乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)由腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮和纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)織兩種成(cheng)分混合組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)的(de)良性腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),好(hao)發于(yu)青年女性,與(yu)患者(zhe)體內性激素水平失衡有關。對本病的(de)認識(shi)還有腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)、腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)之稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),是(shi)由于(yu)構(gou)成(cheng)腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分和腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮增(zeng)(zeng)生程度的(de)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)所致(zhi)。當腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)構(gou)成(cheng)以(yi)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)皮增(zeng)(zeng)生為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),而纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)成(cheng)分較少時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);若(ruo)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)組(zu)(zu)織在腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)中占多數,腺(xian)(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)分較少時(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu);腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)組(zu)(zu)織由大量(liang)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)管成(cheng)分組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)時(shi)(shi),則稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。上(shang)述三種分類只(zhi)是(shi)病理(li)形態學方面的(de)差異(yi),其臨床表現、治療(liao)及(ji)預后并無不(bu)(bu)同(tong),故(gu)統稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)好(hao)發于(yu)乳(ru)(ru)房外上(shang)象(xiang)限,呈圓(yuan)(yuan)形或卵圓(yuan)(yuan)形,臨床多見1~3cm,生長(chang)緩慢,妊娠或哺(bu)乳(ru)(ru)期(qi)時(shi)(shi)可急(ji)驟增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。極少數青春(chun)期(qi)發生的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)可在短時(shi)(shi)間內迅速增(zeng)(zeng)大,直(zhi)徑可達8~10cm,稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)巨大纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu),仍屬良性腫瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)。纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)惡變成(cheng)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)肉(rou)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)或乳(ru)(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)癌者(zhe)極少見,不(bu)(bu)到1%。
卵巢功能旺盛(sheng),雌激(ji)素水平(ping)過(guo)高(gao),調節失衡,加(jia)之患者對雌激(ji)素反應敏(min)感,在雌激(ji)素的長期刺激(ji)下,引起乳腺腺上皮(pi)組織和纖(xian)維組織過(guo)度增生(sheng),結構(gou)紊亂(luan),形成腫瘤(liu)。由于乳腺纖(xian)維腺瘤(liu)與性(xing)激(ji)素分泌旺盛(sheng)有關,故此多發生(sheng)在青年女性(xing),月經來潮前或絕(jue)經后婦(fu)女少見。
主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)無(wu)痛性腫塊(kuai),很少伴有乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)疼痛或乳(ru)(ru)頭溢液。腫塊(kuai)往(wang)往(wang)是無(wu)意中、洗(xi)澡時,或體檢(jian)中被發現。單(dan)發腫塊(kuai)居多(duo),亦(yi)可多(duo)發,也可兩側乳(ru)(ru)房(fang)同時或先后觸及(ji)腫塊(kuai)。多(duo)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)形或橢圓(yuan)形,直徑常為(wei)(wei)1~3cm,亦(yi)有更(geng)小或更(geng)大者(zhe),偶可見(jian)巨大者(zhe)。境界清楚,邊緣整齊,表面光滑,富有彈性,無(wu)壓痛,活動(dong)度較大,與皮膚無(wu)粘(zhan)連。
1.彩超
能(neng)顯示(shi)乳(ru)房各層次(ci)結(jie)構及(ji)腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)形(xing)態、大小(xiao)及(ji)回聲(sheng)(sheng)狀況。乳(ru)腺纖維(wei)腺瘤(liu)彩超多為圓(yuan)形(xing)、卵圓(yuan)形(xing)均勻低回聲(sheng)(sheng)腫(zhong)物,多可見光滑(hua)清(qing)晰的包(bao)膜回聲(sheng)(sheng),腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)后方回聲(sheng)(sheng)正常或輕微增(zeng)強(qiang),可見側方聲(sheng)(sheng)影(ying),腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)內(nei)可見伴聲(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)的粗大鈣化。彩色多普(pu)勒顯示(shi)腫(zhong)塊(kuai)(kuai)內(nei)多無血流信號或見少量血流信號,RI<0.7。
2.乳腺X線攝(she)影
青春(chun)期女(nv)孩,致密型乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian),不適宜進行乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)X線(xian)攝影(ying)。中(zhong)年及(ji)以上(shang)婦女(nv)乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)X線(xian)片纖維腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤表現為圓(yuan)形、卵圓(yuan)形腫塊(kuai)(kuai),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)呈分葉(xie)狀(zhuang),直徑多(duo)為1~3cm,邊(bian)(bian)緣光滑(hua)清(qing)楚,與等體積的正常腺(xian)(xian)(xian)體比較(jiao),腫塊(kuai)(kuai)呈等或(huo)稍高密度,周圍可(ke)(ke)(ke)有低密度暈環。部分病灶(zao)內可(ke)(ke)(ke)見鈣化(hua)(hua),鈣化(hua)(hua)多(duo)位于腫塊(kuai)(kuai)中(zhong)心或(huo)邊(bian)(bian)緣,多(duo)呈粗顆粒狀(zhuang)、樹枝狀(zhuang)或(huo)斑點狀(zhuang),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)相互融合成(cheng)(cheng)大塊(kuai)(kuai)狀(zhuang),占據腫塊(kuai)(kuai)大部或(huo)全部,與乳腺(xian)(xian)(xian)癌的成(cheng)(cheng)簇沙粒樣鈣化(hua)(hua)灶(zao)不同。
3.乳腺病灶活(huo)檢
根(gen)據病(bing)史、體檢或影(ying)像學檢查(cha)難(nan)以(yi)鑒別的(de)乳(ru)腺(xian)腫塊,可采取穿刺或手術切除(chu)的(de)方法,進行組織(zhi)病(bing)理學檢查(cha),明確診斷(duan)。
乳(ru)房位于(yu)體(ti)表,典型的乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)相對容易診(zhen)(zhen)斷。青少年女(nv)性(xing)(xing),無(wu)意中或(huo)體(ti)檢(jian)中發(fa)現乳(ru)房無(wu)痛(tong)性(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)塊(kuai)1~3cm,圓(yuan)形或(huo)卵圓(yuan)形,與周圍無(wu)粘連(lian),活動度大,觸(chu)診(zhen)(zhen)有滑脫感;生(sheng)長緩慢,與月經(jing)周期無(wu)關(guan);臨床可考慮為乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu)。但對于(yu)妊娠后,特(te)別是絕經(jing)后婦女(nv),乳(ru)房發(fa)現無(wu)痛(tong)性(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)塊(kuai),要(yao)提高(gao)警(jing)惕(ti),不要(yao)輕易診(zhen)(zhen)斷乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)纖維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)(liu),應借助(zhu)影像學檢(jian)查鑒別診(zhen)(zhen)斷,必要(yao)時(shi)需依據(ju)病理(li)組織學檢(jian)查確診(zhen)(zhen)。
1.密切觀察、定期隨診
乳腺(xian)纖維腺(xian)瘤(liu)是常見的良性腫瘤(liu),極少惡變(bian)。發展緩慢,沒(mei)有癥狀,不影響生活和工作(zuo),可以密切觀察定期隨診。
2.外(wai)科手術切除
(1)觀(guan)察過程中,如乳房自(zi)查或去醫(yi)院檢(jian)查,發現纖維腺(xian)瘤有增大傾向,或彩超原(yuan)顯示腫塊內無血流信號現可(ke)見大量血流信號,應手術(shu)切除。
(2)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)腺纖(xian)維(wei)瘤患者,準備懷孕之(zhi)前(qian),應進行纖(xian)維(wei)腺瘤切除術。原(yuan)因:a.乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)腺纖(xian)維(wei)腺瘤的發(fa)生與雌激(ji)素(su)水(shui)平(ping)升高有關,妊娠(shen)、哺乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)期,隨著體內(nei)激(ji)素(su)水(shui)平(ping)的變化,可導(dao)致腫(zhong)瘤體積(ji)迅速增大。b.妊娠(shen)期乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)腺不宜進行手術及(ji)有創(chuang)性檢(jian)查,哺乳(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)期亦不適合(he)手術。
(3)青少年巨大(da)纖(xian)維腺(xian)瘤(幼年性(xing)纖(xian)維腺(xian)瘤),因腫瘤生(sheng)長快,體積(ji)大(da),對正常乳腺(xian)組織產生(sheng)擠壓,應考慮手(shou)(shou)術切除,手(shou)(shou)術不會對以后的妊(ren)娠、哺乳產生(sheng)不良影(ying)響。
(4)有乳腺癌家族史(shi)者可考慮手術切除(chu)。
3.乳腺微創旋切手術
選擇乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)纖(xian)維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)診斷明確(que)者(不適(shi)宜(yi)乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)癌(ai)的治療(liao))。利用真空(kong)輔助旋切(qie)(qie)設備,在乳(ru)腺(xian)(xian)超聲(sheng)引導(dao)下,一(yi)次進針(zhen)多次切(qie)(qie)割將腫瘤(liu)切(qie)(qie)除(chu)。切(qie)(qie)口僅0.3cm,恢(hui)復(fu)快,美學效果好。纖(xian)維(wei)腺(xian)(xian)瘤(liu)完整切(qie)(qie)除(chu)后(hou)很少復(fu)發,但(dan)可再發。
建立良好地生活飲食(shi)習(xi)慣,避免和減少心理緊張因(yin)素,保持心情舒(shu)暢(chang)。控制高(gao)脂肪、高(gao)熱量飲食(shi)的(de)攝入,不亂服用外(wai)源性雌激素。掌握乳(ru)(ru)房自我檢查(cha)方法,養成每月一次的(de)乳(ru)(ru)房自查(cha)習(xi)慣,若發現原因(yin)不明(ming)的(de)乳(ru)(ru)腺結節,應及(ji)時去醫院(yuan)診斷(duan)。積極(ji)參(can)加乳(ru)(ru)腺癌篩查(cha)。