【啤(pi)機】啤(pi)機是什么(me)意(yi)思(si) 啤(pi)機是做什么(me)用的機器(qi)

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啤機類型

注塑機的類型有:立式(shi)、臥式(shi)、全電式(shi)，但是無論那種注塑機，其基本(ben)功能有兩個：

（1）加熱塑料，使其達到熔化狀態；

（2）對(dui)熔(rong)融塑料施加高壓，使其射出而(er)充(chong)滿(man)模具型腔。

注(zhu)塑(su)機通(tong)常(chang)由(you)注(zhu)射系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、合模系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、液壓傳達(da)動(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、電氣(qi)控制系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、潤(run)滑系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、加熱及冷卻(que)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、安全監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)組成。

（3）注塑系統

注(zhu)(zhu)射系統(tong)(tong)的作(zuo)用(yong)：注(zhu)(zhu)射系統(tong)(tong)是(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)最(zui)主要的組成部分之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)般有柱塞式(shi)(shi)、螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)、螺桿(gan)預(yu)塑柱塞注(zhu)(zhu)射式(shi)(shi)3種(zhong)主要形式(shi)(shi)。目(mu)前應(ying)用(yong)最(zui)廣泛(fan)的是(shi)螺桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)。其作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)，在注(zhu)(zhu)塑料(liao)機(ji)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)個循環中(zhong)(zhong)，能在規定(ding)(ding)的時間內將一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)數量的塑料(liao)加熱塑化后，在一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)的壓力和(he)速度下，通(tong)過(guo)螺桿(gan)將熔(rong)融塑料(liao)注(zhu)(zhu)入模(mo)具型腔(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)。注(zhu)(zhu)射結(jie)束后，對(dui)注(zhu)(zhu)射到模(mo)腔(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)的熔(rong)料(liao)保持定(ding)(ding)型。

注(zhu)射(she)系統的(de)組(zu)成：注(zhu)射(she)系統由塑(su)化裝(zhuang)置和動力傳遞裝(zhuang)置組(zu)成。

螺桿(gan)式注塑機塑化裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)主要由加料裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、料筒、螺桿(gan)、射咀部(bu)分組成。動(dong)(dong)力傳遞(di)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)包括(kuo)注射油(you)缸(gang)、注射座移(yi)動(dong)(dong)油(you)缸(gang)以及螺桿(gan)驅動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)（熔膠馬達）。

（4）合模系統

合(he)模系(xi)統的作用：合(he)模系(xi)統的作用是保證模具(ju)閉(bi)合(he)、開啟及(ji)頂出制品。同時，在模具(ju)閉(bi)合(he)后，供給(gei)予(yu)模具(ju)足夠的鎖模力，以(yi)抵抗熔融塑(su)料進入模腔產生(sheng)的模腔壓力，防止模具(ju)開縫，造成制品的不良現(xian)狀。

合(he)(he)模(mo)系統(tong)的組成(cheng)：合(he)(he)模(mo)系統(tong)主要由(you)合(he)(he)模(mo)裝置、調(diao)模(mo)機構(gou)、頂出機構(gou)、前(qian)后固定模(mo)板、移動模(mo)板、合(he)(he)模(mo)油(you)缸和安(an)全保護機構(gou)組成(cheng)。

（5）液壓系統

液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)傳(chuan)動系統的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)實現注塑(su)(su)機(ji)按工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)過程(cheng)所要求的(de)各(ge)種動作(zuo)提供動力，并滿(man)足(zu)注塑(su)(su)機(ji)各(ge)部分所需(xu)壓(ya)(ya)力、速度、溫度等的(de)要求。它主要由各(ge)自種液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)元件(jian)和(he)液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)輔(fu)助元件(jian)所組(zu)成(cheng)，其(qi)中油泵和(he)電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)注塑(su)(su)機(ji)的(de)動力來(lai)源。各(ge)種閥控制油液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)力和(he)流(liu)量，從而滿(man)足(zu)注射成(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)各(ge)項(xiang)要求。

（6）電氣控制系統

電氣(qi)控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)與液壓系(xi)統(tong)(tong)合(he)理配合(he)，可實(shi)現注(zhu)射機的(de)工藝過程(cheng)要(yao)求（壓力、溫度、速度、時間）和各種程(cheng)序動(dong)(dong)(dong)作。主要(yao)由電器(qi)、電子元件(jian)、儀(yi)表(biao)、加熱(re)器(qi)、傳感器(qi)等組成。一(yi)般有四種控制方式，手動(dong)(dong)(dong)、半自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、全自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、調整(zheng)。

（7）加熱/冷卻系統

加(jia)熱(re)系統(tong)是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)加(jia)熱(re)料(liao)(liao)筒及注(zhu)(zhu)射噴嘴的(de)，注(zhu)(zhu)塑機(ji)料(liao)(liao)筒一(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)電熱(re)圈作為加(jia)熱(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，安裝(zhuang)在料(liao)(liao)筒的(de)外(wai)部，并(bing)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)電偶分段檢測(ce)。熱(re)量通過(guo)筒壁導熱(re)為物料(liao)(liao)塑化提供熱(re)源；冷卻(que)系統(tong)主要是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)冷卻(que)油(you)溫，油(you)溫過(guo)高會引起(qi)多種故障出現所以油(you)溫必須加(jia)以控(kong)制。另(ling)一(yi)處需要冷卻(que)的(de)位置(zhi)在料(liao)(liao)管下料(liao)(liao)口附近(jin)，防止原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)在下料(liao)(liao)口熔化，導致原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)不能(neng)正(zheng)常(chang)下料(liao)(liao)。

（8）潤滑系統

潤滑(hua)系統(tong)是(shi)注塑機(ji)的動(dong)(dong)模板(ban)、調模裝置(zhi)、連桿機(ji)鉸等(deng)處有相對(dui)運動(dong)(dong)的部位提(ti)供潤滑(hua)條件的回路，以(yi)便(bian)減少能耗和提(ti)高(gao)零件壽命，潤滑(hua)可以(yi)是(shi)定期(qi)的手動(dong)(dong)潤滑(hua)，也可以(yi)是(shi)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)電動(dong)(dong)潤滑(hua)；

（9）安全保護與監測系統

注塑機(ji)的安(an)(an)(an)全裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置主(zhu)要是用(yong)來保護人(ren)、機(ji)安(an)(an)(an)全的裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。主(zhu)要由安(an)(an)(an)全門、液(ye)(ye)壓閥、限位(wei)開關、光電(dian)檢測元件等組成，實現電(dian)氣——機(ji)械(xie)——液(ye)(ye)壓的聯鎖保護。

監測系統主要對注塑機的油(you)溫、料溫、系統超載，以及工藝和設備(bei)故障(zhang)進行監測，發現異常(chang)情況進行指示或(huo)報警。

啤機工作原理

注塑機的工作原理與打針用的注射器相似，它(ta)是借助螺桿（或柱塞）的推(tui)力(li)，將已塑化好(hao)(hao)的熔融狀態（即粘流態）的塑料(liao)注射入(ru)閉合好(hao)(hao)的模腔內(nei)，經固化定型后取得制品的工藝過程。

注(zhu)射(she)成型是(shi)一個循(xun)(xun)環的過程，每(mei)一周(zhou)期主要包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：定量加料—熔融(rong)塑(su)(su)化—施壓(ya)注(zhu)射(she)—充模冷卻—啟模取件(jian)。取出塑(su)(su)件(jian)后(hou)又再(zai)閉(bi)模，進行(xing)下(xia)一個循(xun)(xun)環。注(zhu)射(she)成型是(shi)一個循(xun)(xun)環的過程，每(mei)一周(zhou)期主要包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)：定量加料—熔融(rong)塑(su)(su)化—施壓(ya)注(zhu)射(she)—充模冷卻—啟模取件(jian)，取出塑(su)(su)件(jian)后(hou)又再(zai)閉(bi)模，進行(xing)下(xia)一個循(xun)(xun)環。

注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)項目(mu)：注(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)項目(mu)包括控制(zhi)鍵盤操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、電器控制(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)和液壓(ya)系統(tong)(tong)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)三個方面。分(fen)別(bie)進(jin)行注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)過程動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)、加料動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)、注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)力、注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)速(su)度、頂出型式的選擇，料筒各段溫(wen)度的監(jian)控，注(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)力和背壓(ya)壓(ya)力的調節等。

一(yi)(yi)般螺桿(gan)式注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)成型工(gong)藝過(guo)(guo)程是：首先將(jiang)粒狀(zhuang)或(huo)粉狀(zhuang)塑(su)料加入機筒內(nei)，并(bing)通過(guo)(guo)螺桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)旋轉和(he)機筒外壁加熱使(shi)塑(su)料成為熔融狀(zhuang)態，然后機器(qi)進(jin)行合(he)模(mo)(mo)和(he)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)座前移，使(shi)噴嘴貼緊模(mo)(mo)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)澆口(kou)道，接著向注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)缸通人壓(ya)(ya)力(li)油，使(shi)螺桿(gan)向前推進(jin)，從而(er)以很(hen)(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)較(jiao)快的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)將(jiang)熔料注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)閉合(he)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)內(nei)，經(jing)過(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)定時(shi)間和(he)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)保(bao)持（又稱保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)）、冷卻(que)，使(shi)其固化(hua)成型，便(bian)可開模(mo)(mo)取(qu)出制品(pin)（保(bao)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是防止模(mo)(mo)腔中熔料的(de)(de)(de)反流(liu)、向模(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)補充物料，以及保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)制品(pin)具(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)密度(du)和(he)尺(chi)寸公差）。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)成型的(de)(de)(de)基本要求是塑(su)化(hua)、注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)和(he)成型。塑(su)化(hua)是實現和(he)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)成型制品(pin)質量的(de)(de)(de)前提，而(er)為滿足(zu)成型的(de)(de)(de)要求，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)必(bi)須保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)有(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)和(he)速(su)度(du)。同時(shi)，由于(yu)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)很(hen)(hen)高(gao)，相應(ying)地在模(mo)(mo)腔中產生很(hen)(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)（模(mo)(mo)腔內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)一(yi)(yi)般在20~45MPa之間），因此必(bi)須有(you)(you)足(zu)夠(gou)大的(de)(de)(de)合(he)模(mo)(mo)力(li)。由此可見，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)射(she)裝置和(he)合(he)模(mo)(mo)裝置是注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)塑(su)機的(de)(de)(de)關鍵部件。

對(dui)塑料制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)評(ping)價主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)三個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)，第一是外觀質量，包括完整性(xing)(xing)、顏(yan)色(se)、光澤等(deng)；第二(er)是尺寸和相(xiang)對(dui)位置間的(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)；第三是與用途相(xiang)應的(de)(de)物理(li)性(xing)(xing)能、化學(xue)性(xing)(xing)能、電性(xing)(xing)能等(deng)。這些(xie)質量要(yao)求又根據(ju)制(zhi)品(pin)使用場合的(de)(de)不(bu)同，要(yao)求的(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)也不(bu)同。制(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷主(zhu)要(yao)在于(yu)模具(ju)的(de)(de)設計、制(zhi)造精度(du)(du)和磨損程度(du)(du)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)。但(dan)事實上(shang)，塑料加工廠的(de)(de)技術人員往往苦于(yu)面(mian)對(dui)用工藝手(shou)段來(lai)(lai)彌(mi)補模具(ju)缺(que)陷帶來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)問(wen)題而成效不(bu)大的(de)(de)困(kun)難局面(mian)。

生產(chan)過程中工藝(yi)(yi)的調(diao)節是提高制(zhi)品質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)產(chan)量(liang)的必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)途徑。由于注(zhu)(zhu)塑周期本身很(hen)短，如(ru)果工藝(yi)(yi)條件掌握不好(hao),廢品就會源源不絕(jue)。在調(diao)整(zheng)工藝(yi)(yi)時(shi)最(zui)好(hao)一次只改變一個條件，多(duo)觀察幾回，如(ru)果壓力、溫度、時(shi)間統(tong)統(tong)一起調(diao)的話，很(hen)易造成混亂和(he)誤解(jie)(jie)，出(chu)了問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)也(ye)不知道是何道理。調(diao)整(zheng)工藝(yi)(yi)的措施、手段是多(duo)方(fang)面的。例如(ru)：解(jie)(jie)決(jue)制(zhi)品注(zhu)(zhu)不滿的問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)就有(you)(you)十多(duo)個可能(neng)的解(jie)(jie)決(jue)途徑，要(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)出(chu)解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)癥結的一、二(er)個主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)案，才能(neng)真(zhen)正解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。此外(wai)，還應注(zhu)(zhu)意解(jie)(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案中的辨證關(guan)系。比如(ru)：制(zhi)品出(chu)現了凹(ao)陷，有(you)(you)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提高料溫，有(you)(you)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)降低料溫；有(you)(you)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)增加料量(liang)，有(you)(you)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)減少料量(liang)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)承認(ren)逆向措施的解(jie)(jie)決(jue)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的可行性。

啤機用途

注(zhu)塑機(ji)具有能一次(ci)成型(xing)外(wai)型(xing)復雜、尺寸精(jing)確或帶(dai)有金屬嵌(qian)件(jian)的(de)質地密致(zhi)的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)制品(pin)(pin)，被(bei)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用于國(guo)防、機(ji)電、汽車、交(jiao)通運輸、建材、包裝、農業、文教衛生(sheng)及人們日(ri)常(chang)生(sheng)活各個領域(yu)。在塑料(liao)(liao)工業迅速(su)發展的(de)今天，注(zhu)塑機(ji)不論在數量(liang)(liang)上(shang)或品(pin)(pin)種上(shang)都占(zhan)(zhan)有重要(yao)地位(wei)，其生(sheng)產(chan)總(zong)數占(zhan)(zhan)整個塑料(liao)(liao)成型(xing)設備(bei)的(de)20%--30%，從而成為目前塑料(liao)(liao)機(ji)械(xie)中(zhong)增長最快，生(sheng)產(chan)數量(liang)(liang)最多(duo)的(de)機(ji)種之一。據有關資料(liao)(liao)統計，1996--1998年我(wo)國(guo)出口注(zhu)塑機(ji)8383臺（套），進(jin)口注(zhu)塑機(ji)42959臺（套），其中(zhong)1998年我(wo)國(guo)注(zhu)塑機(ji)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)達到20000臺，其銷(xiao)售額占(zhan)(zhan)塑機(ji)總(zong)銷(xiao)售額的(de)42.9%。

啤機選擇方法

一般(ban)而言，從(cong)事注(zhu)塑行(xing)業多年的客(ke)戶多半有能(neng)(neng)力自行(xing)判斷(duan)并(bing)選(xuan)擇合(he)適(shi)的注(zhu)塑機來生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。但是(shi)(shi)在某(mou)些狀況下，客(ke)戶可(ke)能(neng)(neng)需要廠商(shang)的協助才能(neng)(neng)決定采(cai)用哪一個規格的注(zhu)塑機，甚至客(ke)戶可(ke)能(neng)(neng)只(zhi)有產(chan)(chan)品的樣品或構想，然后詢問廠商(shang)的機器是(shi)(shi)否能(neng)(neng)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，或是(shi)(shi)哪一種機型比較適(shi)合(he)。

此(ci)外，某些特(te)殊產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)可能需要(yao)搭配特(te)殊裝置如蓄壓(ya)器、閉回路、射出壓(ya)縮等(deng)，才(cai)能更有效率地生產(chan)(chan)(chan)。由此(ci)可見，如何決定合適的注(zhu)塑機來生產(chan)(chan)(chan)，是(shi)一個極為重要(yao)的問題。以下資訊提(ti)供(gong)給讀者參(can)考(kao)。

通常(chang)影響射(she)出機選擇的(de)重要因素包括(kuo)模(mo)具、產品、塑料、成型要求等(deng)，因此，在進行選擇前(qian)必須先收集或具備(bei)下列資訊：

模具尺(chi)寸(寬度(du)、高度(du)、厚度(du)）、重量、特殊設計等；

使用塑料的(de)種類及數量（單一原料或多種塑料）；

注塑成(cheng)品的外觀(guan)尺(chi)寸(cun)（長、寬(kuan)、高、厚度）、重(zhong)量(liang)等；

成型要求，如品質條件、生產(chan)速度等。

在(zai)獲得以上資訊后，即可(ke)按照下列步驟來選擇合(he)適的射(she)出機：

1、選對型(xing): 由產品(pin)及塑料(liao)決定(ding)機種及系列。

由于(yu)射(she)出機有非常多(duo)(duo)的種類，因此(ci)一開始(shi)要先正確判斷此(ci)產(chan)品應由哪一種注塑機，或是哪一個(ge)系列來生產(chan)，例如是一般熱塑性塑膠(jiao)或電木(mu)原料或PET原料等(deng)，是單色、雙(shuang)色、多(duo)(duo)色、夾層或混色等(deng)。此(ci)外，某些產(chan)品需要高(gao)穩定(ding)（閉回(hui)路）、高(gao)精密、超高(gao)射(she)速、高(gao)射(she)壓或快速生產(chan)（多(duo)(duo)回(hui)路）等(deng)條件，也必(bi)須(xu)選擇合適的系列來生產(chan)。

2、放得下 ：由模(mo)(mo)具尺(chi)寸判定機(ji)臺(tai)的“大柱內距”、“模(mo)(mo)厚”、“模(mo)(mo)具最小(xiao)尺(chi)寸”及“模(mo)(mo)盤尺(chi)寸”是否適當，以確認模(mo)(mo)具是否放得下。

模(mo)具的(de)寬(kuan)度(du)及高度(du)需小于或至少有(you)一邊小于大(da)柱內(nei)距；

模具的寬度(du)及高(gao)度(du)最好(hao)在模盤(pan)尺寸范(fan)圍內；

模具的(de)厚度需介于注塑機的(de)模厚之(zhi)間；

模具的(de)寬(kuan)度(du)及(ji)高(gao)度(du)需符合該注塑機建議的(de)最(zui)小模具尺寸，太(tai)小也(ye)不行；

3、拿得出(chu) ：由模具及(ji)成品判定“開模行程”及(ji)“托模行程”是(shi)否足以(yi)讓成品取出(chu)。

◆ 開(kai)模行程至少需(xu)大于(yu)成品(pin)在開(kai)關(guan)模方向的(de)高(gao)度的(de)兩倍以上，且(qie)需(xu)含(han)豎澆道（sprue）的(de)長度；

托模行程需(xu)足夠(gou)將成品(pin)頂出；

4、鎖得住 ：由(you)產品(pin)及(ji)塑料決(jue)定“鎖模力”噸(dun)數(shu)。

當原(yuan)料以(yi)高壓注入模(mo)穴內時會產(chan)生一(yi)個撐模(mo)的(de)力(li)量，因(yin)此注塑機的(de)鎖模(mo)單元必須提供(gong)足夠的(de)“鎖模(mo)力(li)”使模(mo)具不至(zhi)于被撐開(kai)。鎖模(mo)力(li)需求(qiu)的(de)計算(suan)如下：

由(you)成(cheng)品外觀(guan)尺寸求出成(cheng)品在開關模方(fang)向的投影面(mian)積；

撐(cheng)模(mo)力(li)量=成(cheng)品(pin)在開關模(mo)方向的(de)投(tou)影面積(cm2)×模(mo)穴數×模(mo)內壓力(li)(kg/cm2)；

模(mo)內壓力隨原料(liao)而(er)不(bu)同, 一(yi)般原料(liao)取350～400kg/cm2；

機器鎖模力(li)需大于撐(cheng)模力(li)量，且為(wei)了保險起見，機器鎖模力(li)通常(chang)需大于撐(cheng)模力(li)量的1.17倍以上；

至此已初步決定夾(jia)模單(dan)元(yuan)的規格，并(bing)大致確定機(ji)種噸(dun)數(shu)，接著(zhu)必須再進行下列步驟，以確認哪(na)一(yi)個射(she)出(chu)單(dan)元(yuan)的螺桿直徑(jing)比較(jiao)符合所需。

5、射得飽(bao): 由成品(pin)重量及模(mo)穴(xue)數判定所需“射出量”并(bing)選擇合(he)適(shi)的“螺桿直(zhi)徑”。

計算成品重量需考慮模穴(xue)數（一模幾穴(xue)）；

為(wei)了穩定性(xing)起見，射出(chu)量需為(wei)成(cheng)品(pin)重(zhong)量的(de)1.35倍以(yi)(yi)上，亦即(ji)成(cheng)品(pin)重(zhong)量需為(wei)射出(chu)量的(de)75%以(yi)(yi)內；

6、射(she)得好 ：由塑料判定“螺桿壓(ya)縮比”及“射(she)出(chu)壓(ya)力”等條件。

有(you)些工程塑(su)料(liao)需要(yao)較高的(de)(de)射(she)出壓力(li)及合適(shi)的(de)(de)螺桿壓縮比設計，才有(you)較好(hao)的(de)(de)成型效(xiao)果(guo)，因此(ci)為了使成品射(she)得更(geng)好(hao)，在選擇(ze)螺桿時亦(yi)需考慮射(she)壓的(de)(de)需求及壓縮比的(de)(de)問(wen)題。

一般而(er)言，直徑較(jiao)小的螺桿可(ke)提(ti)供較(jiao)高的射出壓(ya)力。

7、射得快 ：及“射出速(su)度”的確認。

有(you)些成品需要(yao)高射(she)(she)出(chu)率速(su)射(she)(she)出(chu)才(cai)能穩定成型(xing)，如超(chao)薄類成品，在此(ci)情況(kuang)下，可(ke)能需要(yao)確認(ren)機器的(de)(de)射(she)(she)出(chu)率及射(she)(she)速(su)是(shi)否足夠(gou)，是(shi)否需搭(da)配蓄壓(ya)器、閉(bi)回路控制等裝置。一般(ban)而言(yan)，在相同條件下，可(ke)提供較高射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)(de)螺(luo)(luo)桿通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較低(di)，相反(fan)的(de)(de)，可(ke)提供較低(di)射(she)(she)壓(ya)的(de)(de)螺(luo)(luo)桿通常(chang)射(she)(she)速(su)較高。因此(ci)，選擇螺(luo)(luo)桿直徑時，射(she)(she)出(chu)量(liang)、射(she)(she)出(chu)壓(ya)力及射(she)(she)出(chu)率（射(she)(she)出(chu)速(su)度），需交叉考量(liang)及取舍。

此外，也(ye)可以采用多(duo)回路(lu)設計，以同步(bu)復合動作縮短成型時(shi)間。

經(jing)過以上步(bu)驟之后，原(yuan)則上已經(jing)可(ke)以決定符合需求的注塑機，但是有(you)一些特殊(shu)問(wen)題(ti)可(ke)能也必須再加以考慮(lv)，包括：

大小配的問題：

在某些(xie)特殊狀(zhuang)況下，客戶的模(mo)具(ju)或產品可能模(mo)具(ju)體積小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)但所(suo)(suo)需射(she)(she)量大，或模(mo)具(ju)體積大但所(suo)(suo)需射(she)(she)量小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，在這種況下，廠(chang)家所(suo)(suo)預先設(she)定的標(biao)準規(gui)格可能無法符合客戶需求，而必(bi)須進(jin)行(xing)所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)“大小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)配(pei)(pei)”，亦即“大壁小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)射(she)(she)”或“小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)壁大射(she)(she)”。所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)“大壁小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)射(she)(she)”指以原(yuan)先標(biao)準的夾模(mo)單元(yuan)搭(da)配(pei)(pei)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的射(she)(she)出(chu)螺(luo)桿(gan)，反之(zhi)，“小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)壁大射(she)(she)”即是以原(yuan)先標(biao)準的夾模(mo)單元(yuan)搭(da)配(pei)(pei)較(jiao)(jiao)大的射(she)(she)出(chu)螺(luo)桿(gan)。當然，在搭(da)配(pei)(pei)上也可能夾模(mo)與(yu)射(she)(she)出(chu)相差好(hao)幾級。

快速機或高速機的觀念：

在(zai)實際運用中，越來越多的(de)客(ke)戶會要求(qiu)購買(mai)所謂“高(gao)速(su)機(ji)”或“快速(su)機(ji)”。一般而(er)言，其(qi)目(mu)的(de)除了(le)產品本身的(de)需求(qiu)外，其(qi)他(ta)大多是要縮(suo)短成型周期(qi)、提高(gao)單位時間的(de)產量，進而(er)降低生產成本，提高(gao)競爭力。通常，要達到上述目(mu)的(de)，有幾種做法：

射出速(su)度加(jia)快：將電機(ji)馬達及(ji)泵浦加(jia)大，或加(jia)蓄(xu)壓器（最(zui)好加(jia)閉(bi)回(hui)路控制）；

加(jia)料(liao)速度(du)加(jia)快：將(jiang)電機馬達(da)及泵(beng)浦加(jia)大(da)，或加(jia)料(liao)油壓馬達(da)改小，使螺桿轉(zhuan)速加(jia)快；

多回(hui)(hui)路(lu)系統：采用雙回(hui)(hui)路(lu)或(huo)三回(hui)(hui)路(lu)設計，以同步(bu)進行復合(he)動作，縮短成型時間；

增(zeng)加(jia)模具水路，提升模具的(de)冷卻效率(lv)；

然而，“天(tian)下沒有白吃的(de)午餐(can)”，機器性(xing)能的(de)提(ti)升及(ji)改(gai)造固(gu)然可以增加生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)效率，但往往也增加投資成本及(ji)運轉成本，因此，投資前的(de)效益(yi)評估需仔(zi)細衡(heng)量，才(cai)能以最合適的(de)機型產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)最高的(de)效益(yi)。

相關術語

電(dian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)荷的(de)(de)定向移動叫做電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，電(dian)流(liu)(liu)常用I表示。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)分直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)和(he)交流(liu)(liu)兩種。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)大小和(he)方(fang)(fang)向不隨時間(jian)變化(hua)的(de)(de)叫做直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)大小和(he)方(fang)(fang)向隨時間(jian)變化(hua)的(de)(de)叫做交流(liu)(liu)。電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)單位(wei)是安（A），也常用毫(hao)安（mA)或(huo)者微安(uA)做單位(wei)。1A=1000mA,1mA=1000uA。

電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)可以(yi)用電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)測量(liang)(liang)。測量(liang)(liang)的時候，把電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)串聯在電(dian)(dian)路中，要選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)指針(zhen)接近滿偏轉的量(liang)(liang)程。這樣可以(yi)防止電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過大而損壞電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)。

電壓

河水(shui)之所(suo)以能夠流動，是(shi)因為有水(shui)位差；電(dian)(dian)荷之所(suo)以能夠流動，是(shi)因為有電(dian)(dian)位差。電(dian)(dian)位差也(ye)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是(shi)形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)原因。在電(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)常用U表示。電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)單位是(shi)伏(fu)（V），也(ye)常用毫伏(fu)（mV）或者微伏(fu)（uV）做單位。1V=1000mV，1mV=1000uV。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可以用電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)測(ce)量。測(ce)量的(de)時候，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)并聯(lian)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路上(shang)，要選擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)指針接近滿偏(pian)轉的(de)量程。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)大(da)小估計不出來(lai)，要先用大(da)的(de)量程，粗略測(ce)量后再用合適的(de)量程。這(zhe)樣可以防(fang)止由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過大(da)而損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)。

電阻

電路中(zhong)對電流通(tong)過有阻(zu)礙作用并且造成能量消耗的(de)部分叫做電阻(zu)。電阻(zu)常(chang)用R表示。電阻(zu)的(de)單位是歐（Ω），也常(chang)用千歐（kΩ）或者兆歐（MΩ）做單位。1kΩ=1000Ω,1MΩ=1000000Ω。導體的(de)電阻(zu)由(you)導體的(de)材料、橫(heng)截面積和長度決定(ding)。

電(dian)阻(zu)可以(yi)用(yong)萬(wan)用(yong)表歐姆檔測(ce)量(liang)(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，要選擇電(dian)表指針接近偏轉一半(ban)的(de)(de)(de)歐姆檔。如果電(dian)阻(zu)在電(dian)路中，要把電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)(de)一頭燙開后再測(ce)量(liang)(liang)。

歐(ou)姆定律導體(ti)中(zhong)的(de)電流I和導體(ti)兩端的(de)電壓U成正比，和導體(ti)的(de)電阻R成反比，即(ji)I=U/R

這個(ge)規律(lv)叫(jiao)做歐(ou)姆(mu)定律(lv)。如(ru)果(guo)知道電壓(ya)、電流、電阻三個(ge)量中的兩(liang)個(ge)，就可以根據歐(ou)姆(mu)定律(lv)求(qiu)出第三個(ge)量，即

I=U/R，R=U/I，U=I×R

在交流電路中，歐姆定律同樣成立，但電阻(zu)R應該改成阻(zu)抗Z，即(ji)I=U/Z

電源

把(ba)其他形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝置叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)機械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)化學能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)等叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。通過變壓(ya)器和整(zheng)流器，把(ba)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)變成(cheng)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝置叫做(zuo)整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提供信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備叫做(zuo)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)。晶體(ti)(ti)三(san)極管(guan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)把(ba)前面送(song)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)加以(yi)放大，又(you)把(ba)放大了的(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)傳送(song)到后(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)去。晶體(ti)(ti)三(san)極管(guan)對后(hou)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)來說，也可(ke)以(yi)看做(zuo)是信(xin)號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)。整(zheng)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)、信(xin)號(hao)(hao)源(yuan)有時也叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

負載

把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)其他(ta)形式(shi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)的(de)裝置叫(jiao)做負載。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)阻能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)，電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)泡(pao)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)和光能(neng)(neng)，揚(yang)聲器(qi)能(neng)(neng)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)聲能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)燈(deng)泡(pao)、揚(yang)聲器(qi)等都叫(jiao)做負載。晶體(ti)三(san)極管對于前面的(de)信號源來(lai)說，也(ye)可以看作是負載。

電路

最簡單的(de)電路(lu)(lu)由(you)電源、負載(zai)和導線、開(kai)關等元件組成(cheng)。電路(lu)(lu)處處連通(tong)(tong)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)。只有(you)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)，電路(lu)(lu)中才有(you)電流通(tong)(tong)過。電路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一處斷開(kai)叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)斷路(lu)(lu)或者(zhe)開(kai)路(lu)(lu)。電路(lu)(lu)某(mou)一部分的(de)兩端(duan)直接接通(tong)(tong)，使這(zhe)部分的(de)電壓變成(cheng)零，叫(jiao)做(zuo)(zuo)短路(lu)(lu)。

電動勢

電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)是反映電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)把(ba)其他形式的能轉換成電(dian)(dian)能的本領的物理量。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)使電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩端產生電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)常用(yong)δ表示。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)(shi)的單(dan)位和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的單(dan)位相同，也是伏(fu)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不要接(jie)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中去，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所(suo)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看作等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就(jiu)會(hui)小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。這是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)有內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。在閉合的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻r有內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)，通(tong)過外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R有外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)δ等于(yu)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)Ur和(he)(he)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)UR之和(he)(he)，即δ=Ur+UR 。嚴格來說，即使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)不接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)成了(le)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，測(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也小(xiao)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)。但是(shi)，由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)小(xiao)，內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)忽略(lve)。因此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)表(biao)(biao)(biao)測(ce)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看作等于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用(yong)舊(jiu)了(le)，用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)用(yong)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，有(you)(you)時候(hou)(hou)(hou)依(yi)(yi)然比較(jiao)高，但是(shi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后卻不(bu)能(neng)使負(fu)載（收音機、錄音機等(deng)）正常工作。這種情況是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)變大了(le)，甚至比負(fu)載的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)還大，但是(shi)依(yi)(yi)然比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)小(xiao)。用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)時候(hou)(hou)(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分得(de)(de)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)還不(bu)大，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)表(biao)測得(de)(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)依(yi)(yi)然比較(jiao)高。但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分得(de)(de)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)增大，負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分得(de)(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)就減小(xiao)，因此不(bu)能(neng)使負(fu)載正常工作。為了(le)判斷舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)，應該在(zai)有(you)(you)負(fu)載的(de)(de)時候(hou)(hou)(hou)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。有(you)(you)些性能(neng)較(jiao)差的(de)(de)穩壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，有(you)(you)負(fu)載和沒有(you)(you)負(fu)載兩(liang)種情況下測得(de)(de)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)兩(liang)端的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)相差較(jiao)大，也是(shi)因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較(jiao)大造成的(de)(de)。

周 期交(jiao)流電(dian)完成一次完整的(de)變(bian)化(hua)所(suo)需要的(de)時間叫(jiao)做周期，常用T表示(shi)。周期的(de)單位(wei)是(shi)秒(miao)(miao)（s）,也常用毫秒(miao)(miao)（ms）或微(wei)秒(miao)(miao)（us）做單位(wei)。1s=1000ms，1s=1000000us。

頻 率(lv)交流電(dian)在(zai)1s內完成周期(qi)性變化的次(ci)數叫做頻率(lv)，常用(yong)f表示(shi)。頻率(lv)的單(dan)位(wei)是赫（Hz），也常用(yong)千(qian)赫（kHz）或兆赫（MHz）做單(dan)位(wei)。1kHz=1000Hz，1MHz=1000000Hz。交流電(dian)頻率(lv)f是周期(qi)T的倒(dao)數，即(ji)f =1/T

電容

電(dian)(dian)容是(shi)衡量(liang)導體(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)荷能(neng)力的(de)(de)物理量(liang)。在兩(liang)個(ge)相互絕緣的(de)(de)導體(ti)上(shang)，加上(shang)一定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓，它(ta)們就會儲(chu)存(cun)一定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)。其中一個(ge)導體(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)荷，另(ling)一個(ge)導體(ti)儲(chu)存(cun)著(zhu)大小相等的(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)荷。加上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓越大，儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)就越多(duo)。儲(chu)存(cun)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)和加上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓是(shi)成正(zheng)比的(de)(de)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)比值叫(jiao)做電(dian)(dian)容。如果電(dian)(dian)壓用U表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)量(liang)用Q表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)容用C表(biao)示，那么C=Q/U

電容的單位是法（F），也常(chang)用微(wei)法（uF）或者微(wei)微(wei)法（pF）做(zuo)單位。1F=10uF，1F=10pF。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)可以用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，也可以用(yong)(yong)萬(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)歐姆檔(dang)粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。歐姆表(biao)(biao)紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)(biao)筆(bi)分別(bie)碰接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)腳，歐姆表(biao)(biao)內的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池就會(hui)(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，指針偏(pian)轉，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完了，指針回零。調換(huan)紅、黑兩(liang)表(biao)(biao)筆(bi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后又會(hui)(hui)反向充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)越大，指針偏(pian)轉也越大。對比被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和已知電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)偏(pian)轉情況，就可以粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)計被測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)。在一般的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，除(chu)了調諧(xie)回路等需要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)以外，用(yong)(yong)得最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)隔直、旁路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、濾波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等，都不需要(yao)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。因此，用(yong)(yong)歐姆檔(dang)粗(cu)略(lve)(lve)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)是有實際意義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。但是，普通萬(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)歐姆檔(dang)只(zhi)能(neng)估(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，量(liang)(liang)(liang)值(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就要(yao)用(yong)(yong)中值(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)晶體管萬(wan)(wan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)(biao)歐姆檔(dang)來估(gu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)，小于幾十個微(wei)微(wei)法的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)就只(zhi)好用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試儀測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)了。

容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong) 抗(kang)(kang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)是能夠通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)，但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)仍然有阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)對交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用叫做容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)(kang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大(da)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用小；交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)高(gao)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)也容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)易通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，說明(ming)(ming)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)高(gao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作用也小。實(shi)驗證明(ming)(ming)，容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)(kang)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)成反比(bi)，和(he)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)也成反比(bi)。如(ru)果容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)(kang)用XC表示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)用C表示，頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)用f表示，那么XC=1/(2πfC)

容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)的(de)單位是歐。知道了交流電(dian)的(de)頻率f和電(dian)容(rong)(rong)C，就可以(yi)用(yong)上式把容(rong)(rong)抗(kang)計算出來。

電(dian)(dian)(dian) 感(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)是(shi)衡量線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應能力的物理量。給(gei)一個(ge)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)通(tong)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)周圍(wei)就(jiu)會產生磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)，線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)就(jiu)有磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)量通(tong)過。通(tong)入線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源越(yue)大(da)，磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)就(jiu)越(yue)強，通(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)量就(jiu)越(yue)大(da)。實驗證明，通(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)量和通(tong)入的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)成正比(bi)的，它們的比(bi)值叫做(zuo)自(zi)感(gan)系數，也叫做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。如果(guo)通(tong)過線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的磁(ci)(ci)通(tong)量用φ表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)用I表(biao)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)用L表(biao)示，那么L= φ/I電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)的單(dan)位是(shi)亨(heng)（H），也常用毫亨(heng)（mH）或微亨(heng)（uH）做(zuo)單(dan)位。1H=1000mH，1H=1000000uH。

抗交流電(dian)也可以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，但是線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對交流電(dian)有阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，這個阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)叫做感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)量大(da)(da)，交流電(dian)難(nan)以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)量大(da)(da)，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)大(da)(da)；交流電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)率高，交流電(dian)也難(nan)以(yi)通過(guo)線(xian)(xian)圈，說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)頻(pin)(pin)率高，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)也大(da)(da)。實(shi)驗(yan)證明(ming)，感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗和電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)成正比，和頻(pin)(pin)率也成正比。如果感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗用(yong)(yong)XL表示(shi)，電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)用(yong)(yong)L表示(shi)，頻(pin)(pin)率用(yong)(yong)f表示(shi)，那么XL= 2πfL感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位是歐。知(zhi)道了交流電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)率f和線(xian)(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)L，就可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)上(shang)式把感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)抗計算出來。

阻(zu) 抗(kang)(kang)具有電(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)感和(he)電(dian)容的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)路里(li)，對交流電(dian)所起的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)礙作用叫做阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)。阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)常用Z表(biao)示。阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)由電(dian)阻(zu)、感抗(kang)(kang)和(he)容抗(kang)(kang)三(san)者(zhe)組成，但不是三(san)者(zhe)簡(jian)單(dan)相加。如果三(san)者(zhe)是串聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)，又知道交流電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)f、電(dian)阻(zu)R、電(dian)感L和(he)電(dian)容C，那(nei)么串聯電(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)阻(zu)抗(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)是歐(ou)。

對于一(yi)個(ge)具體(ti)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，阻(zu)抗(kang)不是(shi)(shi)不變(bian)的(de)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)隨著頻率變(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)。在電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、電(dian)(dian)感和(he)電(dian)(dian)容串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)阻(zu)抗(kang)一(yi)般(ban)來說比電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)大。也就是(shi)(shi)阻(zu)抗(kang)減小到(dao)最(zui)小值。在電(dian)(dian)感和(he)電(dian)(dian)容并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，諧(xie)振的(de)時候(hou)阻(zu)抗(kang)增加到(dao)最(zui)大值，這和(he)串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)相反。

相(xiang)(xiang) 位(wei)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)是(shi)(shi)反(fan)映(ying)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)任(ren)何(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)物理量。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的(de)(de)大小和方向是(shi)(shi)隨時(shi)(shi)(shi)間變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)。比如正弦交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)，它(ta)的(de)(de)公式是(shi)(shi)i=Isin2πft。i是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)瞬(shun)時(shi)(shi)(shi)值(zhi)(zhi)，I是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)，f是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)，t是(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間。隨著時(shi)(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)推移，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)流(liu)可(ke)以從(cong)零變(bian)(bian)到(dao)最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)，從(cong)最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)到(dao)零，又從(cong)零變(bian)(bian)到(dao)負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)，從(cong)負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)到(dao)零，，如圖3甲所(suo)示。在三(san)角函數(shu)中2πft相(xiang)(xiang)當于角度(du)，它(ta)反(fan)映(ying)了交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)任(ren)何(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)所(suo)處的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，是(shi)(shi)在增大還是(shi)(shi)在減小，是(shi)(shi)正的(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)負(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)等等。因此把2πft叫做相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)，或者叫做相(xiang)(xiang)。

如果t等于零的時候(hou)，i并不(bu)等于零，公(gong)式應該改成i=Isin(2πft+ψ),如圖3乙所示。那么2πft+ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)相位(wei)(wei)，ψ叫(jiao)做(zuo)初相位(wei)(wei)，或者叫(jiao)做(zuo)初相。

相(xiang)(xiang)位差(cha)(cha)(cha)兩(liang)個頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)相(xiang)(xiang)位的差(cha)(cha)(cha)叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)位差(cha)(cha)(cha)，或者叫(jiao)做相(xiang)(xiang)差(cha)(cha)(cha)。這兩(liang)個頻率相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)壓(ya)，可以(yi)是兩(liang)個交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)動(dong)勢，也可以(yi)是這三種量中的任何兩(liang)個。

例如(ru)研究加在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)通過這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)相位差。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，那(nei)么(me)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)相位差等(deng)于(yu)零。也(ye)(ye)就是說(shuo)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)于(yu)零的(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)(ye)等(deng)于(yu)零，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)到(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)時候，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也(ye)(ye)變(bian)到(dao)最(zui)大值(zhi)(zhi)。這種情況叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)同(tong)相位，或者叫(jiao)(jiao)做(zuo)同(tong)相。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)含有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和(he)(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)相位差一(yi)般是不等(deng)于(yu)零的(de)，也(ye)(ye)就是說(shuo)一(yi)般是不同(tong)相的(de)，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超(chao)前于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)前于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

加在晶體管(guan)放大器基極上的交流(liu)電壓和從(cong)集(ji)電極輸出的交流(liu)電壓，這(zhe)兩者(zhe)的相位差(cha)正(zheng)好(hao)等于180°。這(zhe)種情況叫(jiao)做反相位，或者(zhe)叫(jiao)做反相

注塑(su)機的分(fen)類及特點　注塑(su)機按照(zhao)注射裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)鎖模(mo)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的排列方式(shi)(shi)，可分(fen)為立式(shi)(shi)、臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)和(he)立臥(wo)復合式(shi)(shi)。其各自(zi)的特點如下。

立式注塑機的特點：

1、注射裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和鎖(suo)模裝(zhuang)置(zhi)処于同(tong)一垂直中心線上(shang)，且模具是沿上(shang)下方向開閉。其占地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)只有臥(wo)式機(ji)的約一半，因此，換算成占地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)生產性約有二倍左右。

2、容(rong)易實(shi)現(xian)(xian)嵌件成型。因(yin)為模具(ju)表(biao)面朝上，嵌件放入定位(wei)容(rong)易。采用下模板固定、上模板可動(dong)的機種(zhong)，拉(la)帶輸送(song)裝置與(yu)機械手(shou)相組合(he)的話，可容(rong)易地實(shi)現(xian)(xian)全(quan)自動(dong)嵌件成型。

3、模(mo)具(ju)的重量由水平模(mo)板支承作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)下開閉(bi)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)，不(bu)會發生類(lei)似臥式(shi)機(ji)的由于模(mo)具(ju)重力引起的前(qian)倒，使得模(mo)板無(wu)法開閉(bi)的現象。有利(li)于持(chi)久(jiu)性(xing)保持(chi)機(ji)械和(he)模(mo)具(ju)的精度。

4、通過簡單的機械手可取出各個塑(su)件(jian)型腔，有利于精密(mi)成型。

5、一般鎖模裝(zhuang)置周圍為開(kai)開(kai)放式，容易配置各類(lei)自動化裝(zhuang)置，適應于復雜、精(jing)巧產品(pin)的自動成型。

6、拉帶輸(shu)輸(shu)送裝(zhuang)置容易實現串過模具中間安裝(zhuang)，便于(yu)實現成(cheng)型自動生產。

7、容(rong)易(yi)保(bao)證模(mo)具(ju)內樹脂流(liu)動性及(ji)模(mo)具(ju)溫度(du)分布的一致(zhi)性。

8、配備有旋轉臺面(mian)(mian)、移動臺面(mian)(mian)及傾斜臺面(mian)(mian)等形(xing)式(shi)，容易實現(xian)嵌(qian)件成(cheng)型、模(mo)內(nei)組(zu)合成(cheng)型。

9、小批量(liang)試生產(chan)時，模具構造簡單成本低，且便于卸裝。

10、經受了多次(ci)地震的(de)考驗，立式機由于重心(xin)低，相(xiang)對臥(wo)式機抗震性更好(hao)。

臥式注塑機的特點：

1、即是大型(xing)機由于(yu)機身低，對于(yu)安(an)置的廠房無高度限制。

2、產品可自動(dong)(dong)落下的場合(he)，不需使用機(ji)械手也(ye)可實現自動(dong)(dong)成型。

3、由于機身低，供料(liao)方便，檢修容易。

4、模具(ju)需(xu)通過吊車安裝。

5、多(duo)臺并列排列下，成(cheng)型品容易由輸(shu)送帶收集包裝。