2012年8月1日,印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)官員宣布,印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)大(da)面積斷(duan)電(dian)已經結束(shu)。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)發(fa)生的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)事故,覆(fu)蓋了一半以上的(de)(de)國土,直(zhi)接影響6億多人的(de)(de)生活(huo),是這個南亞(ya)國家11年來最嚴重的(de)(de)停(ting)電(dian)事故。
印(yin)度北部(bu)(bu)和東部(bu)(bu)地區7月30日和31日連續發生兩次大面積(ji)停(ting)(ting)電事(shi)故。突如(ru)其來(lai)的斷電導(dao)致(zhi)交通(tong)陷入(ru)混亂,全國超過300列(lie)火車(che)停(ting)(ting)運,首都新德里的地鐵也(ye)全部(bu)(bu)停(ting)(ting)運,造成旅客大量滯留,公(gong)路交通(tong)出(chu)現(xian)大面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工(gong)被困(kun)井下。銀行系統陷入(ru)癱(tan)瘓,一度給印(yin)度的金融交易(yi)帶來(lai)障礙。
第一(yi)次(ci)事(shi)故(gu)發(fa)生后,印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)部門(men)排(pai)除故(gu)障,在(zai)停電(dian)后15個小時(shi)內基本恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)(fu)了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應。但旁遮普邦、哈里(li)亞納邦以及北方邦等幾個地區在(zai)供(gong)電(dian)恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)(fu)后繼續超(chao)負(fu)荷用電(dian),導致了(le)第二次(ci)大面積停電(dian)。印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)部門(men)因此不得不從鄰國輸(shu)入電(dian)力(li)(li)來滿足新德里(li)的(de)用電(dian)需求。截至(zhi)8月1日,印(yin)度北部地區95%的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應已恢(hui)(hui)復(fu)(fu)。
貝恩咨詢公(gong)司(si)高級合伙(huo)人阿密特·辛哈認(ren)為,此次停(ting)電(dian)事(shi)故給印度經(jing)濟敲(qiao)響了警(jing)鐘——印度電(dian)力供應至少(shao)需要保持(chi)每年6.5%至7%的(de)增速(su),否則(ze)將(jiang)會對該(gai)國制造業(ye)和出口企(qi)業(ye)造成傷(shang)害。
印(yin)度最大(da)行業協會印(yin)度工商(shang)聯合會主(zhu)席(xi)卡諾(nuo)里(li)亞說:“連續兩天如此大(da)規(gui)模的停電,值得我們(men)密切關注,這當然會
對(dui)于(yu)商(shang)業(ye)投(tou)資(zi)環境(jing)本就存在(zai)不(bu)少問題(ti)的印度(du)來說,此次大(da)停電不(bu)僅影(ying)響(xiang)企業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)和盈利(li)水平(ping),還影(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)印度(du)在(zai)外國投(tou)資(zi)者眼中(zhong)的形象。
印度(du)(du)(du)產業(ye)聯合會理(li)事長(chang)錢德拉吉特·班納吉表示,印度(du)(du)(du)經(jing)濟近(jin)來增長(chang)放緩,外(wai)界(jie)本就對(dui)印度(du)(du)(du)前景不太看好(hao),如今電網兩天內連續崩潰無疑使印度(du)(du)(du)的(de)形象進一步(bu)受損,令有(you)意投資印度(du)(du)(du)的(de)外(wai)國企業(ye)望而卻步(bu)。對(dui)于一個擁有(you)世界(jie)約六分之一人口的(de)新興經(jing)濟體,有(you)必要使基礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)設(she)與(yu)印度(du)(du)(du)的(de)強國夢想相匹配(pei)。
世界媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),但任何國家(jia)都(dou)不能否認自己(ji)也(ye)遭(zao)遇(yu)過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史(shi),只是規(gui)模和破壞(huai)(huai)程度不同罷了。美國上世紀后半葉,至(zhi)少出(chu)現三次大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故,近十(shi)多(duo)年(nian)時間里(li),美國至(zhi)少遭(zao)遇(yu)過數(shu)(shu)次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年(nian),佛羅里(li)達州發(fa)生(sheng)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),300萬人沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應;2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),由密歇根州延伸至(zhi)紐約,最后蔓延到(dao)加拿(na)大(da)(da)(da)。危機(ji)專(zhuan)家(jia)承認,“一次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian),即(ji)使是數(shu)(shu)秒鐘,也(ye)不亞(ya)于一場(chang)大(da)(da)(da)地震帶來(lai)的破壞(huai)(huai)”。
很多新(xin)興經(jing)濟體在經(jing)濟高增長的(de)(de)(de)刺激或尋求經(jing)濟高增長的(de)(de)(de)動機(ji)之下,只(zhi)顧電(dian)力開發,卻忽視(shi)電(dian)網安全(quan)工作,對電(dian)網管理體制改革方面(mian)重視(shi)不夠,導致(zhi)“缺電(dian)”和(he)(he)“有(you)電(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)停電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)情況,造成大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)浪費和(he)(he)損失。印度此次發生的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,對印度是個現實教訓,對世界各新(xin)興經(jing)濟體而言,是給電(dian)網安全(quan)上了(le)一課。只(zhi)要體認“大(da)停電(dian)或也會發生在我們(men)身上”,那么,我們(men)就(jiu)應該從(cong)漠不關心等(deng)心態中覺(jue)醒過來,把(ba)印度問(wen)題視(shi)為自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,做好自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)工作。
印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發
生兩次(ci)大(da)面積(ji)停電事故。突(tu)如其來(lai)(lai)的斷電導致交通陷入(ru)混亂,全國超過300列火車停運,首都(dou)新德里(li)的地(di)鐵也全部停運,造成旅(lv)客大(da)量滯(zhi)留,公路交通出現大(da)面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工被(bei)困(kun)井下。銀(yin)行系統陷入(ru)癱瘓,一度(du)給印(yin)度(du)的金融交易帶來(lai)(lai)障(zhang)礙(ai)。
第(di)一次事(shi)故發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)(hou),印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門排除故障,在停電(dian)(dian)后(hou)(hou)15個小時內基(ji)本恢(hui)(hui)復了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)。但(dan)旁遮普邦、哈里亞納(na)邦以及北(bei)(bei)方邦等幾個地區在供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢(hui)(hui)復后(hou)(hou)繼續(xu)超負荷用電(dian)(dian),導致了(le)第(di)二次大面積停電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門因此不得不從(cong)鄰國輸(shu)入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來滿足新(xin)德里的(de)用電(dian)(dian)需求。截至(zhi)8月1日,印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)地區95%的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應(ying)已恢(hui)(hui)復。
貝(bei)恩咨詢公(gong)司高級合伙人阿密特·辛哈認為,此次停電事故給(gei)印度經濟敲響了警鐘——印度電力供(gong)應至少需要保持每(mei)年6.5%至7%的增速,否則將會對該國制造業和出口企業造成傷害。
印度最大行業(ye)協會印度工商聯合會主席(xi)卡諾里(li)亞說(shuo):“連續兩天如此(ci)大規模的停電,值得我(wo)們(men)密切關注,這當然會
對于商業(ye)(ye)投(tou)資(zi)環境本就存在不少問(wen)題的印(yin)度來說,此次大停電(dian)不僅影響企業(ye)(ye)生產和盈利(li)水平,還影響到印(yin)度在外(wai)國投(tou)資(zi)者眼(yan)中的形象。
印(yin)度(du)產(chan)業聯(lian)合(he)會(hui)理(li)事長錢德拉吉(ji)特(te)·班納吉(ji)表示,印(yin)度(du)經濟近(jin)來增長放緩,外界本就對印(yin)度(du)前景不(bu)太看好(hao),如今電網兩天內(nei)連續崩潰無(wu)疑(yi)使印(yin)度(du)的形象進一(yi)步受損,令有意(yi)投資印(yin)度(du)的外國企業望而卻步。對于一(yi)個擁有世界約六分之一(yi)人(ren)口的新(xin)興經濟體,有必要(yao)使基礎設施建(jian)設與印(yin)度(du)的強國夢想相匹配。
世界(jie)媒體都(dou)在議論印度大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),但任何國家都(dou)不能否認自己也(ye)遭遇過(guo)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)的(de)歷史(shi),只是規模(mo)(mo)和破壞程度不同罷了。美(mei)國上世紀后(hou)半葉(xie),至少(shao)出現三次大(da)(da)規模(mo)(mo)停(ting)電(dian)事故,近十多年時間里,美(mei)國至少(shao)遭遇過(guo)數次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)。如2008年,佛(fo)羅里達州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),300萬(wan)人(ren)沒有電(dian)力(li)供應;2003年大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),由密歇根(gen)州(zhou)延伸至紐約,最后(hou)蔓(man)延到加拿大(da)(da)。危機專家承認,“一(yi)次大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian),即(ji)使(shi)是數秒鐘,也(ye)不亞于一(yi)場(chang)大(da)(da)地震帶來的(de)破壞”。
很多新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)在經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)高增長的(de)刺激(ji)或尋(xun)求經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)高增長的(de)動機(ji)之下(xia),只顧電力開(kai)發,卻忽視(shi)(shi)電網安全(quan)工作,對電網管(guan)理體(ti)制改革方面重視(shi)(shi)不(bu)夠,導(dao)致“缺(que)電”和(he)“有電”下(xia)都斷電停電的(de)情況(kuang),造成(cheng)大(da)量的(de)浪(lang)費和(he)損失。印(yin)度此次(ci)發生(sheng)的(de)問題(ti),對印(yin)度是個現實(shi)教訓,對世界(jie)各(ge)新(xin)興經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)而(er)言,是給電網安全(quan)上(shang)了一課。只要體(ti)認“大(da)停電或也會(hui)發生(sheng)在我們身上(shang)”,那么,我們就應該從(cong)漠不(bu)關心等心態(tai)中覺醒過來,把印(yin)度問題(ti)視(shi)(shi)為自己(ji)(ji)的(de)問題(ti),做好(hao)自己(ji)(ji)的(de)安全(quan)工作。
2012年7月30口凌晨2時(shi)(shi)33分(fen)(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)北(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)德里(li)(li)邦(bang)、哈利亞(ya)納邦(bang)、中(zhong)央邦(bang)、旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)、拉(la)賈斯坦邦(bang)、北(bei)安(an)查(cha)爾(er)邦(bang)、北(bei)方邦(bang)等(deng)9個邦(bang)發(fa)(fa)生停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu),逾3.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)受到(dao)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響。在(zai)上述地區(qu)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時(shi)(shi)后(hou),于當(dang)地時(shi)(shi)間(jian)7月31口13時(shi)(shi)05分(fen)(fen)開始(shi),印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)包括首都(dou)新德里(li)(li)在(zai)內的東(dong)部(bu)、北(bei)部(bu)和東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)發(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu),超過20個邦(bang)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)陷入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱瘓狀(zhuang)態,全國(guo)近一半地區(qu)的供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)斷,逾6.7億人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)口受到(dao)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響111印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)兩(liang)天之內連續發(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu),是有(you)史(shi)以來影(ying)(ying)(ying)響人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最(zui)多的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu),成為世(shi)界(jie)范圍(wei)內規模最(zui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件。印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)長(chang)期以來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業基礎(chu)薄(bo)弱、基礎(chu)設(she)(she)施落(luo)后(hou)并滯后(hou)于經濟發(fa)(fa)展等(deng)矛盾由來己久(jiu),這次(ci)(ci)(ci)事(shi)(shi)件讓印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理體制、調度(du)(du)防控體系(xi)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃建設(she)(she)等(deng)方面諸多問題(ti)再(zai)次(ci)(ci)(ci)暴露于公眾面前。與我(wo)國(guo)一樣作為正在(zai)崛(jue)起的發(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)國(guo)家,印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)此次(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運行具有(you)重人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的借鑒意義(yi)。但是我(wo)國(guo)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)原因研究(jiu)不深,需要進一步(bu)深入(ru)分(fen)(fen)析印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)的能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。
印(yin)度(du)的(de)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)主要分布在(zai)東部(bu)和東北部(bu)地區_以煤炭和水力為(wei)主_其余為(wei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、油電(dian)(dian)(dian)和天然氣發電(dian)(dian)(dian)。主要負荷中(zhong)心及人(ren)口稠密(mi)地區則集中(zhong)在(zai)北部(bu)、南部(bu)和西部(bu)地區。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向主要為(wei)東電(dian)(dian)(dian)西送(song),再(zai)輔以北電(dian)(dian)(dian)南送(song)截至2012年5月,印(yin)度(du)總發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量約(yue)為(wei)2億kW,其中(zhong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機占68.7070,水電(dian)(dian)(dian)占19.2070,核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和其他可再(zai)生能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)占12.1%}Z
作(zuo)為亞洲第三(san)人(ren)(ren)經濟(ji)體,印(yin)(yin)度過去10年(nian)間經濟(ji)增(zeng)速(su)接近2位數,能源消(xiao)費年(nian)均增(zeng)速(su)6%但由于(yu)投資不足(zu),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業發(fa)(fa)(fa)展嚴重滯后于(yu)經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展水平,發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余不足(zu),跨區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)不夠,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應長期(qi)處(chu)于(yu)短缺狀態。印(yin)(yin)度2010-2011年(nian)度GDP增(zeng)長8.5070,同(tong)期(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機增(zeng)長僅(jin)為5.56%印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部預(yu)計2012年(nian)印(yin)(yin)度高峰期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)缺曰10.6%左(zuo)右(you)(you),全(quan)年(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量缺曰7.3%左(zuo)右(you)(you)。仍有(you)近40%的印(yin)(yin)度家庭(約2.89億人(ren)(ren))沒(mei)有(you)用上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),且印(yin)(yin)度人(ren)(ren)部分地區供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量低(di)、停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁(fan),即(ji)使(shi)在首(shou)都新德里也經常拉閘限(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由(you)五人區域性電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)組成(cheng),即北(bei)(bei)(bei)部、東(dong)(dong)部、西部、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部和(he)南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)主要有765kV,500 kV,400kV,220kV和(he)132kV北(bei)(bei)(bei)部、東(dong)(dong)部、西部、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現了交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)400kV同步(bu)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang),形(xing)成(cheng)中央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南(nan)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與(yu)中央電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過直流(liu)(liu)異步(bu)聯接。此外印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)東(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)通過400kV交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)與(yu)不月(yue)-電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)互(hu)聯印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)同步(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)區域間互(hu)聯情(qing)況.
印度輸電網結構分為3層,即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)跨邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其(qi)中(zhong)跨區(qu)(qu)和(he)跨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)(you)中(zhong)央政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)印度(du)國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)司(PGCIL)擁(yong)有(you)(you),并負責(ze)運行管(guan)理(li);邦(bang)內(nei)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資產由(you)(you)邦(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)的(de)(de)邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(STUB)或邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦(bang))管(guan)理(li)從印度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯網(wang)跨區(qu)(qu)主網(wang)架來看,區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間通過1同765kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu),23同400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、10同220kV交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)、1個士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)背(bei)靠背(bei)和(he)1個士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯。區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)主網(wang)架主要(yao)是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)為主。印度(du)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)由(you)(you)邦(bang)政(zheng)府所有(you)(you)或私(si)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司擁(yong)有(you)(you)并負責(ze)運行管(guan)理(li)一個邦(bang)內(nei)有(you)(you)多個配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司,完全私(si)營的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司有(you)(you)17個,主要(yao)分(fen)布在德里(li)(li)、奧(ao)里(li)(li)薩、占吉拉特(te)、孟(meng)買等邦(bang)
在調(diao)度(du)環節,印度(du)電(dian)力系統調(diao)度(du)分(fen)3級,分(fen)別(bie)由(you)國(guo)家調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(NLDC),區(qu)域調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心(xin)}RLDC)、邦調(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(CBLDC)負(fu)責(ze)。其中(zhong)NLDC負(fu)責(ze)跨(kua)區(qu)域輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路調(diao)度(du),5個RLDC負(fu)責(ze)區(qu)域內(nei)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du),各邦SLDC負(fu)責(ze)邦內(nei)電(dian)網調(diao)度(du)。調(diao)度(du)機構與電(dian)網所有者合一,NLDC和RLDC由(you)印度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)網公司管理(li),SLDC由(you)邦輸(shu)電(dian)公司或電(dian)力局管理(li)。
2印度“7.30","7.31”大停電事故直接原因
印(yin)度電力部在事(shi)故(gu)后組成特別小組展開全(quan)面的(de)事(shi)故(gu)調查,并于s月(yue)I6口公(gong)布(bu)了(le)事(shi)故(gu)調查報(bao)告(gao),報(bao)告(gao)詳(xiang)細地分析(xi)了(le)引起(qi)印(yin)度連續兩起(qi)人停電事(shi)故(gu)的(de)直接原(yuan)因。
2012年7月30口,由(you)于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳(tiao)開,在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解(jie)列后,由(you)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供(gong)給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的潮流轉移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的聯絡通道(dao),導致系(xi)統(tong)發生功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)由(you)于(yu)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)中(zhong)心在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的斷面上,致使(shi)相應(ying)的聯絡線(xian)跳(tiao)開,造成北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)印度(du)交(jiao)流互聯系(xi)統(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。由(you)于(yu)系(xi)統(tong)頻率(lv)過(guo)低以及(ji)區(qu)域內進一(yi)步的功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)最(zui)終崩潰。
2012年(nian)7月(yue)31口,由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路(lu)(lu)跳(tiao)開,在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)解(jie)列以(yi)后(hou),用于滿足北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)負荷的(de)(de)潮(chao)流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)絡(luo)通道(dao),導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發生功(gong)率振(zhen)蕩(dang)7月(yue)31口的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在(zai)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)斷面,因此,在(zai)導(dao)致了東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)應線(xian)路(lu)(lu)跳(tiao)開之后(hou),東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(Ranchi和(he)(he)Rourkela),以(yi)及西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)印(yin)度(du)交流互聯(lian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解(jie)列。這造(zao)成了北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)間斷面的(de)(de)功(gong)率振(zhen)蕩(dang),并進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)導(dao)致了北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)“東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)解(jie)列。隨(sui)后(hou),所有(you)3個區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于區域(yu)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功(gong)率振(zhen)蕩(dang)造(zao)成多同線(xian)路(lu)(lu)跳(tiao)開,系(xi)(xi)統(tong)頻率過(guo)低以(yi)及在(zai)不(bu)同地區的(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓,最終北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)崩潰。
根(gen)據印度的(de)調查報告(gao),2次(ci)事(shi)故當(dang)天的(de)故障錄波(bo)器結果均顯示,系(xi)統中并沒有監測到有故障發生(sheng)。在2次(ci)事(shi)故發生(sheng)前(qian),由于西部電網和(he)北(bei)部電網斷(duan)面(mian)(mian),以及靠(kao)近東部電網和(he)西部電網斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)的(de)多(duo)條(tiao)區(qu)域間(jian)聯(lian)絡(luo)(luo)線停(ting)運導致跨區(qu)通(tong)道弱聯(lian)系(xi),系(xi)統間(jian)的(de)輸電能力被顯著削弱。西部電網和(he)北(bei)部電網斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)均只(zhi)有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條(tiao)交流主(zhu)干(gan)聯(lian)絡(luo)(luo)線路處于運行狀(zhuang)態。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內的邦負荷調(diao)度中心(xin)對區(qu)域負荷調(diao)度中心(xin)要求其降(jiang)低邦內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司透支(zhi)(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),以(yi)及要求西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司降(jiang)低發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)的指令響應不充(chong)分部(bu)分北(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司透支(zhi)(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),產生(sheng)了(le)計劃外(wai)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交(jiao)換,導(dao)致了(le)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)與北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間唯一(yi)保持運行的400kV聯絡線處于高載荷狀態,并超過了(le)線路白身的額(e)定(ding)功率。距(ju)離(li)保護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)3段(duan)保護動作使得該線路跳開,導(dao)致北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列。
在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)后(hou),由(you)(you)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)(luo)通道(dao),導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)(xi)統發生振蕩在(zai)2次連續(xu)人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)事故中,振蕩中心分(fen)別(bie)在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)(de)斷(duan)面上(shang),及(ji)在(zai)靠近東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷(duan)面的(de)(de)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu),致使相應的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)(luo)線(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)路跳開,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)印度交流互聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列(lie)。由(you)(you)于各個區域內系(xi)(xi)(xi)統頻率過低以及(ji)進一(yi)步的(de)(de)功(gong)率振蕩等原因(yin)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統崩潰,最終(zhong)造(zao)成(cheng)人(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)事故
在這2次人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故中,西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)通過在區域內采取(qu)高頻(pin)(pin)切機措施(shi),得以幸(xing)免南(nan)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)從(cong)東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),也在7月31口的事(shi)(shi)故中得以幸(xing)免,在事(shi)(shi)故發(fa)生后依然(ran)從(cong)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)入部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),并采取(qu)了若干防御機制,如白動低頻(pin)(pin)減負荷以及逐漸提升高壓直流受電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率
人電網(wang)統(tong)一防控體(ti)系(xi)是(shi)以堅強網(wang)架(jia)為(wei)基礎的(de)(de)(de)、基于人安全(quan)觀的(de)(de)(de)、以統(tong)一規劃、統(tong)一調度、統(tong)一管理(li)為(wei)手段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)人電網(wang)安全(quan)防御與運(yun)行(營)控制體(ti)系(xi)。該體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)不完善是(shi)木次印度連(lian)續發生人面積停電事故的(de)(de)(de)深層次原因(yin)
1網架結構不夠堅強,區域間交換能力不足
受印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工業的(de)經營與管理體制限制,各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設缺(que)乏區(qu)域間統(tong)籌協(xie)調,區(qu)域主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環網(wang)(wang)為主(zhu)(zhu),沒有合理的(de)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區(qu),網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)結(jie)構較(jiao)易引發(fa)穩定破壞。400kV線路作為主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不(bu)滿足印度經濟的(de)快(kuai)速增長(chang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)負荷的(de)需(xu)要(yao),765kV系統(tong)剛剛啟動(dong)建(jian)設,還未成(cheng)網(wang)(wang)。跨區(qu)主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)(wang)架(jia)(jia)之間呈(cheng)弱連接,一旦局部故障引發(fa)連鎖反應(ying),或者區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)白身發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人幅減少,各(ge)區(qu)域間彼此難以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)有力(li)(li)的(de)支援(yuan),加入(ru)了發(fa)生人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性。
2電網發展缺乏統一規劃
印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃(hua)、建設(she)主體和(he)(he)資產歸屬(shu)復雜,主要包括印(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)、邦屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)以及私人企業(ye)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)負(fu)責(ze)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)及跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)規劃(hua),邦屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)負(fu)責(ze)邦內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡的(de)(de)規劃(hua)。盡管由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)5個區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中心負(fu)責(ze)協調(diao)(diao)和(he)(he)管理有(you)關(guan)邦之間(jian)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)相關(guan)事務,但其對邦內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司(si)并無管理關(guan)系,無力(li)有(you)效(xiao)實現(xian)跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、跨邦和(he)(he)邦內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)統一(yi)規劃(hua),各區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)發展規劃(hua)較(jiao)難形成合(he)理的(de)(de)匹配和(he)(he)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)銜接。除上(shang)述所述的(de)(de)長期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃(hua)問(wen)題外(wai),印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網還存在短期(qi)運(yun)行(xing)規劃(hua)中,區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、邦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)停運(yun)計劃(hua)不協調(diao)(diao)的(de)(de)嚴重問(wen)題,并因此直接造成了區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)間(jian)聯絡線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)功率(lv)調(diao)(diao)控能力(li)缺失(shi)。
3電網缺乏統一調度機制
除了(le)固有的發(fa)電冗(rong)余不(bu)(bu)足(zu),調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)能力弱等客觀原因外(wai),此(ci)次事故暴露出印度(du)(du)電網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)體(ti)制不(bu)(bu)健全,電網(wang)運行缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du),不(bu)(bu)同級調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構(gou)約束能力弱、跨邦跨區(qu)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)(diao)能力不(bu)(bu)足(zu),調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指揮不(bu)(bu)暢(chang),調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指令失靈等問題。
印(yin)度實行(xing)分散的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度體制(zhi)(zhi),存在(zai)國家(jia)、區(qu)域、邦級(ji)以及邦內各(ge)(ge)地區(qu)4級(ji)以上的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度管理_缺(que)乏統(tong)一調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機制(zhi)(zhi)。各(ge)(ge)邦調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機構(gou)獨(du)立于國家(jia)和(he)區(qu)域調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機構(gou),主(zhu)要受當(dang)地電(dian)(dian)力(li)局或輸電(dian)(dian)公司管理。國家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機構(gou)對(dui)邦調(diao)(diao)(diao)度機構(gou)的(de)(de)約束能力(li)較(jiao)弱,白上而卜(bu)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度和(he)管理的(de)(de)無法(fa)做(zuo)到(dao)“一票到(dao)底”。當(dang)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度與邦級(ji)電(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度發生矛盾(dun)時,需(xu)向電(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會反應并由電(dian)(dian)監(jian)(jian)會負責(ze)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)解決(jue)。事故中北部各(ge)(ge)邦不服從區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)設(she)備(bei)持(chi)續(xu)維持(chi)超(chao)負荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing),區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度指令對(dui)各(ge)(ge)邦超(chao)計劃(hua)受電(dian)(dian)無能為(wei)力(li)。印(yin)度多位(wei)電(dian)(dian)力(li)官員表示(shi),各(ge)(ge)州(zhou)沒(mei)有(you)按照規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)整負荷需(xu)求,致使(shi)跨邦聯絡線超(chao)負荷運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing),導致了系統(tong)崩潰此外,印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)標準偏(pian)低,調(diao)(diao)(diao)度裕度不足印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)營模式允(yun)許用(yong)頻(pin)率換用(yong)電(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei),系統(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)經常出現背(bei)離計劃(hua)的(de)(de)情況,而且輸電(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率的(de)(de)正常運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)范圍值為(wei)48.5--50.2Hz,允(yun)許頻(pin)率偏(pian)差較(jiao)人(ren),這些造成電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)長期(qi)處于緊張(zhang)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。
4電力管理體制分散,缺乏統一管理
印度(du)電(dian)力管(guan)理(li)(li)體(ti)制缺乏(fa)集(ji)約(yue)化,各(ge)邦政府對電(dian)力改(gai)(gai)革擁有較(jiao)高白主權(quan),使(shi)得各(ge)邦改(gai)(gai)革進程不盡(jin)相同(tong),統籌協調(diao)發展實現困難。發、輸、配電(dian)所有權(quan)和經營權(quan)分散,利(li)益主體(ti)多元,電(dian)網發展長期(qi)各(ge)白為(wei)政,注重局部利(li)益,不重視整體(ti)安(an)全,電(dian)網管(guan)理(li)(li)水平偏低、線損(sun)高、人部分電(dian)力企業處于虧損(sun)狀態(tai)、投資(zi)能力弱。
一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),由于印(yin)度(du)推行(xing)以私有化為方(fang)(fang)向的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)改革,輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)在體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)上并非一(yi)體(ti)(ti)化運行(xing);另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)管理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)為中(zhong)央和邦(bang)(bang)2個層次的(de)分(fen)散管理模(mo)式,各邦(bang)(bang)政(zheng)府對電(dian)力(li)(li)改革擁有較(jiao)高白(bai)主(zhu)權邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)監(jian)會不(bu)受(shou)中(zhong)央電(dian)監(jian)會管理,邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)監(jian)會在邦(bang)(bang)內(nei)發(fa)(fa)、輸(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)力(li)(li)交易和輸(shu)電(dian)定價等方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)有較(jiao)高的(de)白(bai)主(zhu)權這(zhe)種整體(ti)(ti)層面(mian)(mian)比較(jiao)分(fen)散的(de)管理體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)模(mo)式,在很(hen)人程(cheng)度(du)上造成了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)很(hen)難形成統(tong)一(yi)、科學的(de)規劃。加入了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網(wang)建設與(yu)運行(xing)難度(du),也影響了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)企業(ye)運營與(yu)積極性(xing),導致(zhi)印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)在整體(ti)(ti)上統(tong)籌協調(diao)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)實現困難。
5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全
印(yin)度(du)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)保(bao)護體系(xi)(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)道防(fang)線”不健(jian)全,基(ji)于(yu)(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)實施(shi)(shi)不力。在(zai)“7.30”第一(yi)次北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰前(qian),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列(lie)(lie)運行(xing)。北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)損失(shi)約(yue)5800MW外來電(dian),導致(zhi)頻(pin)率(lv)降低(di)(di)(di)。為了改善頻(pin)率(lv),避免系(xi)(xi)統崩潰,北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實施(shi)(shi)了低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)(ji)劃(可以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少約(yue)4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he))和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)(ji)劃(可減(jian)(jian)(jian)少約(yue)6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he))。然而,2項計(ji)(ji)劃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)并未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he),導致(zhi)除了Badax-p二(er)和(he)(he)NAPS幾個小區(qu)域(yu)外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰在(zai)“7.31”第二(er)次電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩潰前(qian),北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與其(qi)他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)首先解列(lie)(lie)運行(xing),并遭遇了與第一(yi)次停電(dian)事故類似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)道防(fang)線”失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在(zai)緊急情(qing)況卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護策(ce)略木(mu)應能(neng)維持頻(pin)率(lv)來保(bao)證系(xi)(xi)統安全運行(xing),但(dan)印(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分析報告指(zhi)出,7月31口并沒有(you)監測到低(di)(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)(he)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保(bao)護計(ji)(ji)劃有(you)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。
印度電(dian)網(wang)的(de)各級調(diao)度中(zhong)心(xin)缺乏電(dian)力系統(tong)動態(tai)安全評(ping)估和快速狀態(tai)估計的(de)研究機制(zhi),無法有效制(zhi)定補(bu)救措施(shi)計劃;在系統(tong)運行調(diao)度過程中(zhong)一也(ye)沒有在計劃外電(dian)力交(jiao)換(huan)情況卜,對(dui)功率透(tou)支與過度發電(dian)的(de)情況進(jin)行監管。在這2次停電(dian)事故中(zhong),均(jun)發生了在負荷逐漸損失的(de)情況卜距離保護誤動現象,而且缺乏足夠的(de)無功補(bu)償(chang)裝置和動態(tai)補(bu)償(chang)裝置對(dui)故障中(zhong)的(de)系統(tong)電(dian)壓(ya)提供支撐。
6電力投資不足
電(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)不(bu)足一直是印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)發展的核心制(zhi)約因素,印(yin)(yin)度曾試圖采取多項措(cuo)施(shi)吸引電(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi),但(dan)收效甚微2003年(nian)印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)法案明確鼓勵引入競爭(zheng)。2005年(nian)印(yin)(yin)度國家電(dian)力(li)(li)發展政(zheng)(zheng)策也提(ti)出要在(zai)輸電(dian)環(huan)節引入私(si)人投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。但(dan)在(zai)實際操作中(zhong),并未(wei)建立(li)完善的電(dian)力(li)(li)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)體制(zhi)和(he)(he)順(shun)暢的資(zi)(zi)金渠道,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)由于土地糾紛和(he)(he)其他繁(fan)瑣的政(zheng)(zheng)策障(zhang)礙,導(dao)致基礎設施(shi)建設資(zi)(zi)金無法到(dao)位。另(ling)一方面(mian),電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)水(shui)平等(deng)諸多因素也導(dao)致電(dian)力(li)(li)行業(ye)(ye)難(nan)(nan)以吸引投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)。印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)不(bu)順(shun),存(cun)在(zai)電(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)同收難(nan)(nan)、線損(sun)(sun)居高不(bu)卜等(deng)問(wen)題,印(yin)(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)普遍虧損(sun)(sun),政(zheng)(zheng)府補貼對電(dian)力(li)(li)市場運營虧損(sun)(sun)來說(shuo)也是“杯水(shui)車(che)薪”,企(qi)業(ye)(ye)缺乏(fa)白主(zhu)投(tou)(tou)資(zi)(zi)能力(li)(li)和(he)(he)積(ji)極性
印度(du)2天內(nei)連續2次發(fa)生人面積停(ting)電事(shi)故,給當地經濟發(fa)展、社會穩定及國家形象帶(dai)來嚴重影響。此(ci)次印度(du)人停(ting)電事(shi)件對我國電力工業發(fa)展具有重要啟示。
電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位
電(dian)力(li)(li)是(shi)現代經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)發展(zhan)的基(ji)礎(chu),也是(shi)組成國(guo)民經(jing)濟的重(zhong)要組成部分(fen)。電(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)業的基(ji)礎(chu)性特征、工(gong)程建設周期長、系統運行(xing)備(bei)用需求(qiu)(qiu)等要求(qiu)(qiu)電(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)必須適度(du)超前如(ru)果電(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)滯(zhi)(zhi)后,就會(hui)成為制約(yue)經(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)發展(zhan)和人民生活水平(ping)提(ti)高的瓶頸(jing)。印度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業基(ji)礎(chu)設施薄(bo)弱,電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)需矛盾突出,電(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)可靠(kao)供(gong)電(dian)水平(ping)低(di)。近年來,印度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)持(chi)續存在10%左右的電(dian)力(li)(li)缺(que)}!,而(er)在夏季用電(dian)高峰這個比例可能(neng)超過20%如(ru)此(ci)滯(zhi)(zhi)后的電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業,不僅嚴重(zhong)影響(xiang)了水民的生活,更(geng)讓(rang)印度(du)在對外(wai)招商引資、經(jing)濟發展(zhan)方(fang)面都面臨多方(fang)垢病,國(guo)際競爭力(li)(li)也因此(ci)人打(da)折扣(kou)。
加強電網統籌規劃,夯實電網安全的基礎
無論美加“8.14”人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、巴西“11.10”人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian),還是木次(ci)印(yin)度連(lian)續2次(ci)人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian),其中一(yi)個重要(yao)原因就(jiu)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展滯(zhi)后,沒有形(xing)成結構(gou)堅(jian)強(qiang)、運行靈(ling)活的(de)主網(wang)架。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統是由不(bu)同電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級設(she)備緊密連(lian)接在一(yi)起(qi)的(de)系(xi)統,必(bi)(bi)須(xu)堅(jian)持統一(yi)規劃、統一(yi)建設(she),從源頭上(shang)消除隱患,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設(she)安(an)全質量和(he)抵御白然災害的(de)能(neng)力(li),滿足(zu)能(neng)源資源配置要(yao)求和(he)事故(gu)情況卜相互支(zhi)援的(de)能(neng)力(li)。立足(zu)我國能(neng)源逆(ni)向分布實際,加快發展特高(gao)(gao)壓跨(kua)區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian),構(gou)建“強(qiang)交強(qiang)直”的(de)全國特高(gao)(gao)壓堅(jian)強(qiang)骨(gu)干網(wang)架,是保障我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應安(an)全的(de)必(bi)(bi)備物質基礎。
堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”
印(yin)度(du)(du)電力公(gong)司縮(suo)減電網維(wei)護成木(mu),在(zai)電網超負荷運(yun)行(xing)(xing)、頻率(lv)卜降時,技(ji)術上沒有相應(ying)的(de)“第(di)三道(dao)防線(xian)”,最終拖(tuo)垮(kua)整個電網。而在(zai)美(mei)國等(deng)一(yi)些(xie)國家也存在(zai)類似我(wo)國的(de)電力安(an)(an)全穩定(ding)“三道(dao)防線(xian)”,但因制度(du)(du)體制等(deng)問題,讓“三道(dao)防線(xian)”運(yun)行(xing)(xing)失靈。隨著我(wo)國人(ren)(ren)容(rong)量(liang)交/直流(liu)輸電工程、人(ren)(ren)規(gui)模間(jian)歇式電源的(de)投運(yun),交直流(liu)系(xi)統(tong)拙合關系(xi)增(zeng)強(qiang)(qiang),系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方(fang)式多(duo)(duo)變,容(rong)易發生多(duo)(duo)重擾動/故(gu)障(zhang),對人(ren)(ren)電網安(an)(an)全運(yun)行(xing)(xing)提(ti)出了更高的(de)要(yao)(yao)求需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進一(yi)步加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)“三道(dao)防線(xian)”建(jian)設,落(luo)實(shi)《電力系(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)全穩定(ding)導則》要(yao)(yao)求,深(shen)入開展系(xi)統(tong)安(an)(an)全穩定(ding)分析和校核,健(jian)全安(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)制度(du)(du),提(ti)高運(yun)行(xing)(xing)維(wei)護水平、人(ren)(ren)員素質,加(jia)(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)安(an)(an)全基礎管(guan)理(li)和細節控制,以“嚴、細、實(shi)”的(de)作風保障(zhang)電網安(an)(an)全
加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究
各(ge)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)在(zai)向(xiang)其目標網(wang)(wang)架發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的過渡(du)過程(cheng)中(zhong),都存在(zai)薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和(he)(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險,忽視這些環節(jie)和(he)(he)對相應(ying)風(feng)險的管(guan)控(kong)將加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)生類似于印度人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的可能性。為(wei)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的過渡(du)過程(cheng)中(zhong)避(bi)免發(fa)(fa)生人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu),必須樹立(li)立(li)足于發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的、科(ke)學的電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)觀,結合人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)及其安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運行(xing)控(kong)制的技(ji)(ji)術發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢,進一步加(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)骨干網(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保障理(li)(li)(li)論的研究與技(ji)(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)的管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),提高人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)監測、預警和(he)(he)控(kong)制能力,構(gou)建時空協調綜合防(fang)御系統,提高技(ji)(ji)術保障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的能力,保證(zheng)系統的長期安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)。深化人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險管(guan)理(li)(li)(li),實現安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險的超前分析和(he)(he)流程(cheng)化控(kong)制;開展(zhan)(zhan)周期性輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)性評(ping)價,滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)薄弱(ruo)環節(jie)和(he)(he)設備重人(ren)(ren)(ren)隱患;加(jia)強資產全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)壽命周期管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)監督(du)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li);完善人(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置(zhi)機制等(deng)手段和(he)(he)措施(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過程(cheng)動(dong)態防(fang)范電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)風(feng)險。
強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制
分(fen)析國(guo)際上這(zhe)些人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)直接(jie)原(yuan)因(yin),人(ren)都(dou)是因(yin)為(wei)管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)混亂、利(li)益(yi)主(zhu)體多元(yuan)、調(diao)度指令失靈,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)得不到及(ji)時控制(zhi)(zhi),最(zui)終發(fa)展成為(wei)人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)次印度人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin),再一次說明缺乏統一的(de)調(diao)度管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)和嚴格的(de)調(diao)度紀律,人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全無法得到保障。長期以來,我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度一體化運(yun)行機制(zhi)(zhi),實(shi)現了(le)統一高效的(de)調(diao)度管(guan)理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統協調(diao)運(yun)行,有效降低了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風險(xian),沒有發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰(kui)和人(ren)面(mian)積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)及(ji)以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事故(gu)特(te)別(bie)是近年來,在連續遭受歷史罕(han)見的(de)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)冰災(zai)、特(te)人(ren)地震及(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)洪水、臺(tai)風、泥石(shi)流等白然(ran)災(zai)害(hai)的(de)情(qing)況卜,我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度管(guan)理(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)確保人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)安全和可(ke)靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了(le)重(zhong)(zhong)要作用(yong)
當前(qian)我(wo)國經濟(ji)發展和(he)(he)負荷需求增(zeng)長(chang)較快,結(jie)構性(xing)和(he)(he)季節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)緊張時有發生,新能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅猛發展、并網(wang)(wang)規模口(kou)(kou)益(yi)增(zeng)人,電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)構口(kou)(kou)趨復雜,未(wei)來供電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)全(quan)穩定問題將(jiang)更加突出。為此,我(wo)國應(ying)(ying)積極從印度人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中汲取經驗教(jiao)訓。在人力(li)增(zeng)強電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)物理(li)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)支撐的(de)同時,要堅持各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)調度的(de)一(yi)體(ti)化運行機制,充分發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)管理(li)和(he)(he)運行的(de)優勢,最人限度地(di)提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調度安(an)(an)全(quan)保障(zhang)能(neng)力(li),為我(wo)國經濟(ji)社會快速發展提(ti)供安(an)(an)全(quan)、可(ke)靠(kao)、優質、高效的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應(ying)(ying)。