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【工人階級】工人階級是什么意思 勞動階級的現狀與前途

本文章由注冊用戶 焰麗的熱情 上傳提供 評論 發布 反饋 0
摘要:中華人民共和國是工人階級領導的、以工農聯盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。這一句話相信大家都知道。但是工人階級是什么意思你知道嗎?下面小編就來講解工人階級以及我國勞動階級的現狀與前途。

【工人階(jie)級】工人階(jie)級是什么意思 勞動階(jie)級的現(xian)狀與前途(tu)

工人階級是什么意思

工人階(jie)級(ji)(又稱勞動階(jie)級(ji)、勞動階(jie)層等;英文:working class)通常用(yong)于(yu)表示社(she)會地位與社(she)會等級(ji),無論何(he)時,該階(jie)層在社(she)會所占比例最高,但是隨(sui)著經濟的發展(zhan),比例減少,一(yi)般為產業工人階(jie)層為主。該術語沒有一(yi)致(zhi)的解(jie)釋,主要依(yi)賴個人的立場與觀點的不(bu)同來(lai)理解(jie)。比如(ru)美國劃分階(jie)級(ji)標準是依(yi)照(zhao)經常性收入和就業率來(lai)確定(ding)。

勞動階級的現狀與前途

現狀未來

恩格斯指出:“工人階級的(de)狀況是當代一切(qie)社(she)會運(yun)動的(de)真正基(ji)礎和(he)出發點,因為(wei)它是我們(men)(men)目前(qian)社(she)會一切(qie)災(zai)難的(de)最(zui)尖銳(rui)最(zui)露(lu)骨的(de)表現。”中國(guo)的(de)無產階級承(cheng)受(shou)著(zhu)最(zui)尖銳(rui)、最(zui)露(lu)骨的(de)社(she)會災(zai)難,他們(men)(men)也肩負著(zhu)社(she)會主義運(yun)動的(de)未來(lai)使命(ming)。

改革開放以(yi)來(lai),我國工人階級也(ye)發生了很大變(bian)化,在傳統工人階級日益商(shang)品化的(de)同

時(shi),農(nong)村勞動者(zhe)不斷(duan)無產(chan)者(zhe)化(hua),同時(shi)大(da)(da)量知(zhi)識分(fen)(fen)子也不斷(duan)落入無產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)隊伍之(zhi)中。在全(quan)球化(hua)的時(shi)代(dai),資本主義(yi)生產(chan)關系在城市和農(nong)村的擴張(zhang)使(shi)“階(jie)(jie)級(ji)對立(li)簡單化(hua)”,“整個社會日(ri)益(yi)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)為(wei)兩大(da)(da)敵(di)對的陣營,分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)為(wei)兩大(da)(da)相互直接對立(li)的階(jie)(jie)級(ji):資產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)和無產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)”。

1.傳統工人的歷史和現狀

建(jian)(jian)(jian)國(guo)(guo)后,經(jing)過(guo)30年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設,培(pei)養了一(yi)(yi)支工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)隊伍(wu)。這支工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)隊伍(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)長同社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)命運緊密相連(lian),他們建(jian)(jian)(jian)設起(qi)(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)民(min)、集體企(qi)業也是(shi)共(gong)和(he)(he)國(guo)(guo)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮影(ying)。傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)國(guo)(guo)企(qi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)有(you)兩方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,他們具(ju)有(you)無產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮明(ming)特征,斗(dou)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向總是(shi)與社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)制(zhi)度(du)緊密相連(lian)。工(gong)(gong)廠都是(shi)老一(yi)(yi)代工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)通過(guo)辛(xin)勤(qin)勞動創(chuang)造起(qi)(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),他們經(jing)過(guo)社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)教(jiao)育(yu),以廠為(wei)家,具(ju)有(you)鮮明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)翁意識(shi),是(shi)私有(you)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要阻力;另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面,傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)設社(she)(she)會(hui)主(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中培(pei)養起(qi)(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),缺乏(fa)同資(zi)產(chan)階(jie)(jie)級(ji)斗(dou)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)。在文革中,工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受到一(yi)(yi)定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鍛煉,但由于斗(dou)爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜性,相當多數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)都加(jia)入了保守派(pai)(pai),如文革初期重慶工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)成(cheng)立“工(gong)(gong)糾(jiu)”,跟隨(sui)黨(dang)(dang)內(nei)當權派(pai)(pai),同造反派(pai)(pai)對(dui)立。傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)習慣(guan)于聽黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話、跟黨(dang)(dang)走,對(dui)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變質、對(dui)資(zi)本主(zhu)義(yi)復辟缺乏(fa)具(ju)體和(he)(he)深刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識(shi),伴隨(sui)著資(zi)本主(zhu)義(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恢復和(he)(he)發展(zhan),傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受到現實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu),才逐漸地認清當年(nian)不能深刻理解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)(dang)內(nei)走資(zi)派(pai)(pai)問題。

在“放(fang)權(quan)讓利”階段,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)收入在不(bu)斷提高,而且增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)的(de)(de)速(su)度(du)較快。據《中(zhong)國統計年鑒》的(de)(de)數字計算,改革開放(fang)前(qian)(qian)國有單位職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資年平均(jun)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)4.4%,改革開放(fang)初(chu)期(qi)實際平均(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資年增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)幅度(du)為改革開放(fang)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)6.3倍。以北京某(mou)機械廠(chang)為例,1983年機械廠(chang)開始對(dui)直(zhi)接生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)實行超額計件工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資制,即超額完成生產指(zhi)標頒發超額獎,全廠(chang)職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)月平均(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資從1978年的(de)(de)52元上升到1985年的(de)(de)119元,年均(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)13%。在這一階段上,工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)逐漸(jian)放(fang)棄了管(guan)理權(quan)利,從以前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)政治(zhi)掛帥走(zou)向(xiang)了關注(zhu)物質利益。

傳(chuan)統(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)中(zhong)不同的(de)群(qun)體(ti)很多。退休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)約有3000萬(wan)(國企(qi)退休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)2300萬(wan)、集體(ti)退休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)630萬(wan)),歷(li)史上以(yi)低工(gong)(gong)資、高福利方式完成(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)業化建設,在向市場經濟體(ti)制轉(zhuan)軌過程(cheng)中(zhong)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史欠(qian)帳很多。退休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)最(zui)早(zao)起來進行斗爭,也容易得到群(qun)眾的(de)支持(chi)并最(zui)終獲得成(cheng)(cheng)功。

傳統(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)中下(xia)(xia)崗(gang)職工(gong)(gong)的(de)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)爭是最普遍、最堅決、最持久的(de)。根(gen)據2004年廈(sha)門市(shi)的(de)調查,下(xia)(xia)崗(gang)職工(gong)(gong)中48.4%參(can)(can)加集(ji)(ji)體(ti)行動,主要(yao)采(cai)取(qu)經濟目(mu)標的(de)形(xing)式,其中46.7%要(yao)求工(gong)(gong)作,43.3%要(yao)求收(shou)(shou)入補(bu)助,8.3%要(yao)求懲治腐敗(bai)問題。在集(ji)(ji)體(ti)行動中,集(ji)(ji)體(ti)上(shang)訪(fang)是最普遍的(de)一種(zhong),參(can)(can)與(yu)集(ji)(ji)體(ti)行動的(de)下(xia)(xia)崗(gang)職工(gong)(gong)中57.4%參(can)(can)與(yu)過集(ji)(ji)體(ti)上(shang)訪(fang)。通過現實的(de)教(jiao)育,工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)逐步認識(shi)到團結起來(lai)進行斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)爭的(de)重要(yao)性(xing),全國各地工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)都明白“大(da)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)大(da)收(shou)(shou)獲(huo),小(xiao)斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)小(xiao)收(shou)(shou)獲(huo),不斗(dou)(dou)(dou)(dou)沒收(shou)(shou)獲(huo)”。

官方宣傳,“三條保障線”是(shi)緩(huan)解下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)存狀(zhuang)況的(de)有(you)(you)效途徑(jing),但(dan)事實(shi)上即便進(jin)了(le)再(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中心(xin)的(de)下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),除(chu)了(le)前三年(nian)能領取生(sheng)活費(fei)以(yi)外,他們與沒有(you)(you)進(jin)入再(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中心(xin)的(de)下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)沒什么區別。長春拖(tuo)拉機廠(chang)1998年(nian)設立下崗(gang)(gang)再(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)服(fu)務中心(xin),按照該廠(chang)勞(lao)資(zi)(zi)科科長的(de)說法,下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)中心(xin)的(de)比率達(da)到100%,不(bu)僅基本生(sheng)活費(fei)足額發(fa)放、社(she)保費(fei)用(yong)定期繳(jiao)納,而且(qie)還為下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提供培訓。很(hen)多(duo)(duo)下崗(gang)(gang)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)已(yi)經同企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)償(chang)(chang)解除(chu)了(le)關系,但(dan)改(gai)制(zhi)引發(fa)的(de)矛盾并(bing)沒有(you)(you)結束。企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)破(po)產后經濟欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)帳很(hen)多(duo)(duo),根(gen)據陜西省總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)對(dui)29戶困難國(guo)(guo)企(qi)調(diao)查顯示(shi),拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)醫療費(fei)問(wen)題普遍嚴重(zhong),被調(diao)查企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)共拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)退(tui)休職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)醫療費(fei)6323萬元(yuan),拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)個(ge)人最多(duo)(duo)達(da)十幾(ji)萬元(yuan)、拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)時間最長達(da)十幾(ji)年(nian),其中有(you)(you)1/3的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)至今仍拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)已(yi)死(si)亡多(duo)(duo)年(nian)退(tui)休職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)醫療費(fei)。根(gen)據湖北省總工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)的(de)調(diao)查研(yan)究,在調(diao)查的(de)60家(jia)(jia)(jia)改(gai)制(zhi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中,有(you)(you)5家(jia)(jia)(jia)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi),11家(jia)(jia)(jia)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)集資(zi)(zi)款(kuan),13家(jia)(jia)(jia)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)醫療費(fei),18家(jia)(jia)(jia)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)職(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)住房公積金(jin)。因此國(guo)(guo)企(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人以(yi)要(yao)拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)、要(yao)補償(chang)(chang)和社(she)保等為目標,以(yi)捍衛國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)產、反(fan)腐敗為形式進(jin)行斗爭,階級意識逐步加(jia)強。

資本(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義生產關系發展的(de)現(xian)實教育了(le)傳統(tong)工(gong)(gong)人(ren),開始重新(xin)認識毛(mao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)和社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義歷史。在社(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義建設時期,工(gong)(gong)人(ren)是工(gong)(gong)廠的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人(ren),有政治地位(wei),有養老(lao)、醫療保(bao)障,有工(gong)(gong)作積(ji)極性。國企工(gong)(gong)人(ren)無(wu)法(fa)忘記(ji)毛(mao)澤東時代,因為(wei)在那(nei)個時候,毛(mao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)席(xi)、共(gong)產黨(dang)是真(zhen)正的(de)依靠工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de),是為(wei)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)謀福利的(de)

2.新工人的現狀與要求

實施聯產(chan)承包責(ze)任制以后,農(nong)村鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮企(qi)業快速發展,人(ren)(ren)(ren)口快速向非農(nong)產(chan)業轉移,年(nian)均(jun)970萬(wan)(wan)。從1988年(nian)~1991年(nian)治理整頓時期(qi),鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮企(qi)業普遍停滯,非農(nong)就業增長(chang)(chang)減弱。南巡講話以后,城鎮私營企(qi)業進入快速發展時期(qi),就業人(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)迅速增長(chang)(chang),離(li)土離(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)的人(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)每年(nian)增加1000萬(wan)(wan),形(xing)成民(min)工(gong)潮。據(ju)有關數(shu)據(ju),目前我國農(nong)民(min)工(gong)群體總(zong)數(shu)在(zai)2~3億,其中(zhong)進城農(nong)民(min)工(gong)應有1.4億。農(nong)民(min)工(gong)已經成為工(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)階級的主體。

老一(yi)代農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)處于“兩(liang)棲”狀態,很多人打算(suan)打工(gong)賺(zhuan)一(yi)筆錢后(hou)回(hui)農(nong)(nong)村做生(sheng)意。隨著(zhu)大生(sheng)產對小生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排擠和農(nong)(nong)村土地(di)流轉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迅速(su)擴張(zhang),新一(yi)代農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)越來(lai)越同(tong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)大生(sheng)產相(xiang)聯系。對于今后(hou)打算(suan),有超過一(yi)半的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人將會繼續在(zai)外面打工(gong),只有17.4%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人選(xuan)擇回(hui)家鄉。新一(yi)代農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)已基本具(ju)備了無(wu)產階級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng),并(bing)具(ju)有了一(yi)定(ding)程度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)人階級(ji)意識。據廣東省總(zong)工(gong)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調查(cha),81.5%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)對自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)人身份表示認(ren)(ren)同(tong),對“自己在(zai)什么(me)情況下才(cai)完(wan)全(quan)是一(yi)個(ge)工(gong)人”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題,70%認(ren)(ren)為工(gong)資收入是進(jin)城務工(gong)人員(yuan)衡(heng)量自己職業(ye)身份的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首要條件,僅(jin)有5.5%選(xuan)擇“獲得非農(nong)(nong)業(ye)戶(hu)口”,這說明在(zai)農(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)工(gong)看來(lai),戶(hu)口與他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職業(ye)身份已經沒有多大關系了。

大多數農民工(gong)文(wen)化素質偏(pian)低,受(shou)(shou)教育年限不足7年,據有關資料顯(xian)示,農村勞動力中(zhong),小學(xue)及以(yi)下文(wen)化程度占(zhan)40.31%,初中(zhong)占(zhan)48.07%,高中(zhong)以(yi)上(shang)僅占(zhan)11.62%,受(shou)(shou)過專(zhuan)業技能培訓的(de)只(zhi)占(zhan)9.1%。由于沒(mei)有專(zhuan)業技能,他們只(zhi)能從事最(zui)苦、最(zui)累、最(zui)臟(zang)的(de)力氣活,生(sheng)活條件也極其惡劣,大多住在簡(jian)易(yi)的(de)民房、工(gong)棚、甚(shen)至是候(hou)車室(shi)、地下管道、橋梁下等(deng)的(de)惡劣環(huan)境中(zhong)。他們的(de)勞動報(bao)酬低、工(gong)資常被拖欠、安全和健康沒(mei)有保障。

同傳統工(gong)人不(bu)同,農民工(gong)是(shi)在(zai)資本(ben)主義環境下成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)長起(qi)來(lai)的(de)(de)雇(gu)傭工(gong)人,具(ju)有資本(ben)主義傳統勞(lao)資關系的(de)(de)特征。他們的(de)(de)要求一(yi)般集中在(zai)增(zeng)加工(gong)資、改善勞(lao)動條件等方面。以集體(ti)(ti)爭議(yi)為例(li)分析沖(chong)突的(de)(de)直接(jie)原因,1996年第二季度(du)全國(guo)因拖(tuo)欠(qian)(qian)工(gong)資引起(qi)的(de)(de)集體(ti)(ti)上訪和罷(ba)工(gong)有530多起(qi),第三季度(du)590多起(qi),占42.6%;1999年欠(qian)(qian)薪成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為集體(ti)(ti)爭議(yi)的(de)(de)第一(yi)位(wei)原因;2002年欠(qian)(qian)薪更成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為全國(guo)范圍內“影響(xiang)社會穩定的(de)(de)重大問題”。勞(lao)動和社會保障部(bu)的(de)(de)一(yi)項統計表明,各級勞(lao)動監察(cha)部(bu)門為勞(lao)動者追(zhui)回的(de)(de)欠(qian)(qian)薪數目逐(zhu)年上漲,從2002年的(de)(de)14.5億(yi)元開始,“成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績”越來(lai)越顯(xian)著(zhu),2003年幾乎翻番,為27億(yi)元;而(er)2005年、2006年都達到58億(yi)元。這一(yi)看(kan)漲的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)績單背后(hou)凝結(jie)著(zhu)勞(lao)動者的(de)(de)多少辛酸!

從行為組織(zhi)上看,自(zi)發(fa)性(xing)是(shi)農民工(gong)(gong)的重要特點。深圳某臺灣鞋(xie)業有(you)限公司的管理和保(bao)安人(ren)(ren)(ren)員經常(chang)體(ti)罰工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)并克扣工(gong)(gong)資,結果引發(fa)了3000多名(ming)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)參(can)與的大(da)罷工(gong)(gong),工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在廠內砸(za)玻(bo)璃、燒垃(la)圾、吶喊示(shi)威(wei),以示(shi)抗議。大(da)連某日本獨資企業,由于工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)資水平(ping)過低,工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)多次反映(ying)而資方不予理睬,于是(shi),爆發(fa)了有(you)6000多人(ren)(ren)(ren)參(can)加的罷工(gong)(gong),在堅持了兩天(tian)半后,日本總部急令答應工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的要求,但(dan)大(da)連市政府出(chu)面干預壓制工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的要求。

隨著國際資本主義(yi)矛(mao)盾的(de)發(fa)展(zhan),沿海勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)密集(ji)型企業(ye)所(suo)賴以生(sheng)存(cun)的(de)條件逐步失(shi)去,生(sheng)產成本大(da)幅(fu)上升(sheng)。2008年《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)法》的(de)施行(xing)推動(dong)(dong)了(le)(le)階(jie)級矛(mao)盾的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)。《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)法》規定(ding):“勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者在該用人(ren)單位(wei)連續(xu)(xu)工(gong)作滿十年”或(huo)“連續(xu)(xu)訂(ding)立(li)二次固定(ding)期(qi)限勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)”,用人(ren)單位(wei)與勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者應訂(ding)立(li)無固定(ding)期(qi)限勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)。這一規定(ding)引發(fa)了(le)(le)資產階(jie)級的(de)恐慌,很多資本家搶先辭工(gong),試圖以轉為勞(lao)(lao)務(wu)工(gong)的(de)方式規避《勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong)法》的(de)制約,由此引發(fa)了(le)(le)集(ji)體爭議大(da)幅(fu)增長(chang)。工(gong)人(ren)認為可(ke)以解除勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)合(he)同(tong),但必(bi)須按照(zhao)新法償還加班費和勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)補(bu)償金,平均(jun)每人(ren)追討的(de)規模在幾萬(wan)元(yuan)左右。

3.大學生無產者化

恩格斯(si)(si)在(zai)《共產(chan)(chan)(chan)黨宣(xuan)言》1888年英文版上加了(le)一個(ge)注(zhu):“無產(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是指(zhi)(zhi)沒有自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)料、因(yin)而不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)靠出賣勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li)來維持生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)代(dai)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。”即(ji)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是指(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)占有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)資(zi)(zi)料,在(zai)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)關(guan)系依靠工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)收入(ru)而獲(huo)得生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)資(zi)(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者構成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會集團(tuan)。隨著(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)社(she)會化和(he)(he)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)協作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念必(bi)然擴(kuo)大。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)指(zhi)(zhi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)剩余價(jia)值(zhi)、服務于資(zi)(zi)本(ben)增殖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)(li),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)一定(ding)創造(zao)價(jia)值(zhi),但必(bi)須能(neng)為(wei)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)家帶來剩余價(jia)值(zhi)。中關(guan)村從(cong)事(shi)編程和(he)(he)軟件開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)員最為(wei)典型,他(ta)們(men)直接(jie)稱呼自(zi)(zi)己(ji)為(wei)“IT民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”,也很形象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說明了(le)自(zi)(zi)身雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。隨著(zhu)(zhu)腦(nao)力(li)(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者人(ren)(ren)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷增加,馬克思在(zai)19世紀后半期先后提出了(le)“腦(nao)力(li)(li)(li)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”和(he)(he)“總(zong)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念:“隨著(zhu)(zhu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)過程本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協作(zuo)性(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)承擔者即(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念也就必(bi)然擴(kuo)大。為(wei)了(le)從(cong)事(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong),現(xian)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)一定(ding)要親自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)手;只(zhi)要成(cheng)為(wei)總(zong)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)器官,完(wan)成(cheng)它所屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)一種職能(neng)就夠了(le)。”恩格斯(si)(si)指(zhi)(zhi)出:“希望你們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)努力(li)(li)(li)將使(shi)大學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)們(men)愈益意識到(dao),正是從(cong)他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)列中產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)出這樣一種腦(nao)力(li)(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),他(ta)們(men)負有使(shi)命同自(zi)(zi)己(ji)從(cong)事(shi)體(ti)力(li)(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)兄弟在(zai)一個(ge)隊伍里(li)肩并肩地在(zai)即(ji)將來臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)革(ge)命中發(fa)揮巨大作(zuo)用(yong)。”列寧也曾提出過“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程師無產(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念。這些新概(gai)念將腦(nao)力(li)(li)(li)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者與體(ti)力(li)(li)(li)雇(gu)傭(yong)(yong)(yong)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)者一起劃入(ru)了(le)“總(zong)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)”或“生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范疇(chou),反映了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史。

中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)資(zi)本主(zhu)要(yao)依附于國(guo)外壟斷(duan)資(zi)本,并不(bu)需要(yao)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)技術(shu)研究人(ren)員。同(tong)時中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)資(zi)本利潤微薄(bo),也(ye)無法供養數量龐(pang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)知識分(fen)(fen)子(zi)群體。因(yin)此(ci),教(jiao)育(yu)的(de)(de)“資(zi)本”化“生(sheng)產”出(chu)規模龐(pang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)學生(sheng)群體,巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)就(jiu)業(ye)(ye)壓力(li)(li)使得腦力(li)(li)雇(gu)傭勞動(dong)者(zhe)同(tong)體力(li)(li)雇(gu)傭勞動(dong)者(zhe)越來越趨(qu)同(tong)。根(gen)(gen)據教(jiao)育(yu)部(bu)的(de)(de)公報,2007年入(ru)學大(da)(da)學生(sheng)567萬(wan),當年應(ying)屆(jie)畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)495萬(wan);根(gen)(gen)據2006年人(ren)事部(bu)調(diao)查(cha)數據,6成大(da)(da)學生(sheng)畢業(ye)(ye)即(ji)失業(ye)(ye)。根(gen)(gen)據勞動(dong)和(he)社會保障部(bu)的(de)(de)一項抽樣調(diao)查(cha)結果,農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)對(dui)月平均(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)預(yu)期為1100元,而應(ying)屆(jie)大(da)(da)學本科畢業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)的(de)(de)預(yu)期已降至(zhi)1000元左(zuo)右,且呈不(bu)斷(duan)下降趨(qu)勢。廣州勞動(dong)社會保障部(bu)門的(de)(de)官員甚至(zhi)認為“大(da)(da)學生(sheng)不(bu)如(ru)農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)有競爭(zheng)(zheng)力(li)(li)”,浙江記者(zhe)經過調(diao)查(cha)發現,很(hen)多(duo)大(da)(da)學生(sheng)爭(zheng)(zheng)著去餐(can)廳做服務(wu)人(ren)員,“跟農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)搶飯碗”。因(yin)此(ci),準確地(di)說,當代(dai)知識分(fen)(fen)子(zi)主(zhu)體是工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)階(jie)級的(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen)(fen),盡(jin)管很(hen)多(duo)知識分(fen)(fen)子(zi)并不(bu)會主(zhu)動(dong)認同(tong)這一點。

21世(shi)紀(ji)初(chu),我國腦力無產階(jie)級約(yue)有(you)6000~7000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)。包(bao)括:機關辦事(shi)人(ren)員1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan),平(ping)均(jun)勞動報酬(chou)17644元;專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人(ren)員3533萬(wan)(wan)(wan),其中事(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位2613萬(wan)(wan)(wan),平(ping)均(jun)勞動報酬(chou)16458元;企業(ye)(ye)辦事(shi)人(ren)員2080萬(wan)(wan)(wan)。

4.勞資矛盾的解決途徑

2006年10月,十六(liu)屆(jie)六(liu)中(zhong)全(quan)會(hui)通過《中(zhong)共中(zhong)央(yang)關(guan)(guan)于構建(jian)社(she)(she)會(hui)主義(yi)和諧社(she)(she)會(hui)若干(gan)重大問題(ti)(ti)的決定(ding)(ding)》,明確提(ti)出(chu)“發展和諧勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)系”。針(zhen)(zhen)對勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同簽訂率低、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)條件惡劣、拖(tuo)欠和克扣職(zhi)工工資嚴(yan)重、群體(ti)(ti)性事(shi)件經(jing)常發生等問題(ti)(ti),《決定(ding)(ding)》提(ti)出(chu)要完(wan)善勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)系協調(diao)機制,進一步加(jia)強政府、工會(hui)、企業(ye)協調(diao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)關(guan)(guan)系三(san)方機制建(jian)設(she);全(quan)面實行勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同制度和集體(ti)(ti)協商制度,確保(bao)工資按時(shi)足額發放;從建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)國家勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)標準制度入手,針(zhen)(zhen)對安全(quan)生產、職(zhi)業(ye)衛生、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保(bao)護等方面的問題(ti)(ti),要督促各類企業(ye)嚴(yan)格執行國家勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)標準,加(jia)強勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保(bao)護;要健(jian)全(quan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)保(bao)障監(jian)察(cha)體(ti)(ti)制和勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)爭議(yi)調(diao)處仲(zhong)裁機制,通過監(jian)察(cha)執法督促企業(ye)依法與勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)簽訂勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同,整(zheng)頓規(gui)范勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力市場(chang)秩序(xu),幫助勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)特別(bie)是農(nong)民工追回被拖(tuo)欠的工資,積(ji)極維護勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)的合(he)法權益(yi)。十七大繼續提(ti)出(chu)了“學有(you)所教(jiao)、勞(lao)(lao)(lao)有(you)所得、病有(you)所醫、老有(you)所養、住有(you)所居”的和諧社(she)(she)會(hui)建(jian)設(she)目標。

“發展和諧(xie)(xie)勞動(dong)關系(xi)”主要有(you)(you)三(san)條(tiao):第一(yi),不(bu)拖欠工資(zi)(zi);第二,建立社(she)會保障(zhang)制(zhi)度;第三(san),如果(guo)前兩(liang)條(tiao)不(bu)能實現,則通(tong)過三(san)方協商機(ji)制(zhi)解(jie)決(jue)爭端。從官方理解(jie)中(zhong)看,社(she)會和諧(xie)(xie)發展的(de)基(ji)礎是政府財政和資(zi)(zi)本(ben)家能拿出(chu)錢來(lai),保障(zhang)勞動(dong)者能拿到(dao)一(yi)點“體面”工資(zi)(zi)。這對國(guo)(guo)際和國(guo)(guo)內環境提出(chu)了明(ming)確的(de)要求,即以美國(guo)(guo)為核心(xin)的(de)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)主義(yi)生產方式(shi)長(chang)期繁(fan)榮下去,以保證兩(liang)頭(tou)在(zai)外的(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)經濟持續增長(chang)。只(zhi)有(you)(you)目光(guang)短淺(qian)的(de)資(zi)(zi)產階級學者,才會將眼前的(de)繁(fan)榮當作亙(gen)古不(bu)變的(de)教(jiao)條(tiao),忘記高(gao)懸在(zai)和諧(xie)(xie)社(she)會上方的(de)達摩(mo)克利斯之(zhi)劍——“新(xin)的(de)革命,只(zhi)有(you)(you)在(zai)新(xin)的(de)危機(ji)之(zhi)后才可(ke)能發生。但它正如新(xin)的(de)危機(ji)一(yi)樣(yang)肯定會來(lai)臨。”

首先,資(zi)產階(jie)級同傳(chuan)統工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)諧不了(le)。即便不提老(lao)(lao)(lao)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對社會主義的(de)(de)(de)記憶(yi),單從官方(fang)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)銜接(jie)社會保(bao)(bao)障角度,距(ju)離(li)完全轉軌(gui)也仍有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)大(da)差距(ju)。2003~2004年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)一項調查表明(ming),國(guo)企下(xia)(xia)崗職工(gong)(gong)有(you)(you)(you)41.6%同原(yuan)單位(wei)買斷(duan)勞動關系,而集體企業下(xia)(xia)崗職工(gong)(gong)只有(you)(you)(you)18.5%買斷(duan)了(le)關系。在已經買斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當中(zhong),55.6%繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)了(le)基(ji)本養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian),在沒有(you)(you)(you)買斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當中(zhong),只有(you)(you)(you)24.4%繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)了(le)基(ji)本養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)。沈(shen)陽市基(ji)本養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)按(an)照18%的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na),2004年(nian)(nian)沈(shen)陽市月(yue)平(ping)均工(gong)(gong)資(zi)969元(yuan),下(xia)(xia)崗職工(gong)(gong)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)費1766元(yuan),醫保(bao)(bao)按(an)10%繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na),年(nian)(nian)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)費1163元(yuan),兩項合計(ji)近三千元(yuan),在夫妻(qi)雙下(xia)(xia)崗的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia),這個(ge)數(shu)字還要(yao)翻倍(bei)。然(ran)而下(xia)(xia)崗職工(gong)(gong)收入遠低于平(ping)均水平(ping),沈(shen)陽市下(xia)(xia)崗失(shi)業人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員有(you)(you)(you)50%的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)再就業后月(yue)收入在400元(yuan)以下(xia)(xia),很(hen)難承擔得起養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)和(he)(he)醫保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)費用,在30歲以下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)崗失(shi)業人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員中(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)80.8%沒有(you)(you)(you)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian),30-40歲之間有(you)(you)(you)72%沒有(you)(you)(you)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na),40-50歲之間62.7%未(wei)繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。根據2006年(nian)(nian)底(di)山西大(da)同市總工(gong)(gong)會對所轄6縣區小型困難企業的(de)(de)(de)調查,參(can)加基(ji)本醫療(liao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)職工(gong)(gong)占在冊人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)36%,參(can)加大(da)額醫療(liao)費用(大(da)病(bing))補助的(de)(de)(de)職工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)僅占在冊人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)12%。總體上,下(xia)(xia)崗失(shi)業人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員中(zhong),繳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)納(na)養(yang)老(lao)(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)和(he)(he)醫療(liao)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例(li)分別為35.5%和(he)(he)5.4%。大(da)部分人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為無法參(can)保(bao)(bao)而憂慮。

和諧勞資關系要求建立三方協商(shang)機制,但一輪又一輪“攻堅”所(suo)引發的(de)(de)矛盾不(bu)在協商(shang)范(fan)圍內。《最高人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院關于審(shen)理與(yu)企業改制相關的(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)糾(jiu)紛案件若干問題的(de)(de)規定》第三條規定:“政(zheng)府(fu)主管(guan)部門在對企業國有資產進行行政(zheng)調整、劃(hua)轉過(guo)程(cheng)中發生的(de)(de)糾(jiu)紛,當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)向(xiang)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院提起民(min)事(shi)(shi)訴(su)訟(song)的(de)(de),人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院不(bu)予(yu)受理。”也就是說,只要是中央或地方政(zheng)府(fu)部門批準的(de)(de)“買斷”或其他(ta)改制糾(jiu)紛,事(shi)(shi)實上就投訴(su)無門。

其(qi)次(ci),新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人同資本家(jia)們越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)難(nan)于和(he)諧。伴隨著(zhu)新(xin)(xin)一(yi)代(dai)產(chan)業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)(de)(de)成長,一(yi)個問題越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)緊(jin)迫的(de)(de)(de)提出來(lai):前途(tu)在(zai)哪里(li),未來(lai)怎(zen)么辦?新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人無(wu)法回(hui)到農村,成渝土地流轉經(jing)驗在(zai)中西部(bu)迅(xun)速推(tui)廣(guang),甚至將大量老(lao)一(yi)代(dai)農民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)回(hui)鄉養老(lao)的(de)(de)(de)夢想阻斷。從階級意識上講,新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人盼望(wang)融(rong)入城市(shi),最有(you)可能真誠(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)追求“學(xue)有(you)所(suo)教、勞(lao)(lao)有(you)所(suo)得、病有(you)所(suo)醫、老(lao)有(you)所(suo)養、住有(you)所(suo)居”的(de)(de)(de)目標。但農民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卻很(hen)少(shao)繳(jiao)(jiao)納社保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),每次(ci)辭工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)要到勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)部(bu)門退保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。以養老(lao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險為(wei)例,勞(lao)(lao)動(dong)和(he)社會保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障部(bu)規定享受基本養老(lao)金條件一(yi)是達到退休(xiu)年(nian)(nian)齡,二是累計繳(jiao)(jiao)費年(nian)(nian)限滿(man)15年(nian)(nian)。各地城市(shi)則制定了對新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人更具歧視性色彩的(de)(de)(de)規定,以深(shen)圳為(wei)例,“退休(xiu)年(nian)(nian)齡的(de)(de)(de)前5年(nian)(nian),在(zai)本市(shi)連(lian)續繳(jiao)(jiao)費”、非深(shen)圳戶籍員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)流動(dong)前的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)齡不視為(wei)繳(jiao)(jiao)費年(nian)(nian)限,也就是說(shuo)56-60歲的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)來(lai)男工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)必須穩定的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)一(yi)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠里(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作至退休(xiu),對于流動(dong)異常頻繁的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人而言,根(gen)本無(wu)法想象。因此(ci)在(zai)打工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)者看來(lai),“這錢(qian)等(deng)于是白花”,“還(huan)不如(ru)把錢(qian)退回(hui)到手里(li)踏(ta)實(shi)。”新(xin)(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人連(lian)養老(lao)、醫療保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障都(dou)沒有(you),如(ru)何能實(shi)現和(he)諧社會的(de)(de)(de)五大目標呢(ni)?

再次,腦(nao)(nao)力(li)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)生存環(huan)境越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)惡劣。按照官方(fang)的(de)(de)界定,應聘于外企、三資企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)各級(ji)(ji)、各類(lei)“白領”和專業(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人(ren)才(cai)本(ben)應是(shi)(shi)中產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)重要來(lai)源,是(shi)(shi)“橄欖(lan)型”社會的(de)(de)重要支柱,是(shi)(shi)有效(xiao)緩沖(chong)富有階(jie)層和赤(chi)貧(pin)階(jie)層矛盾沖(chong)突(tu)的(de)(de)中堅力(li)量(liang)。但(dan)腦(nao)(nao)力(li)無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)要求(qiu)在城市安家落(luo)戶,同“新(xin)三座(zuo)大(da)山”之間矛盾更(geng)為(wei)突(tu)出。單(dan)是(shi)(shi)房地產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)商(shang),就可以(yi)將大(da)部分(fen)腦(nao)(nao)力(li)勞動者(zhe)的(de)(de)工(gong)資收入洗劫一空。更(geng)何況越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多的(de)(de)大(da)學生會墜(zhui)入無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)者(zhe)隊(dui)伍(wu),正如《共產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)黨宣言》中所指出的(de)(de):“工(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)進步把統治階(jie)級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)整批(pi)成(cheng)員拋到無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)隊(dui)伍(wu)里(li)去,或者(zhe)至少也使他們的(de)(de)生活條(tiao)件受到威脅。他們也給無產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)階(jie)級(ji)(ji)帶來(lai)了(le)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)教育因素。”

此外,在(zai)土地、資源等(deng)各(ge)種(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)力(li)要素上漲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件下,依靠(kao)剝(bo)奪廉價勞(lao)動力(li)為生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中小資本(ben)(ben)生(sheng)(sheng)存日(ri)益(yi)艱難,紛(fen)紛(fen)向內(nei)地轉移。之所以老工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)保(bao)衛戰中節(jie)(jie)節(jie)(jie)敗退,秘密(mi)在(zai)于農(nong)民工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)國(guo)企工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異和(he)(he)(he)對(dui)立(li)。而(er)資本(ben)(ben)力(li)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壯(zhuang)大(da)也必然使(shi)賴以戰勝傳統(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段走向反面,老工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)一樣(yang)一無所有(you),“機器使(shi)勞(lao)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)小,使(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資幾乎到(dao)處都(dou)降(jiang)到(dao)同樣(yang)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平,因而(er)無產(chan)(chan)階(jie)級內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)狀(zhuang)況也越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)趨于一致。”新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)和(he)(he)(he)老工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)將從分裂逐步(bu)走向融(rong)合,正如《宣言》中所講(jiang):“隨(sui)著工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,無產(chan)(chan)階(jie)級不(bu)僅(jin)人(ren)(ren)數增加了,而(er)且它(ta)(ta)結(jie)合成(cheng)更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集體(ti),它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)(liang)日(ri)益(yi)增長,它(ta)(ta)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)感覺到(dao)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量(liang)(liang)。”在(zai)這一過程(cheng)中,“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)有(you)時也得(de)到(dao)勝利,但(dan)這種(zhong)勝利只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)暫(zan)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。他們(men)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)正成(cheng)果并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)直接(jie)取(qu)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功,而(er)是(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)擴大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)合。”資本(ben)(ben)主義生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)“它(ta)(ta)自(zi)(zi)身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掘墓人(ren)(ren)”,“資產(chan)(chan)階(jie)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滅亡和(he)(he)(he)無產(chan)(chan)階(jie)級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勝利是(shi)(shi)同樣(yang)不(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)”。



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