)又分為串勵、并勵、他(ta)勵和復勵直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。
交流電(dian)機可分:單相電(dian)機和三相電(dian)機。
2、按(an)結構和(he)工(gong)作原理(li)劃分(fen):可分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。異步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的轉子(zi)轉速(su)(su)總(zong)是略低于旋轉磁(ci)場的同步(bu)(bu)轉速(su)(su)。同步(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的轉子(zi)轉速(su)(su)與負載大(da)小無關而始終(zhong)保持(chi)為同步(bu)(bu)轉速(su)(su)。
3、按用(yong)途分:有驅(qu)動電(dian)機和控制(zhi)用(yong)電(dian)機。
4、按運轉速(su)度分:有(you)高速(su)電(dian)機(ji)、低(di)速(su)電(dian)機(ji)、恒速(su)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)調速(su)電(dian)機(ji)。低(di)速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)又分為齒輪減(jian)速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)、電(dian)磁減(jian)速(su)電(dian)動機(ji)、力矩電(dian)動機(ji)和(he)爪極同步電(dian)動機(ji)等。
最后電機肯(ken)定有(you)分品牌、國(guo)產或者是進口的,車子的價格也決定著電機的質量,所以老(lao)是想(xiang)買便宜車的朋友,可以多多了解這些電機的區(qu)別,再(zai)選購。
二、電動車常用電機的優缺點
1、串勵直流電動機
優勢:超大扭矩
串(chuan)勵(li)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)中的(de)王(wang)者,啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)能夠輸(shu)出(chu)巨大的(de)扭矩,絕(jue)對可(ke)以稱(cheng)得(de)上是(shi)動(dong)(dong)力之(zhi)王(wang)!裝有串(chuan)勵(li)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車,起步(bu)稍稍加油,就可(ke)以燒(shao)胎起步(bu)絕(jue)塵而(er)去,留下兩道長(chang)長(chang)的(de)黑(hei)色輪胎印。裝備串(chuan)勵(li)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車,0~100Km/h加速只需要(yao)3.8秒(miao),由于串(chuan)勵(li)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)具有體積(ji)小、輸(shu)出(chu)扭矩大的(de)特性(xing),在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)方程式賽車中也(ye)有應用。
串(chuan)勵直(zhi)流電機名字聽(ting)起來很復雜,但在生活中大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分人都用過,那就是電鉆,所以知道電鉆的力很大(da)(da)(da)的原因了吧。串(chuan)勵直(zhi)流電機啟(qi)動時巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)的扭(niu)矩輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing),特(te)別適用于陡坡工況,并且(qie)不需(xu)要變速(su)機構,就能(neng)輸出(chu)燃油車無法達到的扭(niu)矩。
劣勢:高速特性差
串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)勵(li)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)輸(shu)出(chu)扭矩上(shang)有天生(sheng)的(de)優勢(shi),但串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)勵(li)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)并不完美,其中(zhong)最(zui)顯著的(de)是不能在(zai)勻速(su)狀態下適應不同的(de)扭矩輸(shu)出(chu),這就(jiu)是早期的(de)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車選擇串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)勵(li)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)后又(you)放棄的(de)原因,串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)勵(li)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)這一致(zhi)命缺點導致(zhi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車中(zhong)高速(su)性(xing)能較差(cha),影響使(shi)用體驗,如(ru)果強行大功(gong)率輸(shu)出(chu)扭矩和(he)轉速(su),還會加速(su)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)自身的(de)損壞。
2、永磁直流電機
優勢:超低成本
早期的(de)電(dian)動(dong)汽車出于技術和成(cheng)本的(de)原因,選(xuan)擇安裝(zhuang)永磁直流電(dian)機(ji)作為動(dong)力來源,永磁直流電(dian)機(ji)的(de)確結構簡單、穩定可靠、成(cheng)本低廉,越(yue)來越(yue)多(duo)地用在低速(su)電(dian)動(dong)汽車或電(dian)動(dong)工具車上(shang)。
劣勢:噪音較大
永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)一(yi)大(da)(da)缺點是噪聲(sheng)很(hen)大(da)(da),并且噪聲(sheng)的(de)頻(pin)率隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)速提(ti)高而增加,達到一(yi)定轉(zhuan)速時就變得非常刺耳無法(fa)讓人接(jie)受且無法(fa)消除(chu),同(tong)樣地,電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車很(hen)快也放棄(qi)了直流永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji),但直流永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)在“老年(nian)人代(dai)步車”上大(da)(da)放異彩(cai),盡管這(zhe)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車不是合規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車。
3、三相交流電動機
優勢:超控性好
三相交流電機與前面(mian)兩種直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)工(gong)作原理不同,在可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性方面(mian)表現良好(hao),直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)很(hen)難(nan)做到精確控(kong)(kong)制轉動(dong)角度,因(yin)此裝(zhuang)有直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)的電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che),在堵車(che)工(gong)況慢速行(xing)駛(shi)時非常考驗駕(jia)駛(shi)技巧,一加油(you)門(men)就竄動(dong)導致駕(jia)駛(shi)體驗很(hen)糟糕。三相交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)除了可(ke)控(kong)(kong)性很(hen)好(hao)以外(wai),還有大(da)扭矩、高(gao)轉速輸(shu)出(chu)特性。
劣勢:配套設備多
電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸(shu)出直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian),要(yao)驅動(dong)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo),就要(yao)配套專(zhuan)門的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制器,將電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)逆變成(cheng)三相(xiang)需(xu)要(yao)波(bo)形的(de)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian),同(tong)時增加了系(xi)統(tong)復雜度和成(cheng)本。另外為了三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)速(su)較(jiao)高,使用三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)還需(xu)要(yao)配備(bei)減(jian)速(su)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou),也(ye)就是一(yi)個簡單的(de)變速(su)箱,將轉(zhuan)速(su)與扭矩(ju)以最合適的(de)狀態輸(shu)出。
目前主流(liu)的純(chun)電動(dong)汽車(che)都是使用三相交流(liu)電機(ji)來驅動(dong)電動(dong)汽車(che),日(ri)漸成(cheng)(cheng)熟的三相交流(liu)電機(ji)技術已經成(cheng)(cheng)為了(le)電動(dong)汽車(che)的標配。