羽(yu)毛扇(shan)已經(jing)有(you)(you)(you)三千年的(de)歷史了,中(zhong)華傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)工藝品。在(zai)國內(nei)外享有(you)(you)(you)盛譽的(de)湖州羽(yu)毛扇(shan)是中(zhong)國歷史悠久、風格獨特(te)的(de)民族(zu)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)產(chan)品之一。明文(wen)震亨《長(chang)物志》卷七:“扇(shan),羽(yu)扇(shan)最古(gu)。”“扇(shan)”字(zi)從“羽(yu)”也證明了扇(shan)子(zi)大家族(zu)中(zhong),以羽(yu)扇(shan)的(de)出現為最早。晉(jin)崔豹《古(gu)今注(zhu)》:“雉尾扇(shan)起于殷世(shi)高宗(zong)。”據前秦王(wang)嘉《拾遺記》記載,羽(yu)扇(shan)始于周昭王(wang)時,有(you)(you)(you)盂夏取鵲翅為扇(shan)之說。扇(shan)字(zi)按中(zhong)國象形文(wen)字(zi)理解,最早的(de)扇(shan)子(zi)是用(yong)禽羽(yu)制作(zuo),有(you)(you)(you)門戶之家才有(you)(you)(you)權擁有(you)(you)(you)。扇(shan)子(zi)起源于虞舜時期,用(yong)于障蔽(bi)日(ri),也是權威的(de)標志。
諸葛(ge)亮,手持的應(ying)該是白鶴羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)做(zuo)的“白羽(yu)(yu)扇”,據《語(yu)林》上(shang)記載著:諸葛(ge)武(wu)侯與(yu)宣王在渭邊,將戰,武(wu)侯乘素輿,葛(ge)巾,白羽(yu)(yu)扇,指揮(hui)三(san)軍,三(san)軍皆隨其進止(zhi)。
在人(ren)們(men)的印象中,諸葛亮的扇(shan)子非(fei)同尋常,它(ta)已成(cheng)為一(yi)(yi)個特定(ding)意(yi)義的道具,與諸葛亮的名字一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)深入人(ren)心。然而,諸葛亮的扇(shan)子從何而來?在長(chang)江流(liu)域,流(liu)傳著這樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)種說法。
相傳(chuan)諸葛亮小(xiao)的(de)時候放牛,結(jie)識了一(yi)(yi)位白(bai)胡(hu)子老頭(tou)(tou),兩人常在一(yi)(yi)塊讀書玩耍。老頭(tou)(tou)行蹤(zong)神秘(mi),引起了小(xiao)諸葛的(de)好奇(qi)。一(yi)(yi)日,他偷偷將白(bai)石(shi)灰放入老頭(tou)(tou)的(de)竹拐杖里(li),老頭(tou)(tou)走后,他順著白(bai)石(shi)灰印(yin)找到(dao)一(yi)(yi)棵大樹(shu)下(xia)。原來老頭(tou)(tou)是一(yi)(yi)只金(jin)鳥(一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)為(wei)老鷹)變的(de),正在樹(shu)上(shang)打盹(dun)呢!諸葛亮就在樹(shu)下(xia)守候,忽然,金(jin)鳥打了一(yi)(yi)個(ge)哈欠,從(cong)嘴里(li)掉出(chu)一(yi)(yi)顆(ke)珠子,正好落入諸葛亮口中(zhong),“撲通“一(yi)(yi)下(xia)滑入肚中(zhong)。
老頭(tou)驚醒后,對諸(zhu)葛亮說了(le)(le)實言:我是(shi)修(xiu)煉了(le)(le)三千年的金鳥,全(quan)(quan)靠這(zhe)顆珠(zhu)子(zi)(zi)活命(ming)。現在,珠(zhu)子(zi)(zi)沒有(you)(you)了(le)(le),我也活不長了(le)(le)。我知(zhi)道你(ni)是(shi)個聰明的人,所以有(you)(you)意成全(quan)(quan)你(ni)。你(ni)必須在八月十五這(zhe)天來(lai)這(zhe)里找到我的尸體,拔下(xia)我的羽毛,編成扇子(zi)(zi),日后有(you)(you)何難事(shi),搖搖扇子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)有(you)(you)辦法(fa)了(le)(le)。
諸葛亮的扇(shan)子(zi)就這么來(lai)的,以后(hou)他(ta)在劉備手下當了軍師,這把羽扇(shan)幫(bang)他(ta)出謀(mou)劃策,屢建功績,成為智(zhi)慧和謀(mou)略(lve)的象征。
扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)字(zi)(zi)按中國象形文字(zi)(zi)理解,最早的(de)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子是(shi)(shi)用(yong)禽羽(yu)制作,有(you)門戶之家(jia)才(cai)有(you)權(quan)(quan)(quan)擁(yong)有(you)。扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子起源(yuan)于虞舜時期,用(yong)于障蔽(bi)日(ri),也是(shi)(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)威(wei)的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)。古代皇帝(di)用(yong)雉羽(yu)制作長柄羽(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)作為出(chu)行(xing)儀仗,以顯示(shi)王者(zhe)的(de)高貴權(quan)(quan)(quan)威(wei),后(hou)歷朝沿襲不(bu)衰,及(ji)至(zhi)清代。在三國,諸葛亮(liang)手中的(de)鵝(e)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),則(ze)被后(hou)人譽為智慧和(he)才(cai)干的(de)象征。羽(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)乃是(shi)(shi)輕(qing)、巧之物,所扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)出(chu)的(de)徐徐微風,就連(lian)年老體弱者(zhe)、孕(yun)婦、產后(hou)母子都很適(shi)宜(yi)使用(yong)羽(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。《唐(tang)書》:其扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)風緩而涼,病弱者(zhe)用(yong)之,亦(yi)不(bu)傷風感冒(mao),孕(yun)婦尤(you)為適(shi)宜(yi)。
在國內(nei)外享(xiang)有盛譽的湖(hu)州羽(yu)毛扇,是(shi)我(wo)國歷史悠久、風格獨特的民族傳統產品(pin)之一(yi)。
用(yong)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)作扇(shan),在(zai)我(wo)國(guo)已有(you)數千年(nian)歷(li)(li)史。陸機(ji)《羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)賦(fu)》說:“昔楚襄(xiang)王(wang)會(hui)于章臺之(zhi)上,大夫宋(song)玉(yu)、唐勒侍,皆(jie)操白鶴之(zhi)羽(yu)(yu)以為(wei)扇(shan)”。清﹒張燕昌《羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)譜》記載更詳,說羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)“古(gu)今注謂(wei)(wei)其(qi)制起(qi)自殷高宗,周禮(li)巾車(che)為(wei)重翟(zhai)。說者謂(wei)(wei)僅(jin)在(zai)儀(yi)衛。至三國(guo)時(shi),諸(zhu)葛亮捉白羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)指揮(hui)三軍(jun)。始為(wei)今羽(yu)(yu)扇(shan)所昉(fang),其(qi)產以湖州(zhou)為(wei)盛(sheng)。每(mei)歲(sui)采羽(yu)(yu)選刷,或白或染,匯合成(cheng)扇(shan),復用(yong)利刀破羽(yu)(yu)管(guan),用(yong)鶴鸛等尾下(xia)甬毛(mao)毛(mao)綴之(zhi),以美觀。所用(yong)鳥羽(yu)(yu)種類(lei)不一(yi),而以雁鷹為(wei)多見”。據(ju)傳說,三國(guo)時(shi)期湖州(zhou)已出羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan),但尚無從嵇考(kao)。現據(ju)制扇(shan)老藝(yi)人(ren)回憶,湖州(zhou)最老的羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)房店是邱義豐,已有(you)一(yi)百七、八十年(nian)歷(li)(li)史,而在(zai)該店創設以前(qian),湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)已盛(sheng)行百余年(nian)。由此可見,湖州(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)扇(shan)的歷(li)(li)史至少也有(you)數百年(nian)了。
湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的特點是(shi):毛(mao)(mao)片平薄,質(zhi)軟(ruan)風柔(rou),制工(gong)精致,式樣美觀,俗稱(cheng):“清涼悠(you)悠(you)鳥(niao)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”。人(ren)(ren)們常說此(ci)種扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)出來的風是(shi)“和(he)(he)風”,特別適宜(yi)于(yu)老、弱、病(bing)人(ren)(ren)及孕婦使用(yong)(yong),不會扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)出病(bing)來,因而(er)(er)被人(ren)(ren)們譽為(wei)“納(na)涼妙(miao)品”。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)何以質(zhi)量獨佳(jia)?《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)府志》說:“羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)外來之物,吾(wu)郡中溪水(shui)(shui)刷之,則潤澤(ze)(ze)而(er)(er)有(you)(you)光(guang)彩,制亦精致,他處所罕見也。”湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)民間對(dui)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的柔(rou)軟(ruan)潤澤(ze)(ze),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)有(you)(you)趣的神話故(gu)(gu)事。傳說“八仙”之一(yi)(yi)(yi)的呂洞賓,曾(ceng)在湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)內駱(luo)駝(tuo)(tuo)橋堍賣(mai)湯(tang)團,用(yong)(yong)古橋下之水(shui)(shui)而(er)(er)煮,其味鮮美可口,生意興隆。此(ci)后,制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)也專取駱(luo)駝(tuo)(tuo)橋下的水(shui)(shui)來洗刷羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao),洗后果然羽(yu)(yu)(yu)片色(se)澤(ze)(ze)光(guang)亮,毛(mao)(mao)質(zhi)柔(rou)韌(ren),惹人(ren)(ren)喜(xi)愛。當然,神話只是(shi)神話,而(er)(er)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)內為(wei)苕(tiao)溪所經(jing)(jing),苕(tiao)溪發源于(yu)天(tian)目(mu)山(shan),水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)佳(jia)卻(que)是(shi)真(zhen)實的,故(gu)(gu)洗刷之羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)會柔(rou)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)富有(you)(you)光(guang)澤(ze)(ze)。除水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)外,選料嚴格,制工(gong)精致尤為(wei)關鍵。羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)野(ye)禽和(he)(he)家禽兩種,野(ye)禽主(zhu)要用(yong)(yong)雁、鷹、鶴(he)、鴟、雕、鷺鷥、天(tian)鵝(e)和(he)(he)青雞等(deng)(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)的翅尾,此(ci)類(lei)鳥(niao)產于(yu)太湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、洪澤(ze)(ze)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)鄱陽湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊周圍的蘆葦密(mi)層(ceng)之中。家禽選用(yong)(yong)杭嘉水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)所產的白鵝(e)和(he)(he)后來引進(jin)的灰(hui)鵝(e)的翎羽(yu)(yu)(yu),還大量從南(nan)京(jing)、蕪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、江西(xi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)地采(cai)購。制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把羽(yu)(yu)(yu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),要經(jing)(jing)過(guo)選毛(mao)(mao)、出片、洗片、理(li)片、縫片、接管(guan)、串毛(mao)(mao)、裝柄(bing)(bing)、整形(xing)、裝絨、繪畫等(deng)(deng)(deng)十一(yi)(yi)(yi)道工(gong)序,整個(ge)工(gong)藝(yi)過(guo)程要求一(yi)(yi)(yi)絲(si)不茍(gou)。配制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)也很講究。據《湖(hu)(hu)(hu)州(zhou)(zhou)府志》記載(zai):湖(hu)(hu)(hu)城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)制鵝(e)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),“其柄(bing)(bing)即將羽(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)劈絲(si)編(bian)織,大抵(di)用(yong)(yong)鵝(e)羽(yu)(yu)(yu),其貴重者用(yong)(yong)鶴(he)飾柄(bing)(bing),用(yong)(yong)瑪瑙、檀香鏈銅絲(si)為(wei)釘鉸,其價有(you)(you)至(zhi)數金者。”爾(er)后,一(yi)(yi)(yi)般扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)用(yong)(yong)竹、木制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),有(you)(you)的采(cai)用(yong)(yong)山(shan)羊(yang)腳骨(gu)加工(gong)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),山(shan)羊(yang)骨(gu)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)最大的妙(miao)處是(shi)久(jiu)執手中不覺潮熱,高(gao)檔扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)則用(yong)(yong)象(xiang)牙(ya)和(he)(he)獸(shou)骨(gu)磋制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)柄(bing)(bing)。制扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)把扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)后,有(you)(you)的還要在扇(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)柄(bing)(bing)上端用(yong)(yong)羽(yu)(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)管(guan)劈成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)篾扎成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)只富有(you)(you)江南(nan)水(shui)(shui)鄉(xiang)特色(se)的小菱角,真(zhen)是(shi)獨具(ju)匠心,構(gou)思巧妙(miao),錦上添花。
湖州羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)花色(se)品(pin)種(zhong)繁多(duo),約有(you)百余種(zhong),其主要(yao)有(you)五(wu)種(zhong):如諸(zhu)葛扇(shan)(shan)(shan)、桃(tao)形(xing)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)、圓形(xing)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)、半月扇(shan)(shan)(shan)和絨折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)等,其中(zhong)桃(tao)形(xing)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)其形(xing)似籌桃(tao),人們(men)作(zuo)為(wei)壽禮饋贈(zeng),工藝水平(ping)高超,造型美(mei)觀,是湖州羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)廠(chang)眾多(duo)產品(pin)中(zhong)的佼佼者,一(yi)九(jiu)八一(yi)年全國(guo)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)子(zi)(zi)質量評(ping)比中(zhong)它和半月扇(shan)(shan)(shan)一(yi)起被評(ping)為(wei)全國(guo)同類產品(pin)的第一(yi)名。湖州羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)既經濟實用(yong),又可作(zuo)為(wei)藝術鑒賞。在文藝舞臺上,羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)也屢次展現,如京劇(ju)折(zhe)子(zi)(zi)戲《空城計(ji)》中(zhong)的諸(zhu)葛亮,手(shou)執鶴(he)翎扇(shan)(shan)(shan)輕輕擺動,十分得體(ti),是具有(you)獨特風格中(zhong)而不缺少的道(dao)(dao)具。在舞蹈中(zhong)羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)作(zuo)為(wei)主要(yao)道(dao)(dao)具的亦頗多(duo)。一(yi)九(jiu)六四年柬(jian)埔寨皇家歌舞團訪華演出時,在舞蹈中(zhong)出現的六十把(ba)羽(yu)(yu)絨折(zhe)扇(shan)(shan)(shan),就(jiu)是湖州羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)(mao)扇(shan)(shan)(shan)廠(chang)精工制作(zuo)而成的。