《九成宮醴(li)泉銘》是唐貞觀六年(nian)(632)由(you)魏征撰文、書法家歐陽詢書丹而成的楷書書法作品(碑刻者(zhe)不可考)。現存于陜西麟(lin)游縣碑亭景區(qu)。
《九成宮醴(li)(li)(li)泉銘(ming)》敘述了“九成宮”的(de)(de)來歷(li)和其建筑的(de)(de)雄偉(wei)壯觀(guan),歌頌了唐太宗(zong)的(de)(de)武功文治和節儉精神(shen),介紹了宮城內發現醴(li)(li)(li)泉的(de)(de)經過,并(bing)刊引典籍說(shuo)明醴(li)(li)(li)泉的(de)(de)出現是由于(yu)“天子令德”所致,最后提(ti)出“居高(gao)思墜(zhui),持滿戒盈”的(de)(de)諫(jian)諍之言(yan)。
《九成宮醴(li)泉銘》結(jie)(jie)體修長,中宮收緊,四邊開(kai)張,左斂(lian)右縱,化(hua)險為(wei)夷。字(zi)形隨勢(shi)(shi)賦形,左右結(jie)(jie)構作相背之勢(shi)(shi),上下(xia)結(jie)(jie)構上窄下(xia)寬,間架開(kai)闊穩定,氣(qi)象莊嚴(yan)。其布白勻整,字(zi)距、行距疏朗,為(wei)九宮最準(zhun)者,全碑血脈暢通,氣(qi)韻蕭然(ran)。
《九(jiu)成宮(gong)醴泉銘(ming)》是歐(ou)陽詢晚(wan)年經意之作(zuo),歷來為(wei)學書者(zhe)推崇,視為(wei)楷書正宗(zong),被(bei)后世譽(yu)為(wei)“天下第一楷書”或“天下第一正書”。
秘書監(jian)檢校侍中(zhong)鉅(ju)鹿郡公臣魏徵奉敕撰
維貞觀(guan)(guan)六年(nian)孟夏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue),皇帝避暑(shu)乎九成(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宮(gong),此(ci)則(ze)(ze)隋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁壽(shou)宮(gong)也。冠(guan)山抗殿(dian),絕壑為(wei)池(chi),跨(kua)水(shui)架楹,分巖(yan)聳闕(que),高閣周建(jian),長廊四(si)起,棟宇膠葛,臺榭參差。仰(yang)(yang)視(shi)則(ze)(ze)迢遞百(bai)尋,下臨則(ze)(ze)崢嶸千仞,珠璧(bi)交映,金碧(bi)相暉(hui),照灼云(yun)霞(xia),蔽虧(kui)日月(yue)。觀(guan)(guan)其(qi)移山回澗,窮泰極侈(chi),以人(ren)(ren)從欲,良(liang)足深尤。至于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)炎(yan)景流金,無(wu)郁蒸(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣,微風徐動(dong),有(you)(you)凄清(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)涼(liang),信(xin)安體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)佳所,誠養(yang)神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勝(sheng)地(di),漢(han)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甘泉不(bu)(bu)能尚也。皇帝爰在(zai)弱冠(guan),經營四(si)方,逮乎立年(nian),撫臨億兆,始(shi)以武功(gong)壹海內(nei),終以文德懷(huai)遠人(ren)(ren)。東越(yue)青(qing)丘,南逾(yu)丹徼,皆獻(xian)琛奉贄,重譯來(lai)王,西暨(ji)輪臺,北拒(ju)玄闕(que),并地(di)列州縣(xian),人(ren)(ren)充(chong)編(bian)戶。氣淑年(nian)和,邇安遠肅(su),群(qun)生咸(xian)遂,靈貺畢臻,雖(sui)藉(jie)二(er)儀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功(gong),終資(zi)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慮。遺(yi)身利(li)物(wu),櫛風沐雨,百(bai)姓(xing)為(wei)心,憂(you)勞(lao)成(cheng)疾,同堯肌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如臘,甚(shen)禹足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胼胝,針石屢加,腠理猶(you)滯。爰居京室,每弊炎(yan)暑(shu),群(qun)下請建(jian)離宮(gong),庶可(ke)(ke)怡神養(yang)性(xing)。圣上(shang)愛一(yi)(yi)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力,惜十家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)產,深閉固拒(ju),未肯俯(fu)從。以為(wei)隨氏舊宮(gong),營于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)曩代,棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)可(ke)(ke)惜,毀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)(ze)重勞(lao),事貴因循(xun),何必改作(zuo)。于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)斫雕(diao)為(wei)樸(pu),損(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)又(you)損(sun),去(qu)其(qi)泰甚(shen),葺其(qi)頹壞,雜丹墀以沙(sha)礫,間粉壁以涂泥,玉砌接于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)土(tu)階,茅茨續于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)瓊室。仰(yang)(yang)觀(guan)(guan)壯麗,可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)鑒于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)既(ji)往,俯(fu)察卑儉,足垂訓于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后昆。此(ci)所謂至人(ren)(ren)無(wu)為(wei),大圣不(bu)(bu)作(zuo),彼(bi)竭(jie)其(qi)力,我(wo)享其(qi)功(gong)者(zhe)也。然昔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)池(chi)沼,咸(xian)引谷澗,宮(gong)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei),本乏水(shui)源(yuan),求而無(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),在(zai)乎一(yi)(yi)物(wu),既(ji)非人(ren)(ren)力所致,圣心懷(huai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)忘。粵以四(si)月(yue)甲(jia)申朔(shuo)旬有(you)(you)六日己亥,上(shang)及中宮(gong),歷覽臺觀(guan)(guan),閑步西城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰,躊躇高閣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下,俯(fu)察厥土(tu),微覺有(you)(you)潤(run),因而以杖導之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),有(you)(you)泉隨而涌出(chu),乃(nai)承以石檻,引為(wei)一(yi)(yi)渠。其(qi)清(qing)若鏡,味甘如醴(li),南注(zhu)丹霄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)右,東流度(du)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雙(shuang)闕(que),貫穿青(qing)瑣,縈(ying)帶紫房,激(ji)揚清(qing)波(bo),滌蕩瑕穢,可(ke)(ke)以導養(yang)正性(xing),可(ke)(ke)以澄瑩心神。鑒映群(qun)形,潤(run)生萬物(wu),同湛恩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)竭(jie),將玄澤于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)常流,匪唯乾象之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精,蓋亦坤靈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)寶。謹案:《禮(li)緯》云(yun):王者(zhe)刑殺當(dang)罪,賞(shang)錫當(dang)功(gong),得禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜,則(ze)(ze)醴(li)泉出(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)闕(que)庭。《鹖冠(guan)子(zi)(zi)》曰(yue)(yue):圣人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德,上(shang)及太(tai)清(qing),下及太(tai)寧,中及萬靈,則(ze)(ze)醴(li)泉出(chu)。《瑞應圖》曰(yue)(yue):王者(zhe)純和,飲(yin)食不(bu)(bu)貢獻(xian),則(ze)(ze)醴(li)泉出(chu),飲(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令人(ren)(ren)壽(shou)。《東觀(guan)(guan)漢(han)記》曰(yue)(yue):光武中元元年(nian),醴(li)泉出(chu)京師,飲(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)痼疾皆愈。然則(ze)(ze)神物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai),寔扶明圣,既(ji)可(ke)(ke)蠲茲沉痼,又(you)將延(yan)彼(bi)遐齡。是(shi)以百(bai)辟卿(qing)士,相趨(qu)動(dong)色,我(wo)后固懷(huai)撝(hui)挹,推而弗有(you)(you),雖(sui)休勿休,不(bu)(bu)徒聞于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)往昔,以祥為(wei)懼,實取驗(yan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)當(dang)今。斯(si)乃(nai)上(shang)帝玄符,天子(zi)(zi)令德,豈臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)學(xue)所能丕顯。但(dan)職在(zai)記言,屬(shu)茲書事,不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)使國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛美,有(you)(you)遺(yi)典(dian)策,敢(gan)陳(chen)實錄(lu),爰勒斯(si)銘。其(qi)詞曰(yue)(yue):
唯皇撫運,奄壹寰宇,千載膺期,萬物斯睹,功高大(da)(da)舜,勤深伯禹(yu),絕(jue)后承(cheng)前,登三(san)邁五。握機蹈矩,乃圣(sheng)乃神,武克禍亂,文懷(huai)遠人,書契未(wei)紀,開辟不臣,冠冕并襲,琛贄咸陳。大(da)(da)道無(wu)名,上(shang)(shang)(shang)德不德,玄功潛運,幾深莫測,鑿井而飲,耕田(tian)而食(shi),靡謝天功,安知帝力。上(shang)(shang)(shang)天之載,無(wu)臭無(wu)聲,萬類資始,品物流(liu)形(xing),隨感變質,應德效靈(ling),介(jie)焉如響,赫(he)赫(he)明明。雜沓景福,葳(wei)蕤繁祉,云氏(shi)龍官,龜(gui)圖鳳紀,日(ri)含五色,烏呈三(san)趾,頌(song)不輟工,筆無(wu)停史。上(shang)(shang)(shang)善降祥,上(shang)(shang)(shang)智斯悅,流(liu)謙(qian)潤(run)下,潺湲皎潔,萍旨(zhi)醴甘,冰凝(ning)鏡澈,用之日(ri)新,挹之無(wu)竭。道隨時泰,慶與泉流(liu),我后夕惕,雖休(xiu)弗(fu)休(xiu),居崇茅宇,樂不般游,黃(huang)屋非貴,天下為憂。人玩其華,我取其實(shi),還淳反(fan)本,代文以(yi)質,居高思(si)墜,持滿戒溢(yi),念茲在茲,永保(bao)貞吉(ji)。
兼(jian)太子率更(geng)令勃海男臣(chen)歐陽詢(xun)奉(feng)敕書。
唐貞觀五年(nian)(631),太宗(zong)皇(huang)帝(di)李世民命令修復隋(sui)文帝(di)之(zhi)仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong),后改名(ming)為九成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)。翌年(nian),太宗(zong)皇(huang)帝(di)來到(dao)九成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)避暑,在游(you)覽宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)臺觀之(zhi)時(shi),偶然(ran)發現一(yi)清(qing)泉,欣(xin)喜之(zhi)余,下令由魏(wei)徵(zhi)撰文,歐(ou)陽詢(xun)書(shu)(shu)寫,于貞觀六(liu)年(nian)(632)刻碑(bei)。按《唐書(shu)(shu)》:“貞觀中(zhong)改隋(sui)仁(ren)壽(shou)官(guan)為九成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)(gong),水徽中(zhong)又改為萬(wan)年(nian)宮(gong)(gong)。宮(gong)(gong)在岐山,開皇(huang)十三年(nian)楊素(su)所(suo)治。”九成(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)乃(nai)隋(sui)之(zhi)仁(ren)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)也(ye),魏(wei)為此銘,亦(yi)欲(yu)太宗(zong)以隋(sui)為戒,可以見魏(wei)之(zhi)志也(ye)。《弇(yan)州山人稿》載(zai),魏(wei)征文有箴規太宗(zong)之(zhi)意,故末云:“居高思墜,持滿戒溢。”
歐陽詢(xun)(557—641),潭州臨湘(今(jin)湖(hu)南(nan)長沙)人,字信本,唐(tang)代書法(fa)家(jia)、文學家(jia),“楷書四大家(jia)”之(zhi)一,與虞世(shi)南(nan)、褚遂(sui)良、薛(xue)稷(ji)并(bing)稱為“唐(tang)初四大家(jia)”,與虞世(shi)南(nan)并(bing)稱“歐虞”。歐陽詢(xun)的書法(fa)造詣(yi)極高,其(qi)楷書法(fa)度嚴謹,正中見險(xian),骨氣勁峭,被(bei)稱之(zhi)為“唐(tang)人楷書第一”,后世(shi)稱為“歐體”。其(qi)傳世(shi)碑刻有(you)《房彥謙碑》、《九成(cheng)宮醴泉(quan)銘》、《皇甫誕(dan)碑》、《虞恭公碑》、《化(hua)度寺邕禪(chan)師塔(ta)銘》等;存世(shi)墨跡有(you)《夢奠帖(tie)》、《卜商帖(tie)》、《張(zhang)翰帖(tie)》等;編著(zhu)《藝(yi)文類聚》一百卷。
《九(jiu)成宮(gong)醴泉銘》的(de)點畫風格主要有三(san)個:瘦(shou)硬、秀麗(li)、溫潤。這三(san)者(zhe)不是截然分開的(de),而(er)是在一筆(bi)或一字之(zhi)內同時表現出這些(xie)風格。
《九成宮醴泉銘(ming)》屬于瘦(shou)硬書風(feng)。它的點畫比(bi)瘦(shou)金體(ti)粗,比(bi)顏體(ti)字瘦(shou),在肥瘦(shou)方面處于適中的狀態。書法講求(qiu)筆(bi)(bi)力,筆(bi)(bi)力通過“骨(gu)”來實現。太肥容易(yi)無(wu)骨(gu),太瘦(shou)骨(gu)易(yi)“折(zhe)斷”,肥瘦(shou)適中、骨(gu)肉勻(yun)稱對于表現筆(bi)(bi)力較為適合。
如(ru)果(guo)說(shuo)瘦(shou)硬指(zhi)《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》點(dian)畫的(de)(de)陽(yang)剛(gang)(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei),那么,秀麗(li)則是(shi)形(xing)容(rong)它(ta)的(de)(de)陰柔(rou)(rou)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)。《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》的(de)(de)秀麗(li)主要體現(xian)在(zai)圓筆(bi)和(he)修長(chang)的(de)(de)筆(bi)畫中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。例如(ru),“公(gong)”字(zi)的(de)(de)第(di)(di)二、第(di)(di)五(wu)兩(liang)點(dian),不是(shi)一(yi)(yi)味地剛(gang)(gang)狠,而是(shi)方(fang)圓兼(jian)備,給人以溫厚含蓄之(zhi)(zhi)感。“公(gong)”字(zi)的(de)(de)其他三(san)點(dian)則呈三(san)角形(xing),有(you)棱有(you)角,英(ying)氣(qi)逼人。但由于(yu)第(di)(di)二、第(di)(di)五(wu)兩(liang)筆(bi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)作用,整(zheng)個字(zi)就不至于(yu)悍厲和(he)粗(cu)獷(guang)(guang)。修長(chang)的(de)(de)筆(bi)畫特別(bie)是(shi)長(chang)撇、長(chang)捺容(rong)易產生秀色,這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)甚至在(zai)雄強、粗(cu)獷(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)龍門四(si)品中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也能得到體現(xian)。在(zai)《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“暑”字(zi)的(de)(de)長(chang)撇,起筆(bi)半藏鋒,帶有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)弧度,方(fang)圓兼(jian)備,筆(bi)勢綿延,猶(you)如(ru)武士刀,給人一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)婉轉秀美(mei)、剛(gang)(gang)柔(rou)(rou)相濟的(de)(de)美(mei)感。《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》的(de)(de)點(dian)畫雖然兼(jian)具剛(gang)(gang)柔(rou)(rou),但相比來(lai)說(shuo),剛(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分多一(yi)(yi)些。它(ta)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)書風中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)略(lve)微(wei)偏陽(yang)剛(gang)(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)的(de)(de)那種(zhong),這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)劉熙載曾(ceng)有(you)論述。劉熙載說(shuo)“善學歐(ou)(ou)者威而不猛”,這(zhe)是(shi)說(shuo)歐(ou)(ou)楷(kai)(kai)屬(shu)于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei);又說(shuo)“歐(ou)(ou)之(zhi)(zhi)為鷹隼易知(zhi)”,這(zhe)是(shi)說(shuo)歐(ou)(ou)楷(kai)(kai)偏于(yu)陽(yang)剛(gang)(gang)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)。
《九(jiu)成宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》的(de)溫(wen)潤(run)是(shi)溫(wen)厚且(qie)潤(run)。溫(wen)厚是(shi)圓筆(bi)或(huo)藏鋒(feng)造成的(de)藝術(shu)效果(guo),潤(run)是(shi)指墨(mo)法。晉(jin)唐基本用濃(nong)(nong)墨(mo),因為黑(hei)白對比強(qiang)(qiang)烈,所以實(shi)用性最(zui)強(qiang)(qiang)。墨(mo)太濃(nong)(nong)則筆(bi)滯,按筆(bi)處易現臃腫,所以要加適量的(de)水,造成濃(nong)(nong)而(er)潤(run)的(de)效果(guo)——既不臃腫,也(ye)不漫漶。現見到的(de)《九(jiu)成宮(gong)醴泉(quan)銘(ming)》一(yi)般都是(shi)拓本,黑(hei)底白字,其(qi)實(shi)看不出(chu)用墨(mo)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)淡燥(zao)潤(run)。但(dan)根據當(dang)時的(de)用墨(mo)情況,再(zai)加上欣賞者的(de)想象活動,點畫(hua)的(de)濃(nong)(nong)潤(run)很容易感(gan)受(shou)得到。
《九(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》結(jie)(jie)字的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一個特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)與端莊意思差不(bu)(bu)多,是(shi)(shi)篆書(shu)、隸書(shu)、楷書(shu)等(deng)靜態書(shu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共同特(te)點(dian)。孫過庭《書(shu)譜》云(yun):“初學分布,但求(qiu)(qiu)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng);既知平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),務追險(xian)絕(jue)(jue);既能(neng)險(xian)絕(jue)(jue),復歸(gui)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。”《九(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》有平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian),但它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)“初學分布”意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),而(er)是(shi)(shi)“既能(neng)險(xian)絕(jue)(jue)”之后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),即平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)與險(xian)絕(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一。這(zhe)又分為兩(liang)種(zhong)情況:正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含奇(qi)和奇(qi)不(bu)(bu)失正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。例如《九(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個“飲”字。在左(zuo)(zuo)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“飲”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“欠”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后一筆寫成(cheng)了(le)反捺,與撇畫距離稍遠,從而(er)將(jiang)欹側(ce)之勢(shi)(shi)(shi)拉正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。在右(you)(you)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“飲”中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“欠”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)后一筆寫成(cheng)了(le)直捺,因其“重量”較大,與撇畫相接就能(neng)保證正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)勢(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)兩(liang)個字中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“食”都是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),“欠”都呈左(zuo)(zuo)傾之勢(shi)(shi)(shi),整個字平(ping)(ping)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)而(er)不(bu)(bu)失活(huo)潑,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含奇(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個字例。再如“武”字,戈(ge)鉤(gou)與右(you)(you)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打點(dian)造成(cheng)左(zuo)(zuo)傾之勢(shi)(shi)(shi),但左(zuo)(zuo)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)橫左(zuo)(zuo)低右(you)(you)高,撐住了(le)這(zhe)種(zhong)險(xian)情;同時(shi),“止”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)橫不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)右(you)(you)昂,而(er)是(shi)(shi)向右(you)(you)下頓(dun),又在一定程度(du)上撥正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)了(le)三(san)橫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斜勢(shi)(shi)(shi);所以,整個字構成(cheng)了(le)奇(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)求(qiu)(qiu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典范。又如“分”字,每(mei)一筆都是(shi)(shi)斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),但整個字卻顯得很正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),這(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)險(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)求(qiu)(qiu)穩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)體(ti)。
《九成(cheng)宮(gong)醴(li)泉銘》結(jie)字的(de)(de)第二(er)個特點是緊(jin)結(jie),即內(nei)緊(jin)外松(song)或內(nei)密外疏(shu)。筆畫往(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)靠攏,向四周放射(she),也(ye)(ye)稱為(wei)輻射(she)性結(jie)體(ti)。《九成(cheng)宮(gong)醴(li)泉銘》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)“叅(can)”“成(cheng)”等字是緊(jin)結(jie)風格的(de)(de)代表。“叅(can)”字的(de)(de)撇、捺(na)、豎等筆畫都非常明顯(xian)地往(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)簇擁,而撇、捺(na)又(you)八(ba)字分散,顯(xian)得很舒展。“成(cheng)”字的(de)(de)短橫、橫折鉤、戈(ge)鉤和最后一點也(ye)(ye)是往(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心聚攏,而戈(ge)鉤修長,向左上和右下輻射(she),緊(jin)結(jie)給人以(yi)挺拔(ba)、舒展之(zhi)感(gan)。此外,《九成(cheng)宮(gong)醴(li)泉銘》的(de)(de)豎筆一般呈背(bei)勢,更增添了(le)字的(de)(de)挺拔(ba)之(zhi)感(gan)。
《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》結(jie)(jie)字的(de)(de)第三(san)個特(te)點是(shi)縱長。《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》多(duo)取背勢(shi),這是(shi)隸意(yi)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)體現(xian)。因為(wei)帶(dai)有隸意(yi),所以《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》具有高古(gu)的(de)(de)特(te)點。但(dan)事實上(shang),《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》不僅帶(dai)有隸意(yi),還帶(dai)有篆(zhuan)意(yi),這里的(de)(de)篆(zhuan)意(yi)指的(de)(de)是(shi)小篆(zhuan)的(de)(de)筆意(yi)。它有多(duo)種(zhong)表現(xian),例如全(quan)用中鋒、圓起(qi)圓收、粗(cu)細(xi)一(yi)致、使轉處(chu)為(wei)圓轉、結(jie)(jie)體多(duo)向(xiang)勢(shi)、字形(xing)修(xiu)長等等。《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》的(de)(de)篆(zhuan)意(yi)主(zhu)要體現(xian)在結(jie)(jie)體的(de)(de)縱長上(shang),歐陽詢將字形(xing)拉長,既是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)創新,又是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)復(fu)歸(gui)——向(xiang)小篆(zhuan)結(jie)(jie)體的(de)(de)復(fu)歸(gui)。由(you)于(yu)兼備篆(zhuan)隸筆意(yi),因此《九成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉(quan)(quan)銘(ming)(ming)》更增添了古(gu)意(yi)。
《九成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘》是奉敕之作,為了莊重和(he)嚴肅(su),必然(ran)會(hui)對(dui)碑石的(de)(de)大小、碑文的(de)(de)內(nei)容和(he)字數等情況進行(xing)(xing)全面了解,并(bing)打好(hao)界格(確定字的(de)(de)大小)。書丹(dan)前的(de)(de)這些(xie)準(zhun)備(bei)工作其實并(bing)不屬(shu)于章法(fa),但會(hui)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)到(dao)章法(fa)。它對(dui)章法(fa)的(de)(de)直接影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)就是行(xing)(xing)列(lie)問題。因(yin)為劃好(hao)了方格,所以《九成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘》必然(ran)是縱(zong)成(cheng)行(xing)(xing)、橫成(cheng)列(lie),行(xing)(xing)距、字距的(de)(de)差別不會(hui)太大。又因(yin)為《九成(cheng)宮醴(li)泉(quan)銘》結體修長,所以造成(cheng)行(xing)(xing)距略(lve)大于字距。
《九成宮醴泉銘(ming)》章法的第二個(ge)特點是字(zi)形大小(xiao)(xiao)適中且一致(zhi)。在方格中寫(xie)字(zi),“如(ru)果把字(zi)寫(xie)小(xiao)(xiao)了(le),盡管保(bao)持中正,卻會顯得全(quan)篇(pian)空(kong)蕩,如(ru)同一個(ge)瘦(shou)(shou)子(zi)(zi)穿著(zhu)一件肥(fei)袍子(zi)(zi);如(ru)果把字(zi)寫(xie)大了(le),又(you)會顯得全(quan)篇(pian)擁擠,如(ru)同一個(ge)胖子(zi)(zi)穿著(zhu)一件瘦(shou)(shou)襖”。因為(wei)字(zi)形大小(xiao)(xiao)適中,所(suo)以《九成宮醴泉銘(ming)》顯得疏(shu)朗開(kai)闊,卻又(you)不至于空(kong)蕩似“溺水之禽”(王羲之語(yu))。
《九(jiu)成宮醴泉銘(ming)》章(zhang)法的(de)(de)(de)第三個(ge)特點是每個(ge)字的(de)(de)(de)體重(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)本(ben)相(xiang)等(deng)。字的(de)(de)(de)“體重(zhong)(zhong)”是視覺上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量感,并不是物理(li)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量。例如上(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)“詢”字,左下方比(bi)較密,筆畫(hua)相(xiang)對(dui)細一(yi)些,右上(shang)方的(de)(de)(de)“勹”筆畫(hua)相(xiang)對(dui)粗一(yi)些,所以整個(ge)字并不讓人(ren)覺得重(zhong)(zhong)心失(shi)衡(heng)。就多(duo)個(ge)字來看,一(yi)般(ban)筆畫(hua)少的(de)(de)(de)字要(yao)寫(xie)得粗一(yi)些,筆畫(hua)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)字要(yao)寫(xie)得細一(yi)些,這是為了保證它們的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量大致相(xiang)等(deng)。
有(you)(you)行有(you)(you)列、大(da)小適中且一致、體重相(xiang)等(deng)可以說是(shi)《九(jiu)成(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)醴(li)泉銘》章法成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)基礎。章法的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)功(gong)自(zi)然會使作品(pin)產生神(shen)(shen)采的(de)(de)(de)美。神(shen)(shen)采雖(sui)然不(bu)能通(tong)過語言充分表達出來,但(dan)還是(shi)可以略微描述。第一,《九(jiu)成(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)醴(li)泉銘》具有(you)(you)儒雅的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)息。儒雅與士氣(qi)、書(shu)卷氣(qi)相(xiang)當,這非有(you)(you)深厚的(de)(de)(de)學識不(bu)能達到(dao)。第二,《九(jiu)成(cheng)宮(gong)(gong)醴(li)泉銘》具有(you)(you)靜(jing)穆(mu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)象(xiang)。楷書(shu)雖(sui)為靜(jing)態書(shu)體,但(dan)這并(bing)不(bu)能保證(zheng)氣(qi)象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)穆(mu),不(bu)少楷書(shu)作品(pin)特別是(shi)現代(dai)作品(pin)常(chang)常(chang)讓人覺得“火氣(qi)”很(hen)大(da)。因此,靜(jing)穆(mu)主要(yao)源于人的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)靈修養。
宋代(dai)釋(shi)居簡《北集》:“貞觀初,歐(ou)、虞、褚、薛以王佐才(cai)弄(nong)翰(han),追配二(er)王,謹嚴瘦勁,歐(ou)陽(yang)絕出,流落(luo)天壤間者何限(xian),獨《化(hua)度寺》《醴泉銘》最(zui)為(wei)珍玩。習之者往往失其韻致,但(dan)貴端莊如木(mu)偶(ou)死(si)于活處,鮮(xian)不為(wei)吏牘之歸,假刻誤人(ren),人(ren)亦罕識。”
宋(song)代(dai)朱長(chang)文《續書斷(duan)》:“(歐(ou)陽詢(xun))杰出當世(shi),顯名唐初,尺牘所傳,人(ren)以(yi)為法,雖戎狄亦慕其聲(sheng)。然(ran)觀其少時,筆勢尚弱(ruo),今廬(lu)山有《西林道場碑》是(shi)也;及晚益(yi)壯,體力完(wan)備,奇(qi)巧間發,蓋由學以(yi)致(zhi)之,《九成宮碑》《溫大雅墓銘(ming)》是(shi)也。”
元代虞集(ji):“楷書之盛,肇自李唐。若歐、虞、褚、薛,尤其著者(zhe)也(ye)。余謂歐公當為(wei)三家之冠,蓋(gai)其同得右軍運(yun)筆(bi)之妙諦。觀此(ci)帖(《醴泉(quan)銘》)結(jie)構謹(jin)嚴,風(feng)神遒勁,于右軍之神氣(qi)骨(gu)(gu)力兩(liang)不相悖,實世之珍。但學《蘭亭》面而(er)欲(yu)換凡骨(gu)(gu)者(zhe),曷(he)其即此(ci)為(wei)金丹之供?”
明代(dai)王世貞《弇(yan)州(zhou)山人稿》:“趙子固以歐陽率更《化度》《醴(li)泉》為楷(kai)法第(di)一。雖不敢謂然(ran),然(ran)是率更碑(bei)中第(di)一。”又:“信本書太(tai)傷(shang)瘦儉,獨(du)《醴(li)泉銘(ming)》道勁(jing)之中不失(shi)婉潤,猶為合爾。”
明代陳繼儒《眉(mei)公全集(ji)》:“此(ci)帖如深山至(zhi)人,瘦硬清(qing)寒(han),而神氣充(chong)腴(yu)。能令王公屈膝,非(fei)他刻可方駕也(ye)。”
明(ming)代汪砢玉(yu)《珊瑚網》:“歐陽率(lv)更書,米海岳稱其真(zhen)到內史,石刻唯《醴泉銘(ming)》《化度寺(si)》二碑特(te)妙。”
明(ming)代趙崡《石(shi)墨(mo)鐫華》:“《醴泉銘(ming)》為正(zheng)書第一(yi)。”
明代詹景鳳《詹氏玄覽編》:“歐(ou)(ou)書寒(han)峭,妙在(zai)瘦勁而婉(wan)。今(jin)之學(xue)歐(ou)(ou)書者(zhe),直板硬平(ping)。《九成宮醴泉銘》,歐(ou)(ou)陽率更得意書也(ye)。”
明代陳循(xun)《芳(fang)州(zhou)集》:“歐陽唐人楷法(fa)第(di)一,此(《虞(yu)恭公碑》)與《化度寺》《九成(cheng)宮(gong)醴泉銘(ming)》又(you)歐陽書(shu)法(fa)第(di)一。”
清代郭尚先《芳(fang)堅館題跋》:“(《醴泉銘》)高華渾樸(pu),法方筆圓,此漢(han)之分(fen)隸,魏晉之楷合(he)并醞釀而成者,伯施(虞世南字伯施)以(yi)外,誰可抗衡(heng)!”
清代王澍(shu)《竹云題跋》:“每見為(wei)率更(geng)(geng)者(zhe),方(fang)整枯燥,了(le)乏生韻。不知率更(geng)(geng)書(shu)風骨內(nei)柔,神明外朗,清和秀(xiu)潤,風韻絕(jue)人,自右軍來,未有骨秀(xiu)神清如率更(geng)(geng)者(zhe)。《醴泉銘》乃其奉詔所作,尤(you)是絕(jue)用意(yi)書(shu),比于(yu)《邕師(shi)塔銘》,肅括處同,而此更(geng)(geng)朗暢矣(yi)!”
清代翁方綱《復初齋文集》:“率更正書《皇(huang)甫》《虞恭(gong)》皆(jie)前(qian)半毅力,入后(hou)歸(gui)輕(qing)斂(lian),雖以《化度》淳古(gu)無(wu)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,亦(yi)后(hou)半斂(lian)于前(qian)半,此(ci)其自成筆格,終身如一(yi)者(zhe)也(ye)。唯《醴(li)泉(quan)銘(ming)》前(qian)半遒(qiu)勁,后(hou)半寬和,與諸(zhu)碑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)舒后(hou)斂(lian)者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)同。豈以奉敕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書為表瑞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo),抑或字(zi)勢稍大(da),故不(bu)(bu)歸(gui)斂(lian),而歸(gui)于舒與?要之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)合其結(jie)構,權其章法,是率更平(ping)生特出匠意之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)構,千門萬戶(hu),規矩方圓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至者(zhe)矣。斯(si)所以范圍諸(zhu)家(jia),程(cheng)式百代也(ye)。善學(xue)歐(ou)書者(zhe)終以師其淳古(gu)為第一(yi)義,而善學(xue)《醴(li)泉(quan)》者(zhe)正不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)知此(ci)義耳。”
清代(dai)梁巘(yan)《承晉齋(zhai)積聞錄》:“歐陽信本《化度》《九成》二碑,猶是學王書,轉折(zhe)皆圓。”
清代蔣衡《拙存(cun)堂題跋》:“歐陽信本書直逼內史,《醴泉銘》尤其杰作(zuo)其結構精嚴,縱橫跌(die)宕。”
清代楊賓《大瓢偶筆》:“信(xin)本(ben)書,余纂入《金石(shi)源流(liu)》者八(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)二(er)種,而經余目者二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)七,此二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七種中《虞恭公墓志銘》為最《邕禪師碑》次之,《九(jiu)成宮醴泉(quan)銘》《虞恭公碑》又次之。”
清代楊(yang)守敬《激素飛清閣評碑記》:“大抵(di)此碑(《醴(li)泉(quan)銘》)之佳,當(dang)以(yi)米南宮云(yun)莊(zhuang)若(ruo)對越,俊若(ruo)跳(tiao)擲,董文敏所(suo)云(yun)“如造凌云(yun)臺,一皆經衡量而成(cheng)。”又其(qi)《學書(shu)邇言》:“歐書(shu)《虞恭碑》最(zui)為晚年之作,而平正婉(wan)和,其(qi)結(jie)體不(bu)(bu)似(si)《醴(li)泉(quan)》之開張,亦不(bu)(bu)似(si)《皇(huang)甫》之峻拔。”
清代(dai)歐(ou)陽輔《集古(gu)求真》:“此碑(《醴泉銘(ming)》)最(zui)為世重,歷代(dai)評者(zhe),俱稱(cheng)為楷(kai)法第一(yi),故椎(zhui)拓無虛日,而石漸剝落,今石雖存,字似(si)魂影!”
清(qing)代康有為(wei)《廣藝舟雙楫(ji)》:“《化度》《九成》氣象較為(wei)雍容(rong)。”
近代容(rong)庚《叢帖目》:“《九成宮醴(li)泉銘》圓潔如珠(zhu),溫潤如玉(yu)。《石渠寶笈三編(bian)》引王澍語(yu):“奉詔作書,尤所經意(yi)。又筆力益老(lao),格韻益遒(qiu),故疏古(gu)朗暢,遂率更書法之冠。”
《九成宮醴泉銘》被(bei)后世譽為“天下第一(yi)(yi)楷書”或“天下第一(yi)(yi)正書”。
歐(ou)陽詢人到中年,書(shu)名播于(yu)世,“八體皆能”,至其(qi)晚(wan)年,其(qi)書(shu)法(fa)藝術水準已(yi)臻(zhen)化境(jing),書(shu)《九成宮醴泉銘》時已(yi)是76歲(sui),加之又是奉敇而作,更是用心,且此(ci)銘筆力剛勁清秀,結體險絕瘦峻(jun),既(ji)得(de)北碑方正(zheng)峻(jun)利之勢,又有南帖風(feng)姿(zi)秀雅之韻,故(gu)歷代推為學(xue)書(shu)之正(zheng)途(tu)、初(chu)學(xue)之典范。諸如“正(zheng)書(shu)第一“唐楷之冠(guan)(guan)”“翰墨之冠(guan)(guan)”“楷書(shu)之極則”等(deng)美譽紛至沓(ta)來。后世科舉考(kao)試寫字(zi)的取法(fa)都以歐(ou)體為考(kao)卷之準繩,足見此(ci)書(shu)影(ying)響力之深遠。
《九成(cheng)宮醴泉(quan)銘》不(bu)僅是一部書法碑(bei)帖,它記(ji)載了李(li)世民在(zai)離(li)九成(cheng)宮組織討論如何進行治理國家(jia),讓人(ren)民相(xiang)信政(zheng)府,并(bing)制定了“輕徭薄(bo)賦,勵精圖(tu)治”的(de)政(zheng)治策略,九成(cheng)宮的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設也(ye)反映了貞觀年間的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)方(fang)針和設計理念(nian)。21世紀中國經(jing)濟(ji)水(shui)平和建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)技術已(yi)經(jing)不(bu)是古代(dai)(dai)所能企及,然(ran)而城市建(jian)(jian)(jian)設存在(zai)著(zhu)貪大、媚洋、求怪,缺乏特色且文(wen)化傳承,由此引發的(de)城市跟(gen)風攀(pan)比、指導思(si)想混亂更埋下多重(zhong)隱患。“以(yi)(yi)(yi)銅為(wei)鑒(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)正衣冠,以(yi)(yi)(yi)古為(wei)鑒(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)知興(xing)衰,以(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)為(wei)鑒(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)明得失,以(yi)(yi)(yi)史為(wei)鑒(jian)(jian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)知興(xing)替”,雖然(ran)塵(chen)封已(yi)久,九成(cheng)宮醴泉(quan)銘所記(ji)載的(de)工程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設理念(nian)在(zai)現代(dai)(dai)仍有深刻(ke)的(de)現實意(yi)義。
《九(jiu)成(cheng)宮醴泉銘》成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)貞觀六(liu)年(nian)(632),立碑(bei)未久(jiu),即為愛(ai)好歐書者捶拓,拓本當時(shi)已不易得。其后(hou)年(nian)經(jing)代遠,捶拓者紛至沓來,碑(bei)字乃損泐漫漶(huan)。所以,碑(bei)石因年(nian)久(jiu)風(feng)化,加之(zhi)(zhi)捶拓過多,斷損嚴重,并經(jing)后(hou)人(ren)多次開鑿,淺者深(shen)之(zhi)(zhi),疲者肥之(zhi)(zhi);久(jiu)而(er)久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi),幾乎無一筆不鑿,以致筆畫枯疲,鋒(feng)芒全失。現碑(bei)座已經(jing)破(po)損,碑(bei)首與碑(bei)身一體,存于(yu)(yu)陜西麟(lin)游縣博物館(guan)。
另外(wai),《九成宮醴(li)泉銘》有宋(song)拓(tuo)明駙馬李(li)祺本,清初高氏重新裝裱。此本筆畫豐腴、字跡清晰,為傳世宋(song)拓(tuo)最佳(jia)者。1956年,張明善將其(qi)捐獻給(gei)國家,現藏(zang)于(yu)北京故宮博物院。