連帶清償責任是什么
連帶(dai)清(qing)償責任是指數(shu)人(ren)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)者承擔共(gong)同(tong)清(qing)償債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的法(fa)律責任,也就說數(shu)人(ren)負(fu)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu),明示對于債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)各負(fu)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)給付(fu)之責任。債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)有權(quan)要求任何一(yi)(yi)個債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)還錢(qian)。連帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)之債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren),得對于債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)中之一(yi)(yi)人(ren)或數(shu)人(ren)或其全(quan)體,同(tong)時(shi)或先後(hou)請(qing)求全(quan)部(bu)(bu)或一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)之給付(fu)。連帶(dai)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)未全(quan)部(bu)(bu)履(lv)行前,全(quan)體債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)仍負(fu)連帶(dai)責任。
根(gen)據《擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)》的有關規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)是指(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)和(he)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)約定(ding)(ding)(ding),當債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)不履(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi),保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)按照(zhao)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)履(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)或者承擔(dan)(dan)責任(ren)(ren)的行(xing)為。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)的方式有一般(ban)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)和(he)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)。當事人(ren)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)合同中約定(ding)(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)與債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)對(dui)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)承擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)的,為連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)。連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)的債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)在主(zhu)合同規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)履(lv)行(xing)期(qi)屆滿沒有履(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的,債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)可以要求債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)履(lv)行(xing)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu),也可以要求保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)在其保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)范圍內承擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)責任(ren)(ren)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)人(ren)承擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)責任(ren)(ren)后,有權(quan)向債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)人(ren)追償。此(ci)外,《民(min)法(fa)通則》第89條、《經(jing)濟合同法(fa)》第15條以及有關司法(fa)解釋(shi)對(dui)因(yin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)而承擔(dan)(dan)連(lian)(lian)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)責任(ren)(ren)也作(zuo)了明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。
連帶責任擔保債權清償順序
《最(zui)高人(ren)民法(fa)院關于(yu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)<中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國擔(dan)保法(fa)>若(ruo)干問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解釋》第(di)二十條規定,“連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)共同(tong)保證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)承(cheng)擔(dan)保證(zheng)(zheng)責(ze)任后,向債務人(ren)不(bu)能(neng)追(zhui)(zhui)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分,由(you)各連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)按其(qi)內部(bu)約(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)比例分擔(dan)。沒有約(yue)定的(de)(de)(de),平均分擔(dan)”。由(you)此可見,在連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)共同(tong)保證(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)一個連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)先(xian)行(xing)向債權人(ren)清償(chang)(chang)債務的(de)(de)(de),其(qi)享有向其(qi)他(ta)責(ze)任人(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)權利,但應(ying)首先(xian)向主債務人(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)償(chang)(chang),如主債務人(ren)清償(chang)(chang)不(bu)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de),再由(you)其(qi)他(ta)連(lian)帶(dai)(dai)保證(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)在前者不(bu)能(neng)清償(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)范圍內償(chang)(chang)付。《最(zui)高人(ren)民法(fa)院關于(yu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國擔(dan)保法(fa)若(ruo)干問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)解釋理解與適(shi)用(yong)(yong)》作為法(fa)官審(shen)判(pan)業務的(de)(de)(de)重要參考(kao)文獻,也闡明了這一先(xian)后順(shun)序。
但是追償(chang)順序(xu)有先(xian)后并不(bu)代表訴訟需要分開進(jin)行。在(zai)(zai)(zai)實(shi)際糾紛中,已經清(qing)償(chang)債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的連帶保(bao)(bao)證人可(ke)以同(tong)時起(qi)訴主債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人和(he)其他連帶保(bao)(bao)證人,要求兩者分別承擔全(quan)部(bu)清(qing)償(chang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)和(he)補充清(qing)償(chang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren),在(zai)(zai)(zai)執行程序(xu)中先(xian)以主債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人的財產(chan)受償(chang);也可(ke)以先(xian)起(qi)訴債(zhai)務(wu)(wu)人,在(zai)(zai)(zai)對其財產(chan)執行完(wan)畢后再(zai)起(qi)訴連帶保(bao)(bao)證責(ze)任(ren)(ren)人。
但是,后一種做法不可避免的會涉及到訴訟時效的問題,即對主債務人起訴是否會對其他連帶保證人發生訴訟時效中斷的效果。《最高人民法院關于民事案件訴訟時效若干問題的解釋》第十七條只規定了連帶之債中訴訟時效中斷事由的涉他性,而連帶保證人先行清償后,主債務人和其他連帶保證人之間并非連帶責任關系,而是補充責任關系,因此其中一方訴訟時效中斷的事由是否具有涉他性沒有明確的法律依據。
夫妻共同債務離婚時是否具有連帶清償責任
1、連帶責任(ren)是指(zhi)兩個或兩個以上的(de)(de)債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)分別就(jiu)共同債(zhai)務(wu)對債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)承(cheng)擔全(quan)部清償的(de)(de)責任(ren)。連帶責任(ren)制(zhi)(zhi)度是與債(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)有連帶關系的(de)(de)人(ren)承(cheng)擔債(zhai)務(wu)責任(ren)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度。
2、婚姻法第四十一條規(gui)定,離婚時,原為夫妻(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活(huo)所負的(de)債(zhai)務(wu),應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)償(chang)還。既然(ran)規(gui)定夫妻(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活(huo)所負的(de)債(zhai)務(wu),應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)由夫妻(qi)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)償(chang)還,也就(jiu)包含了夫妻(qi)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)中的(de)任何一方(fang)都(dou)負有清償(chang)全部債(zhai)務(wu)(共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)務(wu))的(de)義(yi)務(wu),在此不能將(jiang)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)償(chang)還僅(jin)僅(jin)理解為夫妻(qi)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)等份償(chang)還。共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)償(chang)還就(jiu)設定了償(chang)還共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)務(wu)是夫妻(qi)兩(liang)(liang)方(fang)的(de)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)責任。
3、婚姻法第四十一條同時還規定,共同財產不足清償的,或財產歸各自所有的,由雙方協議清償;協議不成時,由人民法院判決。這就規定了,夫妻共同(tong)財產不足以償還共同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu)時(shi),夫妻兩方則(ze)要以各(ge)自的個人(ren)財產清(qing)償共同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu),而(er)并不是規定(ding)對共同(tong)財產不足的部分予以免責(ze)(ze)。這就說明夫妻兩方對共同(tong)債(zhai)務(wu)的清(qing)償是一種(zhong)無(wu)限連帶責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。