銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類最早(zao)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。早(zao)在(zai)史(shi)前時代，人們(men)就(jiu)開始采掘(jue)露天銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦，并用(yong)獲取的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制造武(wu)器、式(shi)具和(he)(he)(he)其(qi)他器皿，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)對(dui)早(zao)期人類文(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步影響深遠。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)種存(cun)在(zai)于地殼和(he)(he)(he)海洋中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)地殼中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)約為(wei)0.01%，在(zai)個別銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦床中(zhong)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含量(liang)可以達到3%～5%。自然(ran)界中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，多數以化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)即(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦物(wu)(wu)存(cun)在(zai)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦物(wu)(wu)與其(qi)他礦物(wu)(wu)聚合成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦石，開采出(chu)(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦石，經過(guo)選礦而成為(wei)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)品位較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精礦。是(shi)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)大量(liang)天然(ran)產出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)，也存(cun)在(zai)于各種礦石（例(li)如黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦、輝銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦、斑銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦、赤(chi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)礦和(he)(he)(he)孔雀石）中(zhong)，能(neng)以單質金(jin)屬(shu)狀(zhuang)態及黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)(he)其(qi)他合金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)態用(yong)于工(gong)業(ye)、工(gong)程技術和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)藝上。

銅是(shi)與人(ren)類關(guan)系非(fei)常密(mi)切的有(you)色(se)(se)金屬，被(bei)廣泛地應用(yong)于電氣、輕工、機械制(zhi)造、建筑工業(ye)、國(guo)防(fang)工業(ye)等領域(yu)，在中(zhong)國(guo)有(you)色(se)(se)金屬材料的消(xiao)費(fei)中(zhong)僅次于鋁。銅是(shi)一(yi)種紅色(se)(se)金屬，同時也是(shi)一(yi)種綠(lv)色(se)(se)金屬。說它是(shi)綠(lv)色(se)(se)金屬，主要(yao)是(shi)因(yin)為它熔點較(jiao)低(di)，容易再熔化、再冶煉，因(yin)而(er)回收(shou)利用(yong)相當地便宜。古代主要(yao)用(yong)于器皿、藝(yi)術品及(ji)(ji)武器鑄造，比(bi)較(jiao)有(you)名(ming)的器皿及(ji)(ji)藝(yi)術品如司母戊鼎、四羊方尊。

銅(tong)密(mi)度的定義：銅(tong)的質量與銅(tong)體(ti)積的比值就叫作銅(tong)密(mi)度。

銅密度符號和(he)單位：通常(chang)用“ρ”（讀做rōu）表示，單位為g/cm3，正確讀法是克每立方(fang)厘米(mi)。還(huan)有一種不常(chang)用的(de)單位是kg/dm3，讀作千(qian)克每立方(fang)分米(mi)。它們之(zhi)間的(de)換算關(guan)系：lg/cm3=1kg/dm3=103kg/m3。

銅密度的公式：

1.銅(tong)密度(du)的公(gong)式：ρ=m/V，ρ=dm/dV(ρ表(biao)示(shi)密度(du)、m表(biao)示(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)、V表(biao)示(shi)體積)

2.銅密度公式變形：V=m/ρ，m=ρV，m=∫ρ(V)dV。

3.質量(liang)m可以用(yong)天平測量(liang)，液體(ti)和形狀不(bu)規則的固體(ti)的體(ti)積v可以用(yong)量(liang)筒或量(liang)杯測量(liang)。

4.物質的(de)(de)密度是(shi)一定的(de)(de)，它不(bu)(bu)隨(sui)體積(ji)和(he)質量的(de)(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化，不(bu)(bu)同牌(pai)號的(de)(de)銅(tong)密度也是(shi)不(bu)(bu)隨(sui)體積(ji)變(bian)化而變(bian)化的(de)(de)。

純(chun)銅密度(du)、黃銅密度(du)、青銅密度(du)、白銅密度(du)：

1.純銅(tong)，無氧銅(tong)的(de)密(mi)度是(shi)(shi)8.9(g/cm3)，磷脫氧銅(tong)的(de)密(mi)度是(shi)(shi)8.89(g/cm3)。

2.加工黃銅的密度是(shi)8.5-8.8(g/cm3)，鑄造黃銅的密度是(shi)7.7-8.55(g/cm3)。

3.加工(gong)青(qing)銅(tong)的(de)密度是7.5-8.9(g/cm3)，鑄造青(qing)銅(tong)的(de)密度是7.45-9.54(g/cm3)。

4.白銅的密度是8.4-8.9(g/cm3)。

純銅

純銅：中國俗(su)稱‘紫銅’，日本(ben)與臺灣俗(su)稱‘紅(hong)銅’。

紅銅(tong)即純銅(tong)，又名紫銅(tong)，純銅(tong)密度為(wei)8.96，熔(rong)點(dian)為(wei)1083℃。具有(you)很好(hao)的導電(dian)性和(he)導熱性，塑性極(ji)好(hao)，易(yi)于熱壓和(he)冷(leng)壓力加工，大量用(yong)于制造(zao)電(dian)線、電(dian)纜、電(dian)刷(shua)、電(dian)火花專用(yong)電(dian)蝕銅(tong)等要求導電(dian)性良好(hao)的產品。

因(yin)呈紫紅色而得名。它不一定是純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，有時還加入(ru)少量脫(tuo)氧元素(su)(su)或其他(ta)元素(su)(su),以改善材質和性(xing)能(neng),因(yin)此也歸入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金。中國紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)加工材按成分可(ke)分為：普通(tong)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TU1、TU2和高(gao)純、真空無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、脫(tuo)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（TUP、TUMn）、添加少量合金元素(su)(su)的特種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（砷銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）四類。

黃銅

黃銅(tong)(tong)：銅(tong)(tong)鋅合金。

以鋅(xin)作主(zhu)要(yao)添加元(yuan)素的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)，具有美觀的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)色(se)，統(tong)稱(cheng)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。銅(tong)(tong)鋅(xin)二(er)元(yuan)合金(jin)稱(cheng)普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。三元(yuan)以上(shang)的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)稱(cheng)特殊(shu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)或稱(cheng)復雜(za)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)低於36％的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)由固溶(rong)(rong)體組成，具有良好的(de)(de)冷加工性能，如含鋅(xin)30％的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)常用來制作彈殼，俗稱(cheng)彈殼黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)或七三黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。含鋅(xin)在36～42％之間(jian)的(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)合金(jin)由和固溶(rong)(rong)體組成，其中(zhong)最常用的(de)(de)是含鋅(xin)40％的(de)(de)六(liu)四黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。

白銅

白銅：銅、鈷(gu)、鎳(nie)合金。

以鎳為主要添加元素的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二元合(he)金稱(cheng)普通白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加有錳(meng)、鐵(tie)、鋅、鋁(lv)等(deng)元素的(de)(de)白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金稱(cheng)復雜白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)(gong)業(ye)用白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為結構白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩(liang)大類。結構白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特點是機(ji)械性能和耐蝕性好，色(se)澤(ze)美觀。這種白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用於制(zhi)造精密機(ji)械、化(hua)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)械和船舶構件。電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一般有良好的(de)(de)熱電(dian)(dian)性能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是含錳(meng)量不同(tong)的(de)(de)錳(meng)白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是制(zhi)造精密電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)儀器、變(bian)阻(zu)器、精密電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、應變(bian)片、熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)等(deng)用的(de)(de)材料。

青銅

青銅(tong)：銅(tong)錫合金(jin)

原(yuan)指銅(tong)(tong)錫合金，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)、白(bai)銅(tong)(tong)以外的(de)銅(tong)(tong)合金均稱青銅(tong)(tong)，并常(chang)在青銅(tong)(tong)名字前(qian)冠以第一主要添(tian)加元素的(de)名。錫青銅(tong)(tong)的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)性能(neng)、減(jian)摩性能(neng)好(hao)和機(ji)械性能(neng)好(hao)，適合於制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)軸(zhou)承(cheng)、蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)等(deng)(deng)。鉛青銅(tong)(tong)是現代發動機(ji)和磨床廣泛使用的(de)軸(zhou)承(cheng)材料。鋁青銅(tong)(tong)強度高，耐(nai)磨性和耐(nai)蝕性好(hao)，用於鑄(zhu)造(zao)高載荷(he)的(de)齒輪(lun)、軸(zhou)套、船用螺(luo)旋槳等(deng)(deng)。鈹青銅(tong)(tong)和磷青銅(tong)(tong)的(de)彈(dan)性極限高，導電(dian)性好(hao)，適於制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)精(jing)密彈(dan)簧和電(dian)接觸元件(jian)，鈹青銅(tong)(tong)還用來(lai)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)煤礦、油庫等(deng)(deng)使用的(de)無火花工具。

銅的吸收

一(yi)般情況下，銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)攝入量嬰幼兒期為0.4~1.0mg/日，成人為1.5~3.omg/日，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收率30~40%。胃(wei)、十二(er)指腸(chang)和小腸(chang)上部(bu)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收部(bu)位，其腸(chang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)動吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收過程(cheng)。膜內外銅(tong)(tong)離子的(de)(de)轉運(yun)體為ATP酶(mei)，依靠天冬氨酸殘基磷酸化供能(neng)，能(neng)將主(zhu)(zhu)動吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)與(yu)門靜脈(mo)側(ce)枝循環中(zhong)的(de)(de)白(bai)蛋白(bai)結合(he)，運(yun)至肝臟進一(yi)步參(can)與(yu)代謝。

在人體的應用

銅(tong)(tong)是人體健康(kang)不(bu)可缺(que)少的(de)微(wei)量營養素，對于血液、中樞神(shen)經(jing)和免疫系(xi)統，頭(tou)發、皮膚和骨骼(ge)組織(zhi)以及(ji)腦子(zi)和肝、心等內臟的(de)發育(yu)和功能有重要(yao)影響。銅(tong)(tong)主要(yao)從日常(chang)飲食中攝入。世界衛生組織(zhi)建(jian)議，為了維持健康(kang)，成人每公(gong)斤體重每天應攝入0.03毫克銅(tong)(tong)。孕婦和嬰幼兒應加(jia)倍。缺(que)銅(tong)(tong)會引起各種疾(ji)病(bing)，可以服用含銅(tong)(tong)補劑和藥丸(wan)來加(jia)以補充。

銅(tong)在(zai)人體內含(han)量約100～150mg，血(xue)(xue)清銅(tong)正常值(zhi)100～120μg/dl，是(shi)人體中含(han)量位(wei)居第(di)二(er)的(de)必需微量元素(su)。含(han)銅(tong)的(de)酶有酪氨酸酶、單胺氧(yang)(yang)化酶、超氧(yang)(yang)化酶、超氧(yang)(yang)化物歧化酶、血(xue)(xue)銅(tong)藍蛋(dan)白等。銅(tong)對血(xue)(xue)紅(hong)蛋(dan)白的(de)形成(cheng)(cheng)起活(huo)化作(zuo)用，促進鐵的(de)吸收和(he)利(li)用，在(zai)傳遞電子、彈性蛋(dan)白的(de)合成(cheng)(cheng)、結締組織的(de)代謝(xie)(xie)、嘌呤代謝(xie)(xie)、磷脂及神經組織形成(cheng)(cheng)方面有重(zhong)要意義。

銅缺乏可(ke)引起如下疾(ji)病：

1.貧血

一般(ban)最常見的臨床(chuang)表現為頭暈、乏(fa)力、易倦、耳(er)鳴、眼(yan)花。皮膚(fu)黏膜及指(zhi)甲等顏色蒼白(bai)，體(ti)力活(huo)動(dong)后(hou)感覺(jue)氣(qi)促(cu)、心(xin)(xin)悸。嚴重貧血時(shi)，即(ji)使在(zai)休息(xi)時(shi)也出現氣(qi)短和心(xin)(xin)悸，在(zai)心(xin)(xin)尖和心(xin)(xin)底(di)部可聽到柔和的收(shou)縮(suo)期雜音。

2.骨(gu)骼改變

臨床表(biao)現為骨(gu)(gu)質疏(shu)松(song)，易發(fa)生骨(gu)(gu)折。

3.銅與冠心病

4.銅與白癜(dian)風病

5.女性不(bu)孕(yun)癥

利用銅制品的相關屬性來生產銅制品

1、導線(xian)(xian)的(de)線(xian)(xian)心：用銅做導線(xian)(xian)即(ji)是導體(ti)，導體(ti)的(de)性質是具有導電(dian)性。

2、各(ge)種電器(qi)(qi)中的(de)散熱器(qi)(qi)：散熱器(qi)(qi)的(de)作用是用來(lai)散熱的(de)，所(suo)以利用的(de)是銅的(de)導熱性。

3、各種裝飾的(de)(de)銅箔：能制成各種形狀銅箔，這是利用了銅的(de)(de)延(yan)展(zhan)性。

銅及其合金加工材

板材(cai)(cai)、帶(dai)材(cai)(cai)、箔材(cai)(cai)、排材(cai)(cai)、管材(cai)(cai)、棒材(cai)(cai)、線材(cai)(cai)和型材(cai)(cai)

銅工藝品

銅工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)是(shi)一種手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)產品(pin)，即通過手(shou)工(gong)(gong)(gong)將原料(liao)或半成(cheng)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)而成(cheng)的(de)產品(pin)，是(shi)對(dui)一組價值藝術(shu)品(pin)的(de)總稱。銅工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)來源與生活(huo)(huo)，卻(que)又創造了高于生活(huo)(huo)的(de)價值。

銅樂器

銅管樂器：是(shi)一種將氣流吹(chui)進吹(chui)嘴之后(hou)，造成嘴唇(chun)振動的樂器。

青銅樂器：是夏商周三(san)代(dai)音樂文化中最(zui)具(ju)代(dai)表性、最(zui)重要的歷史遺存。青銅樂器主要有銅鈴、鉦、鐃、鎛、編甬鐘(zhong)、編鈕(niu)鐘(zhong)等。

水(shui)洗、除塵(chen)、藥洗、涂層要(yao)得當。銅制(zhi)品大部分都需(xu)要(yao)進行(xing)清潔處理(li)，主(zhu)要(yao)是除掉銅制(zhi)品上的污垢(gou)，如(ru)土斑、銹斑、油(you)垢(gou)、汗(han)漬等，因為(wei)這些東西不(bu)但損害(hai)銅制(zhi)品，還可能對身體不(bu)好。

1、除塵：笨重銅制品可利用吸塵器清除銅制品上的灰塵要用軟布、軟毛刷、軟毛撣子等。對體積較大、笨重且不規則的銅制品，可采用吸塵器等機械進行除塵；對有鏤空結構或縫隙的銅制品，在吸塵的同時也可以使用高壓氣泵，將吸塵器不易吸除的塵土吹落。

2、藥洗：倍半碳酸鈉洗去青銅病要經常觀察青銅制品的變化，一旦發現青銅病癥發生，要及時處理，可以使用倍半碳酸鈉（5%碳酸鈉+碳酸氫鈉）清洗；遇到一些銹腐嚴重的銅制品，以及混有其他雜物的銅制品，應請專業人員進行清洗。

3、涂層：涂層有機硅比涂石蠟好干凈的銅制品，傳統保存方法是涂上一層石蠟，但這樣容易堆積灰塵，就不美觀了。對此，可在銅制品上涂一層有機硅將其密封，這樣能更有效地防止有害氣體、灰塵。總的來說，存放和陳列古玩的房間要保持干凈，保持空氣清潔；同時注意遠離廁所、污水坑、鍋爐房、煤廠等易產生污染與灰塵的地方；最后室內最好用暖氣設備取暖，暖氣片要遠離銅制品收藏柜。