一、蓄電池充電器原理

現在市場上比較好的12V充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)一(yi)般都采(cai)用(yong)的是(shi)三段式智能充電(dian)(dian)模式，電(dian)(dian)路設(she)計(ji)原理多常用(yong)開(kai)關恒(heng)流恒(heng)壓電(dian)(dian)源的設(she)計(ji)。什么(me)是(shi)三段式充電(dian)(dian)?讓我們先來了解一(yi)些(xie)12V充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的概念。

1、浮(fu)充(chong)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)及極板(ban)中存在(zai)雜(za)質，會(hui)在(zai)極板(ban)上形(xing)成局部放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此為使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)飽滿的(de)狀(zhuang)態下處于(yu)備用狀(zhuang)態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機并聯，接于(yu)直(zhi)流母線上，12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機除擔負經常的(de)直(zhi)流負荷外，還給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)適(shi)當的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，這(zhe)種方(fang)式(shi)叫做(zuo)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

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2、均(jun)(jun)充(chong)：均(jun)(jun)充(chong)就是均(jun)(jun)衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。所謂均(jun)(jun)衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是均(jun)(jun)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是指在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用過程中，因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)個體差(cha)異、溫度(du)差(cha)異等原因造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不平衡，為了避免這種(zhong)不平衡趨勢的(de)(de)(de)惡化，需要提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)行活化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。均(jun)(jun)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一(yi)般(ban)為14.5V，均(jun)(jun)充(chong)時間不大于10小(xiao)時。

一般是在下列情況下蓄電池需要均衡充電。

1、電停電后電池釋放的(de)能(neng)量超過(guo)總容量的(de)15%。

2、蓄電(dian)(dian)池長(chang)期處(chu)于浮充狀(zhuang)態(電(dian)(dian)網穩定(ding)，長(chang)期不停電(dian)(dian))。

3、電(dian)(dian)池組中(zhong)，出現了落后電(dian)(dian)池，在浮充狀(zhuang)態(tai)下單體電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于2.2V，更換新電(dian)(dian)池后。

先充電的三個階段：

1、第一(yi)階(jie)段---恒流(liu)(liu)段，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)較低時，為(wei)了(le)避免充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)大(da)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，應該(gai)限制充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)能(neng)過(guo)(guo)大(da)，又為(wei)了(le)縮短充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，應使用允(yun)許的最大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，所以采用了(le)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中，12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)始終以恒定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(一(yi)般為(wei)0.18---3C，C為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量)自動調整輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)越(yue)(yue)充(chong)越(yue)(yue)高，直(zhi)至(zhi)升到2.45V每(mei)格。然后轉入下一(yi)階(jie)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段為(wei)主(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已經充(chong)入約85--90%的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)超過(guo)(guo)析氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)2.35V/格，這(zhe)也(ye)就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)都(dou)會(hui)失水的原因。只是(shi)因為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)質(zhi)量和12V充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)質(zhi)量的不(bu)同，失水的程度也(ye)會(hui)有較大(da)的差異。

2、第二階段(duan)(duan)---恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)段(duan)(duan)，當恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束后，12V充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就不(bu)變了(le)，保持這個恒(heng)定的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)會(hui)越來越高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)會(hui)越來越小(xiao)，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降到0.5C時，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束，然后轉入下一階段(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階段(duan)(duan)就是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，結(jie)束時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已基(ji)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。

恒壓(ya)階段電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)高，會造成過(guo)(guo)度(du)失水和過(guo)(guo)度(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)(guo)低會導致欠充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)池硫化。所以應(ying)嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)其充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。有的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器在這個(ge)階段，加大了(le)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，同時(shi)加入(ru)了(le)負(fu)脈沖(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能，用以消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)池極(ji)板(ban)表面的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)差極(ji)化現(xian)象，改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力和降低溫升，減輕了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)度(du)失水，從而進一(yi)步縮(suo)短(duan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，這就是(shi)負(fu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。

有的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)平滑直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為脈沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器就叫(jiao)脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，脈沖充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器利用具(ju)有間隔的(de)短時間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性(xing)，既改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力，又有除(chu)硫的(de)效果(guo)。

3、第三階(jie)段(duan)--浮充(chong)(chong)段(duan)，浮充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)叫涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)實(shi)際上也(ye)是(shi)恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)較(jiao)低、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)小(xiao)，屬(shu)保養(yang)性(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允(yun)許(xu)較(jiao)長(chang)時間(jian)安全充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在這(zhe)個(ge)階(jie)段(duan)12V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般控制在13.6--13.8V左(zuo)右，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)較(jiao)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)略大(da)，一般為0.01--0.03C左(zuo)右。通(tong)過(guo)涓流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)以(yi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量充(chong)(chong)到接近100%.過(guo)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不足以(yi)彌補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)會導致(zhi)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)和失水。小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)長(chang)時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有消除負(fu)極板硫化的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

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二、汽車蓄電池充電機怎么用

1、選用和汽車(che)蓄電池匹配的充電器。

現(xian)在的(de)(de)家用轎車使(shi)用的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池一般都是免維護鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池，額定電(dian)(dian)壓12V，購(gou)買汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)瓶充電(dian)器(qi)時要(yao)了解自己愛(ai)車(che)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)類型，以選(xuan)用合適的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)器(qi)。同時，最好(hao)選(xuan)用10A以下的充電(dian)器(qi)。充電(dian)電(dian)流小點(dian)，更有利于保護蓄電(dian)池。

2、建議取下蓄電池，在通風良好的房間進行充電。

家(jia)用轎車(che)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池拆卸都很方(fang)便，車(che)主完全(quan)可以自(zi)己動手操作。關閉全(quan)車(che)所有電(dian)(dian)器后(hou)，鎖(suo)上所有的(de)車(che)窗、車(che)門(men)。打開(kai)引(yin)擎蓋，用小扳手松開(kai)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池負(fu)極(ji)的(de)螺絲，就可以從蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池負(fu)極(ji)樁頭上取下負(fu)極(ji)連(lian)(lian)線。用同樣的(de)方(fang)法取下蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池正極(ji)連(lian)(lian)線。注意先取下負(fu)極(ji)連(lian)(lian)線，再取下正極(ji)連(lian)(lian)線。

將蓄電池充好電，安裝時(shi)(shi)，要先(xian)連接好正極(ji)，再連接負極(ji)。用小扳手(shou)擰緊蓄電池樁頭緊固螺絲時(shi)(shi)，要適當用力，不可(ke)用力過大，否(fou)則可(ke)能會(hui)導致螺絲滑扣。

搬動蓄電池的時候要輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放，保持蓄電池正(zheng)負極樁頭朝(chao)上(shang)，不要將蓄電池倒置(zhi)。

充電時要(yao)先將充電器的輸出對應連接在蓄電池(chi)正負極樁(zhuang)頭(tou)，再將充電器220V插(cha)頭插(cha)入市電插(cha)座。

連(lian)接(jie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池時，一(yi)定要注(zhu)意正負極接(jie)線和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)樁頭的對(dui)應，正極對(dui)正極，負極對(dui)負極。對(dui)于沒有反接(jie)保(bao)護的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)來說，接(jie)反的話會導致充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)的損(sun)壞。

建議購(gou)買防反接(jie)的汽車電瓶充電器，或者，無(wu)極型汽車電瓶充電器。

3、條(tiao)件允許的(de)話，也(ye)可以在車上給(gei)蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)，充電(dian)時(shi)，一(yi)定要斷開負極連線(xian)！

4、強(qiang)烈(lie)建議：給汽(qi)車(che)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)選擇白(bai)天(tian)進行(xing)，車(che)主(zhu)或者車(che)主(zhu)委托(tuo)專(zhuan)人，隔上30分鐘到一小時查看一次，觸摸蓄電池外殼、充(chong)電器是(shi)否過熱，充(chong)電過程有無異(yi)味。有任何異(yi)常，應立即停止充(chong)電。

5、操作過程，要嚴(yan)禁煙(yan)火。