一.自然生態(tai)環境和(he)人(ren)文歷(li)史因素
平(ping)壩區(qu)地(di)(di)處黔中(zhong)腹地(di)(di),因“地(di)(di)勢平(ping)曠(kuang)”而得名,是貴州高(gao)原上(shang)的(de)魚米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄉(xiang),是中(zhong)國民間文化藝術之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄉(xiang)、中(zhong)國屯堡文化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄉(xiang)、中(zhong)國清真美(mei)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鄉(xiang)、全省(sheng)小城鎮建設示范縣(區(qu)),下轄(xia)9個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮、街道辦),國土(tu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)999平(ping)方公里,總人(ren)口36萬,耕(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)25.47萬畝,其中(zhong)萬畝以上(shang)的(de)大壩有6個(ge)、千畝以上(shang)大壩12個(ge),人(ren)均耕(geng)地(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)0.71畝,自古(gu)有“黔中(zhong)大糧倉”的(de)美(mei)譽。優質大米(mi)(mi)(福(fu)壽米(mi)(mi)、貢(gong)皇(huang)米(mi)(mi))、灰鵝、林(lin)卡(ka)辣(la)椒(jiao)等名優土(tu)特產(chan)品(pin)久負(fu)盛(sheng)名,享(xiang)譽省(sheng)內外。平(ping)壩區(qu)氣(qi)(qi)候屬北亞(ya)熱帶高(gao)原季風濕潤氣(qi)(qi)候,雨熱同季,氣(qi)(qi)候溫和、雨量(liang)(liang)充沛、四季分明,冬(dong)無嚴(yan)寒(han)、夏(xia)無酷(ku)署,日(ri)照充足,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫14.0℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均地(di)(di)面(mian)溫度16.6℃,無霜期289天;年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均降雨量(liang)(liang)1265.3mm,相對濕度年(nian)(nian)平(ping)均83%,全年(nian)(nian)日(ri)照時間1147.7-1296.7之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,適宜多種牧草及(ji)飼料作物(wu)生長,青(qing)綠期長達(da)10個(ge)月以上(shang),生物(wu)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)于北方3-5倍。產(chan)區(qu)溪河縱橫、山(shan)塘水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)密(mi)布,水(shui)(shui)面(mian)占總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)36%,豆科、禾本科牧草及(ji)水(shui)(shui)稻、玉米(mi)(mi)、豆米(mi)(mi)、薯類(lei)等農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)豐富。
二.地域范圍
平(ping)(ping)壩灰鵝地域保護(hu)范圍為:白云(yun)鎮、羊昌鄉(xiang)、夏云(yun)鎮、安(an)平(ping)(ping)辦、鼓樓辦、十(shi)字鄉(xiang)、齊(qi)伯鄉(xiang)、樂(le)平(ping)(ping)鎮、天(tian)龍鎮9個鄉(xiang)(鎮、街(jie)道辦),地理(li)坐標(biao)為:東(dong)經106°34′06″至(zhi)106°59′24″,北緯26°15′18″至(zhi)26°37′45″,總面積999平(ping)(ping)方公里。平(ping)(ping)壩灰鵝養殖規模為4.5萬羽,產量225噸(dun)。
三.產品(pin)品(pin)質特性(xing)特征
1、外部感觀特(te)征(zheng):平(ping)(ping)壩(ba)灰(hui)(hui)鵝(e)體型中等、緊湊、優美,頸長呈弓形,全(quan)身羽毛呈不(bu)同程度的灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se),額頂有一寬窄不(bu)等的灰(hui)(hui)白色(se)(se)毛圈,眼瞼淡黃,喙和額瘤黑色(se)(se),脛(jing)、蹼(pu)為橘紅色(se)(se)或黑色(se)(se),咽(yan)袋(dai)呈三角(jiao)形,外形獨具(ju)特(te)征(zheng)。平(ping)(ping)壩(ba)灰(hui)(hui)鵝(e)肉(rou)色(se)(se)紅亮,肉(rou)質細嫩,味(wei)鮮美清香(xiang),油而不(bu)膩(ni)。
2、內(nei)在品質指(zhi)標(biao):蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白質18-22(g/100g),鉀(jia)195-205(mg/100g),膽固(gu)醇(chun)50-70(mg/100g);氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan):谷(gu)氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、賴氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)、精氨(an)(an)(an)酸(suan)(suan)等(deng)16種氨(an)(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)總量(liang)16.1-20.6(g/100g);不(bu)飽(bao)和(he)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)(suan):α-亞(ya)麻酸(suan)(suan)C18:3n3等(deng)不(bu)飽(bao)和(he)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)(suan)總量(liang)60-74.1(g/100g)。生長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育:平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)生長(chang)(chang)較(jiao)快,剛出殼(ke)的雛(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)92.5克(ke)(ke),30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)達(da)(da)731克(ke)(ke)。30~90日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)為(wei)(wei)發(fa)育盛期(qi),其消化能(neng)力、抗(kang)病力和(he)適應性(xing)等(deng)大(da)為(wei)(wei)增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang),骨骼、肌肉、羽毛迅(xun)速生長(chang)(chang)。尤(you)以(yi)30~40日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)生長(chang)(chang)最(zui)快,平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)76克(ke)(ke)。90日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)3.8公(gong)(gong)斤,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)3.4公(gong)(gong)斤,分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)成年鵝(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的70.8%和(he)80.9%,最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)可達(da)(da)5公(gong)(gong)斤。雛(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)20日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)胎毛由(you)黃變灰(hui)白,30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)尾部、體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)側、翼、腹部長(chang)(chang)毛,50~60日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)頭面換(huan)好羽毛,60~80日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)背腰羽毛換(huan)齊(qi)(qi),翅羽開始(shi)生長(chang)(chang),5月齡(ling)后主(zhu)翼羽長(chang)(chang)齊(qi)(qi)。成年公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)4.4~6.2公(gong)(gong)斤,最(zui)高可達(da)(da)8公(gong)(gong)斤,成年母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)3.4~5公(gong)(gong)斤,最(zui)高為(wei)(wei)7公(gong)(gong)斤。產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)能(neng):產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)旺季集中(zhong)在10月下旬(xun)(xun)至11月下旬(xun)(xun),每窩(wo)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)11枚(mei),年平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)量(liang)33枚(mei),最(zui)高達(da)(da)55枚(mei),周(zhou)歲(sui)年產(chan)2窩(wo),18~36枚(mei),2~3周(zhou)歲(sui)以(yi)上的經(jing)產(chan)鵝(e)(e)(e)年產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)3窩(wo),27~44枚(mei),多為(wei)(wei)隔天產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)殼(ke)白色(se)(se),蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)較(jiao)大(da),平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)150.7克(ke)(ke),最(zui)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)達(da)(da)178克(ke)(ke),蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)形橢(tuo)圓,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)型指(zhi)數(shu)1.48。蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)殼(ke)厚(hou)度(du)0.62毫米(mi),蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)品質好,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白粘稠,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)黃色(se)(se)澤深黃。產(chan)肉性(xing)能(neng) 在農村散養條件下,半凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)78.1%,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)77.4%,全凈膛(tang)屠宰率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)67.6%,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)67.8%,肥育性(xing)能(neng)良好,脂(zhi)肪(fang)沉積能(neng)力強(qiang)。用玉米(mi)15~20公(gong)(gong)斤強(qiang)制(zhi)育肥20~30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),可增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1.5~3公(gong)(gong)斤。繁殖(zhi)性(xing)能(neng) 平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)性(xing)成熟(shu)較(jiao)晚,公(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)需200~270天,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)需240~300天,母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)就巢性(xing)較(jiao)強(qiang),下完(wan)一窩(wo)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)就賴抱。自然孵化期(qi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)30日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),最(zui)長(chang)(chang)32日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri),受精率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)達(da)(da)89.7%,孵化率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)87.5%,鵝(e)(e)(e)群公(gong)(gong)、母(mu)比例一般為(wei)(wei)1:4。
四.特定(ding)生產(chan)方式
1、產地選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze):首先(xian)應選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)牧草資源豐(feng)富的(de)山塘(tang)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku),周圍有利(li)于種植優質牧草的(de)草山草坡,水(shui)(shui)源四季供水(shui)(shui)充足(zu),無污(wu)染,通風(feng)順暢,向陽避風(feng),位于居民區(qu)下風(feng)向。土質應選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)透水(shui)(shui)性(xing)好的(de)沙質土壤。電力通訊交通便利(li),但(dan)考慮(lv)到防疫的(de)需(xu)要(yao),鵝舍與主要(yao)交通干線的(de)距離應不(bu)少(shao)于1000米。
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu):平(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)的品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)在保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)和(he)(he)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)同(tong)時進行(xing),由(you)貴州大學動物(wu)科學院、貴州省(sheng)畜牧(mu)獸醫(yi)科研所(suo)等提供技術指(zhi)導(dao)。1982年(nian)開始進行(xing)平(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)的選(xuan)育(yu)(yu),重點針對平(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特性(xing)進行(xing)整理,提高體型外貌和(he)(he)生產(chan)性(xing)能的整齊度。2004年(nian)在中(zhong)心(xin)產(chan)區(qu)建設平(ping)壩灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)保(bao)護場(chang),占(zhan)地52畝,存(cun)欄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)1250羽(yu)(yu),其中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)1000羽(yu)(yu),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)250羽(yu)(yu),有(you)(you)人工(gong)孵化(hua)室(shi)、人工(gong)授精室(shi)、育(yu)(yu)雛室(shi)及相應(ying)的配套設備。在保(bao)護區(qu)建設有(you)(you)200羽(yu)(yu)以上保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)擴(kuo)繁場(chang)8個,存(cun)欄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)1962羽(yu)(yu),其中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)327羽(yu)(yu),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)1635羽(yu)(yu)。在保(bao)護場(chang)和(he)(he)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)除(chu)采取(qu)制定規(gui)劃、獎勵(li)扶持、設立(li)專項發展(zhan)資金、目標(biao)考(kao)核等行(xing)政措施外,還采取(qu)以下技術措施:2.1在保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)嚴禁飼(si)養其它鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);2.2按標(biao)準(zhun)選(xuan)留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)。
3、生(sheng)產過程管(guan)理:本技術規定了平(ping)壩灰鵝飼養過程的(de)要求(qiu)。人(ren)員管(guan)理:鵝場的(de)飼養員應(ying)定期進行健康檢查,傳染病患者不得從事養殖工作(zuo);場內獸(shou)醫人(ren)員不準對外診療。一般養殖場(戶)的(de)養殖從業人(ren)員也應(ying)保(bao)持(chi)健康。飼養管(guan)理:
①雛(chu)鵝(e)、雛(chu)鵝(e)是指4周齡(ling)以(yi)內的(de)鵝(e)。雛(chu)鵝(e)的(de)采食量依據日(ri)齡(ling)的(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同而不(bu)(bu)(bu)同。具體每(mei)天(tian)采食多(duo)少適宜(yi),見下表1(略(lve)):飲(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui):雛(chu)鵝(e)進入(ru)育雛(chu)室(shi)后(hou),先(xian)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)開食或者同時進行,若(ruo)是浸透(tou)(tou)米(飯)和(he)青飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)可隔日(ri)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),使用(yong)(yong)配合(he)飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)需天(tian)天(tian)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。見下表(略(lve)):20-30°C時每(mei)100只(zhi)(zhi)雛(chu)鵝(e)的(de)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量單位:升/100只(zhi)(zhi)、天(tian)雛(chu)鵝(e)出殼24小時后(hou)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中可加(jia)入(ru)復合(he)維生素和(he)少許紅糖;也(ye)可每(mei)公(gong)斤水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)加(jia)入(ru)1克維生素或0.1%高錳(meng)酸鉀溶液(ye);或者可用(yong)(yong)青茶泡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)飲(yin)(yin)(yin),50克茶葉泡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)2公(gong)斤。但(dan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能讓飲(yin)(yin)(yin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沾濕絨毛和(he)溢濕墊草(cao)。開食:開食飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)應當是營養豐富、易消化、鮮嫩多(duo)汁,用(yong)(yong)青飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)拌浸透(tou)(tou)碎(sui)米,青、碎(sui)米比例為4:1。飼喂次數:飼喂應少量多(duo)餐,提高飼料(liao)(liao)(liao)利(li)用(yong)(yong)率(lv)。一般前(qian)3天(tian)白天(tian)喂4—5次,晚上(shang)加(jia)喂一次;4—10日(ri)齡(ling),白天(tian)喂5—6次,晚上(shang)加(jia)喂1次。每(mei)天(tian)投(tou)料(liao)(liao)(liao)以(yi)八成飽為宜(yi)。雛(chu)鵝(e)放牧:從11日(ri)齡(ling)起,天(tian)氣(qi)晴(qing)好時,有(you)條件(jian)的(de)地(di)方可以(yi)開始放牧,放牧前(qian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)喂料(liao)(liao)(liao),促使雛(chu)鵝(e)在草(cao)地(di)采食野青草(cao)。每(mei)天(tian)上(shang)午(wu)、下午(wu)各放牧一次。嬉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui):雛(chu)鵝(e)在羽毛未(wei)長出前(qian)絕對(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能嬉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),腹部羽毛長齊后(hou),晴(qing)天(tian)可讓其在淺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、清潔(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中嬉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。
②育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)鵝(e)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)補料(liao):育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)鵝(e)一月齡后消(xiao)化(hua)能力強(qiang),是生長速度最快的階段。飼養管理應充分放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)或全天放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)。沒有條件放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu),實行圈(quan)養,只要是無毒青菜、野菜都可(ke)切碎(sui)拌入適量的米糠、玉(yu)(yu)米粉(fen)、谷粉(fen)或配合飼料(liao)供鵝(e)足夠食(shi)用。晚(wan)上(shang)飼喂:中鵝(e)消(xiao)化(hua)能力強(qiang),晚(wan)上(shang)應增(zeng)加補給配合料(liao)拌入青飼料(liao)進行飼喂。配合料(liao)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)用稻谷38—41%、玉(yu)(yu)8—10%、麥(mai)麩(fu)10%、米糠20—22%、濃縮(suo)料(liao)12—15%、礦物質3%。增(zeng)加育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)鵝(e)的日糧和營(ying)養需要。放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)嬉(xi)水(shui):在放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)(mu)過程(cheng)中,采(cai)(cai)取采(cai)(cai)食(shi)—嬉(xi)水(shui)—休息(xi)—采(cai)(cai)食(shi)的方(fang)法(fa),每天不(bu)少于三次嬉(xi)水(shui),高溫天氣嬉(xi)水(shui)次數增(zeng)多,時間(jian)要延長。
③肉(rou)用鵝(e)(e)肉(rou)用鵝(e)(e)是青年(nian)鵝(e)(e)飼養到45-60 日(ri)齡時(shi)(shi),不(bu)留種用而(er)進行肥(fei)(fei)育(yu)作為(wei)(wei)商品(pin)鵝(e)(e)。肉(rou)鵝(e)(e)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)時(shi)(shi)間一般10—15天(tian)。舍飼育(yu)肥(fei)(fei):適宜于(yu)集約化規(gui)模化生產(chan)。其方法:喂給高能量(liang)(liang)(liang)日(ri)糧如(ru)玉米、稻谷(gu)等(deng)(deng)(deng);限制光(guang)照在(zai)(zai)較暗的欄舍內(nei)飼喂;減(jian)少(shao)運(yun)動,每平方米4—6只(zhi);不(bu)限量(liang)(liang)(liang)飼喂并保證有充足飲(yin)水,以增進食(shi)欲(yu)幫助(zhu)消化,使體脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)迅速沉(chen)積。填(tian)(tian)飼育(yu)肥(fei)(fei):將紅(hong)薯馬鈴薯絲、碎米、米糠等(deng)(deng)(deng)混合精料或配合飼料加(jia)適量(liang)(liang)(liang)水,搓成(cheng)粗1-1.5厘米、長6厘米左右的條(tiao)狀(zhuang)物,等(deng)(deng)(deng)其涼(liang)干后,用人工填(tian)(tian)入鵝(e)(e)的食(shi)道中。每天(tian)填(tian)(tian)3次(ci),每次(ci)3—4條(tiao),然(ran)后逐漸增加(jia)到每天(tian)4—5次(ci),每次(ci)填(tian)(tian)5—6條(tiao)。填(tian)(tian)喂后把鵝(e)(e)關在(zai)(zai)圈內(nei),盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)減(jian)少(shao)活動,并供給充足飲(yin)水。育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)鵝(e)(e)膘度(du)(du)(du)標(biao)志:全(quan)身皮下(xia)(xia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)肥(fei)(fei)厚(hou),尾部豐滿,胸(xiong)肌胞(bao)滿厚(hou)實,摸不(bu)到龍骨,富含脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang),翼下(xia)(xia)兩側體軀(qu)皮膚下(xia)(xia)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)增厚(hou),結實富有彈(dan)性似板(ban)粟大(da)小的脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)團為(wei)(wei)上等(deng)(deng)(deng)肥(fei)(fei)度(du)(du)(du);若肥(fei)(fei)肪(fang)(fang)團疏(shu)松為(wei)(wei)中等(deng)(deng)(deng)肥(fei)(fei)度(du)(du)(du);摸不(bu)到肥(fei)(fei)肪(fang)(fang)團為(wei)(wei)下(xia)(xia)等(deng)(deng)(deng)肥(fei)(fei)度(du)(du)(du)。
④種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后備(bei)期(qi)、休產(chan)期(qi)、預產(chan)期(qi)、產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)管理(li)。后備(bei)種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)的(de)(de)(de)管理(li):須降(jiang)低能量飼(si)料,增(zeng)(zeng)加礦(kuang)物質和蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白質飼(si)料,以(yi)提高(gao)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)量。種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)休產(chan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang):休產(chan)期(qi)是指母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)4—5月份結束產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)到下半年(nian)7—8月份之間階段(duan)。主要以(yi)放牧為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,補料為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔,節約精(jing)(jing)料,日糧由精(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)粗,降(jiang)低飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang)成本。種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)預產(chan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang):須喂(wei)(wei)好喂(wei)(wei)飽(bao),放牧時間延長。在(zai)(zai)(zai)運動場(chang)放置貝殼粉、成石灰粉、供其采食,精(jing)(jing)料中要添加營養(yang)(yang)(yang)價值全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)日糧5%的(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)縮料,促進各種(zhong)營養(yang)(yang)(yang)物質的(de)(de)(de)儲備(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)做好準備(bei)。種(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)養(yang)(yang)(yang):產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)應以(yi)舍(she)飼(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,放牧為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔。日糧中精(jing)(jing)、粗、青料要合理(li)搭配,要喂(wei)(wei)給含鈣磷多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)料。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使母(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)在(zai)(zai)(zai)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)期(qi)保(bao)持旺盛性欲,提高(gao)種(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)受(shou)精(jing)(jing)率(lv),公母(mu)(mu)(mu)合群放牧,增(zeng)(zeng)加交配次數(shu)。公、母(mu)(mu)(mu)比例為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1:5。
⑤種公(gong)鵝(e)種公(gong)鵝(e)按平(ping)壩灰鵝(e)特性(xing)特征標準評分(fen)90分(fen)以上作種用。在配(pei)種前(qian)嚴格淘汰劣質、病(bing)殘公(gong)鵝(e)。自然(ran)交配(pei):種公(gong)鵝(e)的(de)后備(bei)期、生(sheng)產(chan)期都(dou)可與種母鵝(e)合(he)群(qun)飼養(yang)在一起,同(tong)(tong)群(qun)放(fang)牧,同(tong)(tong)群(qun)喂料(liao)。人工授精(jing)的(de)種公(gong)鵝(e):種公(gong)鵝(e)群(qun)不宜過大,一般為40只(zhi)(zhi)以內,根據體質、年齡、個體大小(xiao)編組(zu)放(fang)在小(xiao)欄中飼養(yang)。每只(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)鵝(e)占地要有一平(ping)方米以上。青料(liao)不限量喂給(gei),給(gei)足清潔飲水,精(jing)料(liao)或配(pei)合(he)料(liao)要富(fu)含蛋(dan)白質和必需(xu)氨基(ji)酸、維生(sheng)素、礦物質。采精(jing)頻率,每天不得超過三(san)次(ci),最(zui)好隔日(ri)采精(jing)一次(ci)為優(you)。
⑥生(sheng)產記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建立生(sheng)產記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)檔案,包括引種記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),培訓記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),飼(si)養管理(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),飼(si)料采購和使用記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(含青飼(si)料),鵝蛋(dan)生(sheng)產記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),廢棄(qi)物處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),消毒記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),獸藥使用記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),防疫免疫記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),病死尸體(ti)或淘汰種鵝的處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),鵝蛋(dan)檢(jian)測記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、活鵝檢(jian)疫記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu),銷售記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。所有記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)應在灰鵝出售或清群后保存3年以上。
五.包裝標識相關規定
本規定地(di)域(yu)范圍內的平壩灰鵝農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營(ying)者,在產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)或包裝上使用農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標志,須向安順市平壩區畜禽品(pin)種改良站提出申請,按照(zhao)相關要求規范生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)和使用標志,統一采用平壩灰鵝產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)名稱和農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)地(di)理標志公共標識相結合的標識標注方法。