千佛(fo)山興(xing)國禪寺為(wei)山東著(zhu)名(ming)佛(fo)教(jiao)古寺,位于濟(ji)南(nan)市南(nan),坐落于千佛(fo)山半山腰,現(xian)為(wei)濟(ji)南(nan)市佛(fo)教(jiao)協會所在地,1983年被確定為(wei)142所漢傳佛(fo)教(jiao)全(quan)國重點寺院之(zhi)一。
興國禪(chan)寺(si)始(shi)建于唐貞觀年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(627—649年(nian)(nian)(nian)),被(bei)稱為千佛山首剎。宋代(dai)時,興國禪(chan)寺(si)又加(jia)擴(kuo)建。明成化四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1468年(nian)(nian)(nian))重建,大雄寶殿(dian)、天王(wang)殿(dian)及(ji)僧寮、庫房(fang)等全部(bu)予以重修,殿(dian)內塑(su)釋(shi)迦牟尼、地藏(zang)王(wang)菩(pu)薩、十八羅漢、四(si)大天王(wang)等像。清朝嘉慶至(zhi)咸豐(feng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(公元1796一1860年(nian)(nian)(nian))又加(jia)以修葺,并(bing)增建觀音殿(dian)等建筑。
千佛(fo)(fo)崖,在興國寺院(yuan)內南側。崖上有(you)隋(sui)開皇七年至開皇十五(wu)年(公元(yuan)587~595年)所鐫刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang),共9窟(ku)130余尊,是濟南地區(qu)雕鑿歷史較早的(de)(de)(de)(de)石窟(ku)造像(xiang)群。極樂洞是其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)主窟(ku),有(you)大(da)小(xiao)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang)87尊。中間一尊為阿(a)彌陀佛(fo)(fo),盤(pan)膝禪坐(zuo),高(gao)3米(mi),身后(hou)飾佛(fo)(fo)光,法(fa)(fa)相端莊。左右為大(da)勢至與觀世音菩薩(sa),侍立,高(gao)也近3米(mi)。其(qi)他各(ge)窟(ku),皆散落在洞外石壁(bi)上。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)居壁(bi)頂,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉手可及,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一二尊成窟(ku),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三五(wu)尊成區(qu),參差(cha)錯落。這些(xie)佛(fo)(fo)像(xiang),雕刻(ke)精致(zhi),刀法(fa)(fa)純(chun)熟,線條流暢(chang),體態豐腴,栩栩如生。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身著錦衣(yi),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手拈蓮花,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)凝神蹙眉,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結跏趺(fu)坐(zuo),有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合掌禪定,神態各(ge)異,惟妙惟肖。洞內曾嵌(qian)清代著名詩人(ren)施(shi)閏章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碑記。
“文化大革命”中(zhong),佛像(xiang)遭到人為(wei)破壞。1979年3月(yue),市政府撥(bo)專款,本著(zhu)“修舊如舊”的原(yuan)則,組織專業人員按原(yuan)樣進行修復(fu),再(zai)度生輝。
龍泉(quan)洞(dong)(dong)位于興國寺(si)西門(men)內南(nan)側,在(zai)高聳的石(shi)壁下。壁上(shang)翠柏挺拔如蓋,老榆枝(zhi)柯交葛,山風吹來,呼嘯作響,如龍吼,故名。洞(dong)(dong)口上(shang)方石(shi)壁篆書(shu)(shu)“龍泉(quan)洞(dong)(dong)”三(san)字,為濟南(nan)當代已故書(shu)(shu)法家任(ren)曉麓題書(shu)(shu),筆勢遒勁,瀟灑俊秀。洞(dong)(dong)內東側與極(ji)樂(le)洞(dong)(dong)相通。南(nan)側石(shi)壁鑿有(you)(you)多尊佛(fo)像(xiang),其中一(yi)尊彌(mi)勒像(xiang),為劉景茂(mao)于隋開(kai)皇七年(nian)(nian)(公元587年(nian)(nian))正月造,是(shi)千(qian)佛(fo)山年(nian)(nian)代較早(zao)的造像(xiang)。佛(fo)像(xiang)下面有(you)(you)一(yi)小門(men),門(men)內是(shi)一(yi)深潭(tan),稱“龍泉(quan)”,水清見底。洞(dong)(dong)內穹窿(long)石(shi)壁早(zao)先懸有(you)(you)鐘乳,后經開(kai)掘,形成現代這種(zhong)半(ban)人工半(ban)天然的長方形式。
龍泉洞(dong)內(nei)有(you)水深3米的(de)泉水,洞(dong)內(nei)有(you)懸巖浮雕(diao)佛像(xiang)20余尊。
黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)洞(dong)(dong)在(zai)興國寺極樂(le)洞(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)東側巖(yan)壁上(shang)。相傳(chuan)周(zhou)(zhou)代黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)子曾居住(zhu)于此,故名。巖(yan)壁上(shang)端,松柏(bo)垂蔭(yin),山(shan)花(hua)爛(lan)漫。雨后(hou),洞(dong)(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)壁上(shang),苔衣墨綠,蝸牛布陣,蟬蛻點(dian)點(dian),猶如(ru)一幅淡雅的(de)(de)水(shui)墨畫。洞(dong)(dong)深10余米,三折之(zhi)后(hou)呈長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形,為人(ren)工開鑿,類似居室(shi),高2米,面積20平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,中鐫黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)坐像,洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)的(de)(de)6尊佛像已殘缺不全。洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)溫(wen)濕,水(shui)珠下滴,擊石(shi)有(you)(you)聲(sheng),使(shi)洞(dong)(dong)穴越發顯得清(qing)幽。清(qing)嘉慶年間,洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)尚有(you)(you)黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)子的(de)(de)坐像,白(bai)須方(fang)(fang)巾(jin),文士打(da)扮,后(hou)毀。洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)上(shang)端,有(you)(you)石(shi)刻一方(fang)(fang),大字為“黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)洞(dong)(dong)”,小字記載了黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)子的(de)(de)身世。黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)子,為周(zhou)(zhou)代齊國人(ren),修身清(qing)節,不事王侯,隱居在(zai)這里,鑿石(shi)為洞(dong)(dong),終身不下山(shan),著(zhu)書(shu)四篇(pian),名《黔(qian)(qian)婁(lou)子》(已失傳(chuan))。魯恭公聽(ting)說(shuo)他是位有(you)(you)才(cai)能的(de)(de)人(ren),便(bian)派(pai)使(shi)節聘請其出(chu)仕,卻被他拒(ju)絕了。
1980年對洞(dong)穴進行(xing)了(le)(le)整修,在洞(dong)內迎門石(shi)(shi)壁上(shang)鑲嵌石(shi)(shi)碑(bei)一(yi)塊,記(ji)載了(le)(le)黔(qian)(qian)婁子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)一(yi)段(duan)故事:黔(qian)(qian)婁先生(sheng)死時,給(gei)他蓋(gai)了(le)(le)一(yi)方白(bai)布(bu),白(bai)布(bu)甚小,蓋(gai)上(shang)頭則露出了(le)(le)腳(jiao),蓋(gai)上(shang)腳(jiao)則又露出了(le)(le)頭。孔子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)弟子(zi)(zi)曾(ceng)參之孫(sun)曾(ceng)西(xi)說(shuo):“把白(bai)布(bu)斜(xie)(xie)著蓋(gai)不就(jiu)蓋(gai)嚴了(le)(le)嗎(ma)?”黔(qian)(qian)婁的(de)(de)妻子(zi)(zi)韋叢說(shuo):“斜(xie)(xie)著蓋(gai)有余(yu),不如(ru)正著蓋(gai)不足。先生(sheng)在世的(de)(de)時候非常正直(zhi),死后卻讓(rang)他歪斜(xie)(xie),這哪(na)能是(shi)先生(sheng)的(de)(de)本意呢(ni)?”
“洞(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地(di)”石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)(fang)在(zai)黔婁洞(dong)的東(dong)(dong)側,橫跨于對華亭西門石(shi)(shi)級上。坊(fang)(fang)上匾額書寫“洞(dong)天(tian)福(fu)地(di)”四字。該坊(fang)(fang)建(jian)于清(qing)乾隆五十七年(nian)(公元1792年(nian)),字為護理(li)山東(dong)(dong)巡(xun)撫江(jiang)蘭所書。石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)(fang)雖不算大(da),但雕(diao)(diao)刻卻很有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)特點,具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較高(gao)的藝術價值。石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)(fang)通(tong)體用青石(shi)(shi)仿(fang)木結構雕(diao)(diao)砌而成,形成二柱一樓(lou)式,飛(fei)檐起脊(ji)。石(shi)(shi)脊(ji)兩(liang)側,飾有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)花紋(wen),刀法純熟(shu),線條流暢,頗有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)韻致。兩(liang)端雕(diao)(diao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)正吻。檐的四角下(xia)(xia),原有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)風(feng)鈴(ling)各一枚(mei),清(qing)風(feng)稍吹,鈴(ling)聲(sheng)遠(yuan)揚。檐上雕(diao)(diao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓦垅,檐下(xia)(xia)云頭斗(dou)拱(gong)承托,拱(gong)下(xia)(xia)額枋分(fen)別刻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)流云飾紋(wen)和二龍戲珠、獅子(zi)滾繡(xiu)球等(deng)浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)。兩(liang)柱下(xia)(xia)石(shi)(shi)鼓渾(hun)厚。整(zheng)體結構勻稱協(xie)調,構思奇巧,古樸(pu)典雅。坊(fang)(fang)的南側,為懸崖峭壁,蔥郁的樹叢中,隱有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)佛一窟。坊(fang)(fang)北(bei)側有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)古椿樹垂(chui)蔭(yin),將石(shi)(shi)坊(fang)(fang)襯(chen)托得更富情趣。
對(dui)華亭(ting)在(zai)興國寺(si)東南隅小獨院(yuan)內。該院(yuan)坐(zuo)落于(yu)峭壁之(zhi)下10余(yu)米高的(de)平臺上(shang)(shang),院(yuan)門懸(xuan)木刻匾額,上(shang)(shang)書(shu)“對(dui)華亭(ting)”三字,集(ji)于(yu)趙(zhao)孟頫書(shu)帖。亭(ting)始建于(yu)明代(dai),位于(yu)院(yuan)落北側,因遙對(dui)“華不(bu)注”山而得(de)名。昔(xi)日(ri)為僧人面壁誦經(jing)、修心(xin)養性之(zhi)處。幾經(jing)興廢,1995年被改建為藏(zang)經(jing)樓,二層,朱紅柱,橙黃瓦,雙(shuang)檐(yan)起(qi)脊,雕梁畫棟,蔚為大(da)觀。該亭(ting)位置奇絕,視野開闊,憑欄(lan)遠(yuan)眺,一覽無余(yu),可將泉城畫圖盡收(shou)眼底。每當陰雨季(ji)節,浮云穿堂(tang)而過,飄(piao)飄(piao)渺(miao)渺(miao),朦朦朧(long)朧(long),堪(kan)稱仙境。
對(dui)華亭原是僧人坐禪(chan)、講經之所,現為興國禪(chan)寺(si)的方丈室和濟南市(shi)佛教協(xie)會辦公(gong)所在地。
在千佛山(shan)的古禪寺的大殿(dian)后方有一個門廊,上面(mian)懸掛了(le)一副牌匾上面(mian)正(zheng)書“莫向外(wai)求(qiu)”四個銅字,是書法家劉(liu)雯書寫。
現存寺(si)廟(miao)主要是(shi)明清時格(ge)局和規模。興(xing)國禪寺(si)依山而建,共(gong)有7座(zuo)殿(dian)堂,分四個(ge)院(yuan)落,禪院(yuan)深邃幽(you)靜,殿(dian)宇雄偉(wei)壯(zhuang)觀,殿(dian)堂分布錯落有致。整座(zuo)寺(si)廟(miao)迤邐山腰,古樸莊嚴,是(shi)千佛山的主體建筑。
進門(men)兩側(ce)(ce)(ce),鐘鼓(gu)二樓矗(chu)立(li)。迎門(men),彌勒佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)笑迎天下客,皆大(da)(da)歡喜。二進院落(luo),大(da)(da)雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在寺(si)內(nei)東(dong)側(ce)(ce)(ce),坐(zuo)東(dong)朝西,雄(xiong)偉(wei)壯觀(guan)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)正中(zhong)(zhong)蓮花寶座(zuo)上(shang),供奉(feng)(feng)著佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)祖釋(shi)迦(jia)(jia)牟尼塑(su)(su)像(xiang)(xiang),兩側(ce)(ce)(ce)菩薩(sa)(sa)、羅漢侍(shi)立(li),南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)側(ce)(ce)(ce)分別塑(su)(su)普(pu)賢(xian)、文殊菩薩(sa)(sa)和阿難、迦(jia)(jia)葉等十(shi)大(da)(da)弟子(zi)。釋(shi)迦(jia)(jia)牟尼塑(su)(su)像(xiang)(xiang)背后(hou),南(nan)(nan)(nan)無觀(guan)世音菩薩(sa)(sa)塑(su)(su)像(xiang)(xiang)面(mian)東(dong)站立(li),左(zuo)右(you)侍(shi)童子(zi)。玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在大(da)(da)雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei)側(ce)(ce)(ce),坐(zuo)北(bei)朝南(nan)(nan)(nan),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)央佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)龕內(nei)供釋(shi)迦(jia)(jia)如來坐(zuo)像(xiang)(xiang),白玉(yu)石質,由泰國請來。玉(yu)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)西側(ce)(ce)(ce)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)龕內(nei)供奉(feng)(feng)阿彌陀(tuo)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo),東(dong)側(ce)(ce)(ce)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)龕內(nei)供奉(feng)(feng)藥師佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)。菩薩(sa)(sa)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在大(da)(da)雄(xiong)寶殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)側(ce)(ce)(ce),中(zhong)(zhong)央佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)龕內(nei)供觀(guan)世音菩薩(sa)(sa),東(dong)西兩側(ce)(ce)(ce)分別為(wei)地(di)藏菩薩(sa)(sa)、千手觀(guan)音菩薩(sa)(sa)。寺(si)院中(zhong)(zhong)央有一座(zuo)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)彌勒佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)塑(su)(su)像(xiang)(xiang)迎山門(men)趺坐(zuo),其背后(hou),韋馱(tuo)菩薩(sa)(sa)面(mian)東(dong)站立(li)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)南(nan)(nan)(nan),祖師殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)北(bei),禪(chan)堂(tang)(tang)。禪(chan)堂(tang)(tang)長(chang)廊,壁嵌國家副主席董必武、詩人(ren)郭沫若、書(shu)法(fa)家趙(zhao)樸初(chu)游千佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)山詩刻題(ti)記。與長(chang)廊相對,南(nan)(nan)(nan)側(ce)(ce)(ce)千佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)崖危(wei)立(li),崖上(shang)鐫(juan)刻隋代佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)像(xiang)(xiang)多尊。山崖由西向東(dong),依次有龍泉洞、極樂洞、黔婁洞、洞天福地(di)坊(fang)、對華亭等古跡。
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興國禪寺(si)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古寺(si),對(dui)它(ta)(ta)而言(yan),從唐代(dai)(dai)建(jian)立(li)到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),經歷了(le)(le)風(feng)風(feng)雨(yu)雨(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變遷,經歷了(le)(le)時代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洗禮(li),經歷了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)(xiu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)演變,從唐代(dai)(dai)到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)發展中(zhong)(zhong),佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)階段(duan)(duan),從洗禮(li)到(dao)心境境界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),需要反復反復修(xiu)(xiu)養和善(shan)道(dao),需要多次演繹才(cai)能重新(xin)走入觀眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼界(jie),佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德,表(biao)(biao)達了(le)(le)靈魂的(de)(de)(de)(de)心境,心境下(xia)來,佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輪回(hui)(hui)(hui),驗證了(le)(le)六道(dao)輪回(hui)(hui)(hui),不管你(ni)做(zuo)了(le)(le)什(shen)么事情(qing),人在(zai)(zai)做(zuo),天在(zai)(zai)看,輪回(hui)(hui)(hui)對(dui)我們來說,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)修(xiu)(xiu)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng),你(ni)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)你(ni)修(xiu)(xiu)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度,你(ni)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)你(ni)如何實(shi)行(xing)善(shan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度,只有這(zhe)樣(yang),建(jian)古史就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)給(gei)后(hou)人修(xiu)(xiu)養的(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)(duan),為(wei)了(le)(le)留給(gei)后(hou)人提供心境的(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)養,達到(dao)這(zhe)個(ge)階段(duan)(duan),脫離輪回(hui)(hui)(hui),就(jiu)可(ke)以超(chao)度。所(suo)以,對(dui)它(ta)(ta)而言(yan),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)艱難又不容易超(chao)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)階段(duan)(duan),這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)嚴格要求自(zi)己達到(dao)心境境界(jie)而超(chao)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)道(dao)德品質。只有你(ni)親身體(ti)驗,才(cai)能明白佛(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么。