一、超級電容器是什么

超級電容器又稱為雙電層電容器、電化學電容器、法拉(la)電容(rong)、黃(huang)金電容(rong)，是指介于(yu)傳統電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)之間的(de)(de)一種新型儲能(neng)裝置，它既具(ju)有(you)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器快速充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)特(te)性，同(tong)時又(you)具(ju)有(you)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)特(te)性。

二、超級電容器的原理

超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)界(jie)面雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)來(lai)存儲能量(liang)的(de)新型元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液接觸時，由于庫(ku)侖力、分子間(jian)力及原(yuan)子間(jian)力的(de)作用，使固液界(jie)面出現穩定和(he)(he)符號相反的(de)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，稱(cheng)其為(wei)界(jie)面雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)。把雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)看(kan)成(cheng)是(shi)懸在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)2個非活(huo)性多孔板，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓加載到(dao)2個板上。加在正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)負離(li)子，負極(ji)(ji)板吸引正(zheng)離(li)子，從(cong)而在兩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)的(de)表面形(xing)成(cheng)了一個雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。雙(shuang)(shuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料的(de)不同，可以分為(wei)碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、金屬氧化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)有機聚(ju)合物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。

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三、超級電容器特點

與蓄電池和傳統物理電容器相比，超級電容器的特(te)點(dian)主要(yao)體現在(zai)：

1、功率密度高。可達102～104kW/kg，遠高于(yu)蓄電池(chi)的功率密度水平(ping)。

2、循環壽命(ming)長。在(zai)幾秒(miao)鐘的(de)高速深度充放電循環50萬次(ci)至100萬次(ci)后，超級電容器的(de)特性變化很小，容量和內阻僅(jin)降低10%～20%。

3、工作溫(wen)(wen)限寬。由于在(zai)低溫(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)態下超級(ji)電容器中(zhong)離子的(de)(de)吸附和(he)脫附速度變化(hua)不大(da)，因(yin)此其容量變化(hua)遠(yuan)小于蓄電池。商(shang)業化(hua)超級(ji)電容器的(de)(de)工作溫(wen)(wen)度范圍(wei)可達-40℃～+80℃。

4、免維(wei)護。超(chao)級電(dian)容器充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)效率高，對過充(chong)電(dian)和過放(fang)電(dian)有一定的(de)(de)承受能力，可(ke)穩定地反(fan)復充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)，在理論(lun)上是不需(xu)要進行維(wei)護的(de)(de)。

5、綠色環保。超(chao)級電容(rong)器在生產過程中不(bu)使用重金屬和其他有害的化學物質，且自身(shen)壽(shou)命較長，因而是一種新型的綠色環保電源。

四、超級電容器分類

對于(yu)超級電容(rong)器來說，依據不(bu)同的內容(rong)可(ke)有不(bu)同的分類方法。

1、根(gen)據不同的儲能機理，可將超級電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器分為雙電(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器和法(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器兩大類。其中，雙電(dian)(dian)層電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器主要(yao)是通過(guo)純靜電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)極表(biao)(biao)面進行吸附(fu)來產生(sheng)(sheng)存儲能量。法(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器主要(yao)是通過(guo)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)活性電(dian)(dian)極材料（如過(guo)渡金屬氧化物和高分子聚合物）表(biao)(biao)面及表(biao)(biao)面附(fu)近發生(sheng)(sheng)可逆(ni)的氧化還原反(fan)應產生(sheng)(sheng)法(fa)拉(la)(la)第(di)準(zhun)(zhun)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，從而(er)實現(xian)對(dui)能量的存儲與轉換。

2、根據(ju)電解液種類(lei)可分為(wei)水(shui)系超級電容(rong)器和有機(ji)系超級電容(rong)器兩(liang)大類(lei)。

3、根(gen)據活性材料(liao)的類型(xing)是(shi)否相同(tong)，可分(fen)為對(dui)稱超(chao)級電容器(qi)和(he)非對(dui)稱超(chao)級電容器(qi)。

4、根據電解液的狀態形式，又可將超級電容器分為固體電(dian)(dian)解質超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)和液體電(dian)(dian)解質超級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)兩大類(lei)。