一、什么是電子簽名
電子簽名是(shi)指數(shu)據(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)文中以電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式(shi)所含、所附用于識別簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)身份并(bing)表(biao)明(ming)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren)認可(ke)其中內容的(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)。通俗點說,電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)就(jiu)是(shi)通過密(mi)碼技(ji)術對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文檔的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming),并(bing)非(fei)是(shi)書面簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)數(shu)字圖像化(hua),它類似于手(shou)寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或(huo)印章,也可(ke)以說它就(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)印章。凡是(shi)能在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)通訊中,起到證明(ming)當事人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)身份、證明(ming)當事人(ren)(ren)對文件(jian)內容的(de)(de)認可(ke)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技(ji)術手(shou)段,都(dou)可(ke)被(bei)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)。實現電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)技(ji)術手(shou)段有(you)很(hen)多(duo)種(zhong),常見的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)形(xing)式(shi)有(you):手(shou)寫(xie)(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)或(huo)印章的(de)(de)數(shu)字化(hua)圖像、采用生(sheng)物識別數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(如(ru)虹膜(mo)、指紋(wen))、基于公(gong)鑰(yao)密(mi)碼技(ji)術的(de)(de)數(shu)字簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)(ming)等。
二、什么是數字簽名
數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名,又稱公鑰(yao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名,是(shi)只有信(xin)息(xi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)送者(zhe)才能產(chan)生的(de)別(bie)人無法偽(wei)造的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)串(chuan),這(zhe)段(duan)(duan)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)串(chuan)同時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)對(dui)信(xin)息(xi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)送者(zhe)發(fa)(fa)送信(xin)息(xi)真實性(xing)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個有效(xiao)證明。它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)類似寫(xie)在(zai)紙上的(de)普通的(de)物理簽(qian)(qian)名,但是(shi)在(zai)使用了公鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)領域(yu)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術來實現的(de),用于鑒(jian)別(bie)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)信(xin)息(xi)的(de)方法。一(yi)(yi)(yi)套(tao)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名通常定義兩種(zhong)(zhong)互(hu)補(bu)的(de)運算,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個用于簽(qian)(qian)名,另一(yi)(yi)(yi)個用于驗證。數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名是(shi)非對(dui)稱密(mi)鑰(yao)加(jia)密(mi)技(ji)(ji)術與數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)摘(zhai)要技(ji)(ji)術的(de)應用。
三、電子簽名和數字簽名的區別
很多人認為“電子簽名=數字簽名”,這是錯誤的。數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)是電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)技術(shu)的(de)一種(zhong),也是目前比較(jiao)成熟且全球應用最為普遍的(de)電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)技術(shu)。大(da)多數(shu)應用場(chang)景提到的(de)電(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming),實(shi)際指的(de)就是數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)。數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)提供了比電子簽名基(ji)本要求(qiu)更(geng)高的功能(neng)。
其實數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)和電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)不是完(wan)全(quan)分割的(de)兩個概念。嚴格意義上來(lai)說,數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)指的(de)是一(yi)種(zhong)技術手段,而電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)則是一(yi)種(zhong)法律概念。所以從(cong)某個角度來(lai)看(kan),電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)是數字(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)表(biao)現形式。
由于是一(yi)種技術,數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)的(de)(de)使用范圍更廣,事實上,和(he)互聯網有(you)關的(de)(de)大部分(fen)需(xu)要(yao)加密(mi)的(de)(de)文件,都有(you)數(shu)字(zi)簽名(ming)的(de)(de)蹤跡所在。而在需(xu)要(yao)和(he)法律責任相(xiang)關的(de)(de)領(ling)域內(nei),電子(zi)簽名(ming)的(de)(de)法律效(xiao)力顯然(ran)就更被需(xu)要(yao)。