一.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壩區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)處黔中腹地(di)(di)(di),因(yin)“地(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)曠”而得名(ming),是貴州高原上的(de)魚(yu)米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang),是中國民間(jian)(jian)文化藝(yi)術之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、中國屯堡文化之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、中國清真美食(shi)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、全(quan)省(sheng)小(xiao)城鎮建設示(shi)范縣(區(qu)(qu)),下轄9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(鎮、街(jie)道辦),國土面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)999平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)方公里,總(zong)人口(kou)36萬(wan)(wan),耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)25.47萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),其(qi)中萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)以(yi)上的(de)大壩有(you)6個、千畝(mu)以(yi)上大壩12個,人均耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)0.71畝(mu),自古有(you)“黔中大糧倉”的(de)美譽。優質大米(mi)(mi)(福(fu)壽(shou)米(mi)(mi)、貢(gong)皇米(mi)(mi))、灰鵝、林卡(ka)辣椒等名(ming)優土特產(chan)品久負盛名(ming),享譽省(sheng)內外。平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)壩區(qu)(qu)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)屬(shu)北亞(ya)熱帶(dai)高原季(ji)風(feng)濕(shi)潤氣(qi)(qi)候(hou),雨熱同季(ji),氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫和、雨量(liang)充(chong)沛(pei)、四季(ji)分(fen)明,冬無(wu)嚴寒(han)、夏無(wu)酷署,日照充(chong)足,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫14.0℃,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)溫度16.6℃,無(wu)霜期289天;年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均降雨量(liang)1265.3mm,相對濕(shi)度年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均83%,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)日照時間(jian)(jian)1147.7-1296.7之(zhi)間(jian)(jian),適宜多種牧草(cao)及飼料作物生長,青綠期長達10個月以(yi)上,生物產(chan)量(liang)高于北方3-5倍。產(chan)區(qu)(qu)溪河縱橫、山塘水(shui)庫密布,水(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)占總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)36%,豆(dou)科、禾本科牧草(cao)及水(shui)稻、玉米(mi)(mi)、豆(dou)米(mi)(mi)、薯類等農產(chan)品豐富。
二.地域范圍
平(ping)(ping)壩灰鵝地域保護(hu)范圍為:白云鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、羊(yang)昌鄉(xiang)、夏云鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、安平(ping)(ping)辦(ban)、鼓(gu)樓辦(ban)、十字鄉(xiang)、齊伯(bo)鄉(xiang)、樂平(ping)(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、天龍鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)9個(ge)鄉(xiang)(鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、街(jie)道辦(ban)),地理坐標為:東經106°34′06″至106°59′24″,北緯26°15′18″至26°37′45″,總面積999平(ping)(ping)方(fang)公里(li)。平(ping)(ping)壩灰鵝養(yang)殖規模為4.5萬羽,產量225噸。
三.產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征(zheng)
1、外部感觀特(te)征:平壩灰(hui)(hui)(hui)鵝體型中等、緊(jin)湊、優美(mei),頸長呈弓形,全身羽毛呈不(bu)(bu)同程度的灰(hui)(hui)(hui)色(se),額頂有一寬窄不(bu)(bu)等的灰(hui)(hui)(hui)白色(se)毛圈,眼瞼(jian)淡黃(huang),喙和額瘤黑(hei)色(se),脛、蹼為橘紅色(se)或黑(hei)色(se),咽袋呈三角形,外形獨具特(te)征。平壩灰(hui)(hui)(hui)鵝肉色(se)紅亮,肉質細嫩,味鮮(xian)美(mei)清香,油而不(bu)(bu)膩。
2、內在品質指標:蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白質18-22(g/100g),鉀195-205(mg/100g),膽固醇50-70(mg/100g);氨(an)基酸:谷氨(an)酸、賴氨(an)酸、精(jing)氨(an)酸等(deng)(deng)16種氨(an)基酸總量16.1-20.6(g/100g);不飽(bao)(bao)和(he)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸:α-亞麻酸C18:3n3等(deng)(deng)不飽(bao)(bao)和(he)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸總量60-74.1(g/100g)。生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu):平(ping)(ping)壩(ba)灰鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)生(sheng)長(chang)較(jiao)快,剛出殼(ke)的雛(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)體(ti)(ti)重92.5克,30日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)體(ti)(ti)重達(da)(da)(da)731克。30~90日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)發(fa)育(yu)盛期,其消化能力(li)、抗病力(li)和(he)適應(ying)性(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)大為(wei)(wei)增強(qiang),骨(gu)骼、肌肉(rou)、羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)迅速生(sheng)長(chang)。尤以30~40日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)生(sheng)長(chang)最(zui)(zui)快,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)(ri)增重76克。90日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)體(ti)(ti)重,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)3.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)3.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,分別為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)年(nian)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)重的70.8%和(he)80.9%,最(zui)(zui)重個體(ti)(ti)可達(da)(da)(da)5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤。雛(chu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)20日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)胎毛(mao)由黃變灰白,30日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)尾部(bu)、體(ti)(ti)側、翼(yi)、腹部(bu)長(chang)毛(mao),50~60日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)頭面換好羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao),60~80日(ri)(ri)(ri)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)背腰羽(yu)(yu)毛(mao)換齊(qi),翅羽(yu)(yu)開始(shi)生(sheng)長(chang),5月(yue)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后(hou)主翼(yi)羽(yu)(yu)長(chang)齊(qi)。成(cheng)年(nian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)重4.4~6.2公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)可達(da)(da)(da)8公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,成(cheng)年(nian)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)體(ti)(ti)重3.4~5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤,最(zui)(zui)高(gao)為(wei)(wei)7公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤。產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)性(xing)(xing)能:產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)旺季集中在10月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun)至11月(yue)下(xia)旬(xun),每窩(wo)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)11枚(mei),年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)量33枚(mei),最(zui)(zui)高(gao)達(da)(da)(da)55枚(mei),周歲(sui)年(nian)產(chan)2窩(wo),18~36枚(mei),2~3周歲(sui)以上的經產(chan)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)年(nian)產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)3窩(wo),27~44枚(mei),多為(wei)(wei)隔天產(chan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)。蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)殼(ke)白色,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)較(jiao)大,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)重150.7克,最(zui)(zui)重達(da)(da)(da)178克,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)形橢圓,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)型(xing)指數1.48。蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)殼(ke)厚度0.62毫米(mi),蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)品質好,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)白粘稠,蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)黃色澤深黃。產(chan)肉(rou)性(xing)(xing)能 在農村散(san)養條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia),半(ban)凈膛屠宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)78.1%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)77.4%,全凈膛屠宰(zai)率(lv)(lv),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)67.6%,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)67.8%,肥育(yu)性(xing)(xing)能良好,脂(zhi)肪(fang)沉積(ji)能力(li)強(qiang)。用玉米(mi)15~20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤強(qiang)制育(yu)肥20~30日(ri)(ri)(ri),可增重1.5~3公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤。繁殖(zhi)性(xing)(xing)能 平(ping)(ping)壩(ba)灰鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)性(xing)(xing)成(cheng)熟(shu)較(jiao)晚,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)需(xu)(xu)200~270天,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)需(xu)(xu)240~300天,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)就巢性(xing)(xing)較(jiao)強(qiang),下(xia)完一窩(wo)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)就賴抱。自然孵(fu)化期平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)30日(ri)(ri)(ri),最(zui)(zui)長(chang)32日(ri)(ri)(ri),受精(jing)率(lv)(lv)達(da)(da)(da)89.7%,孵(fu)化率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)87.5%,鵝(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)群公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)比例一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)1:4。
四.特定生(sheng)產方式
1、產(chan)地(di)選擇:首先應選擇牧草(cao)資源(yuan)豐富的山塘水(shui)庫(ku),周圍有利(li)于種植(zhi)優質(zhi)牧草(cao)的草(cao)山草(cao)坡,水(shui)源(yuan)四季供(gong)水(shui)充足,無污染,通風順(shun)暢,向陽避風,位于居民(min)區下風向。土質(zhi)應選擇透水(shui)性好的沙(sha)質(zhi)土壤。電(dian)力通訊交(jiao)通便利(li),但(dan)考慮到防疫的需要,鵝舍與主要交(jiao)通干線(xian)的距離應不(bu)少于1000米。
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu):平(ping)壩(ba)(ba)灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)在(zai)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)場和(he)(he)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)同時進行,由(you)貴州大(da)學動(dong)物(wu)科(ke)學院、貴州省畜牧獸醫科(ke)研(yan)所等提供技術指導。1982年(nian)開始進行平(ping)壩(ba)(ba)灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)的(de)選(xuan)育(yu),重點針對平(ping)壩(ba)(ba)灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)特(te)性進行整理,提高體型外(wai)貌和(he)(he)生產性能的(de)整齊(qi)度。2004年(nian)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)心產區(qu)(qu)建(jian)設平(ping)壩(ba)(ba)灰(hui)鵝(e)(e)保(bao)護場,占地52畝,存(cun)欄(lan)種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)1250羽(yu)(yu),其中(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)鵝(e)(e)1000羽(yu)(yu),種(zhong)(zhong)公鵝(e)(e)250羽(yu)(yu),有人工(gong)孵化室(shi)、人工(gong)授精(jing)室(shi)、育(yu)雛室(shi)及相應的(de)配套設備。在(zai)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)建(jian)設有200羽(yu)(yu)以上保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)擴(kuo)繁場8個,存(cun)欄(lan)種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)1962羽(yu)(yu),其中(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)公鵝(e)(e)327羽(yu)(yu),種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)鵝(e)(e)1635羽(yu)(yu)。在(zai)保(bao)護場和(he)(he)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)除采取制定規劃、獎勵扶持、設立(li)專(zhuan)項發展資(zi)金、目標(biao)考核(he)等行政(zheng)措施(shi)外(wai),還(huan)采取以下技術措施(shi):2.1在(zai)保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)嚴(yan)禁(jin)飼養其它鵝(e)(e)種(zhong)(zhong);2.2按標(biao)準選(xuan)留種(zhong)(zhong)鵝(e)(e)。
3、生產過程(cheng)管(guan)理:本技術規定了平(ping)壩灰鵝飼養(yang)過程(cheng)的要求(qiu)。人員管(guan)理:鵝場的飼養(yang)員應定期(qi)進行(xing)健康檢查,傳染病患者不(bu)得從(cong)事養(yang)殖工作;場內(nei)獸(shou)醫人員不(bu)準對外(wai)診療。一般養(yang)殖場(戶)的養(yang)殖從(cong)業人員也應保(bao)持健康。飼養(yang)管(guan)理:
①雛(chu)(chu)鵝、雛(chu)(chu)鵝是(shi)指4周齡以內的鵝。雛(chu)(chu)鵝的采食(shi)量(liang)(liang)依據(ju)日(ri)(ri)齡的不(bu)同(tong)而不(bu)同(tong)。具體每天(tian)(tian)采食(shi)多少適(shi)宜(yi),見下表1(略):飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui):雛(chu)(chu)鵝進(jin)入育雛(chu)(chu)室后,先飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后開(kai)(kai)食(shi)或者(zhe)同(tong)時進(jin)行,若是(shi)浸(jin)(jin)透(tou)米(mi)(飯(fan))和青(qing)(qing)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)可(ke)隔日(ri)(ri)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),使用(yong)配合飼(si)料(liao)(liao)需(xu)天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。見下表(略):20-30°C時每100只雛(chu)(chu)鵝的飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)單位:升/100只、天(tian)(tian)雛(chu)(chu)鵝出(chu)殼24小時后飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)可(ke)加(jia)入復合維生(sheng)(sheng)素和少許紅糖(tang);也可(ke)每公(gong)斤水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)加(jia)入1克維生(sheng)(sheng)素或0.1%高錳酸鉀溶液;或者(zhe)可(ke)用(yong)青(qing)(qing)茶(cha)泡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)飲,50克茶(cha)葉(xie)泡水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)2公(gong)斤。但不(bu)能讓飲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沾濕(shi)(shi)絨毛和溢濕(shi)(shi)墊草(cao)。開(kai)(kai)食(shi):開(kai)(kai)食(shi)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)應(ying)當是(shi)營養豐富、易消化、鮮嫩多汁,用(yong)青(qing)(qing)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)拌浸(jin)(jin)透(tou)碎米(mi),青(qing)(qing)、碎米(mi)比(bi)例為4:1。飼(si)喂(wei)(wei)次(ci)(ci)數(shu):飼(si)喂(wei)(wei)應(ying)少量(liang)(liang)多餐,提高飼(si)料(liao)(liao)利用(yong)率(lv)。一(yi)般前3天(tian)(tian)白(bai)天(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)4—5次(ci)(ci),晚上(shang)加(jia)喂(wei)(wei)一(yi)次(ci)(ci);4—10日(ri)(ri)齡,白(bai)天(tian)(tian)喂(wei)(wei)5—6次(ci)(ci),晚上(shang)加(jia)喂(wei)(wei)1次(ci)(ci)。每天(tian)(tian)投(tou)料(liao)(liao)以八(ba)成飽為宜(yi)。雛(chu)(chu)鵝放(fang)牧:從11日(ri)(ri)齡起,天(tian)(tian)氣晴(qing)好時,有條(tiao)件的地方可(ke)以開(kai)(kai)始放(fang)牧,放(fang)牧前不(bu)喂(wei)(wei)料(liao)(liao),促使雛(chu)(chu)鵝在草(cao)地采食(shi)野(ye)青(qing)(qing)草(cao)。每天(tian)(tian)上(shang)午、下午各放(fang)牧一(yi)次(ci)(ci)。嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui):雛(chu)(chu)鵝在羽毛未長出(chu)前絕(jue)對不(bu)能嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),腹部羽毛長齊后,晴(qing)天(tian)(tian)可(ke)讓其在淺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、清潔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)嬉(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。
②育(yu)成鵝(e)(e)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)補料(liao):育(yu)成鵝(e)(e)一月齡后消化能力(li)強(qiang),是(shi)生(sheng)長速度最快的階段。飼(si)(si)養管理應充分(fen)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)或(huo)全天(tian)放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)。沒有條(tiao)件放(fang)牧(mu)(mu),實(shi)行圈養,只要是(shi)無毒青菜、野菜都可切碎拌入適(shi)量的米糠(kang)、玉(yu)米粉、谷(gu)粉或(huo)配合飼(si)(si)料(liao)供鵝(e)(e)足夠食用(yong)(yong)。晚(wan)上飼(si)(si)喂(wei):中鵝(e)(e)消化能力(li)強(qiang),晚(wan)上應增加補給配合料(liao)拌入青飼(si)(si)料(liao)進行飼(si)(si)喂(wei)。配合料(liao)可采用(yong)(yong)稻谷(gu)38—41%、玉(yu)8—10%、麥(mai)麩(fu)10%、米糠(kang)20—22%、濃縮料(liao)12—15%、礦物質(zhi)3%。增加育(yu)成鵝(e)(e)的日(ri)糧和(he)營養需要。放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)嬉水:在放(fang)牧(mu)(mu)過程中,采取采食—嬉水—休(xiu)息—采食的方(fang)法,每(mei)天(tian)不少于三次嬉水,高溫天(tian)氣嬉水次數(shu)增多,時間要延長。
③肉(rou)用(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)肉(rou)用(yong)(yong)鵝(e)(e)是青年鵝(e)(e)飼(si)(si)養到45-60 日齡時,不(bu)留種用(yong)(yong)而進行肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)育作為(wei)商(shang)品(pin)鵝(e)(e)。肉(rou)鵝(e)(e)育肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)時間(jian)一般10—15天。舍飼(si)(si)育肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):適宜于集約化規模化生產。其(qi)方法:喂(wei)給(gei)高能量日糧(liang)如玉米、稻谷等(deng);限(xian)制光(guang)照在(zai)較暗的欄舍內飼(si)(si)喂(wei);減(jian)(jian)少運動(dong),每平方米4—6只(zhi);不(bu)限(xian)量飼(si)(si)喂(wei)并保證有充(chong)足飲水(shui),以(yi)增進食(shi)欲幫(bang)助消化,使體脂(zhi)迅速沉積。填(tian)飼(si)(si)育肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):將紅(hong)薯(shu)馬鈴薯(shu)絲、碎米、米糠等(deng)混合精料(liao)或配合飼(si)(si)料(liao)加適量水(shui),搓成粗1-1.5厘米、長6厘米左右的條狀物,等(deng)其(qi)涼干后(hou),用(yong)(yong)人工填(tian)入鵝(e)(e)的食(shi)道中(zhong)。每天填(tian)3次,每次3—4條,然后(hou)逐漸增加到每天4—5次,每次填(tian)5—6條。填(tian)喂(wei)后(hou)把鵝(e)(e)關在(zai)圈(quan)內,盡量減(jian)(jian)少活動(dong),并供給(gei)充(chong)足飲水(shui)。育肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)鵝(e)(e)膘度(du)(du)標志:全身(shen)皮(pi)下(xia)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)厚,尾(wei)部(bu)豐滿(man),胸肌胞滿(man)厚實(shi)(shi),摸不(bu)到龍骨,富含脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang),翼下(xia)兩側體軀皮(pi)膚(fu)下(xia)脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)增厚,結實(shi)(shi)富有彈性似(si)板粟大小(xiao)的脂(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)團為(wei)上等(deng)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)度(du)(du);若肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肪(fang)(fang)團疏松為(wei)中(zhong)等(deng)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)度(du)(du);摸不(bu)到肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)肪(fang)(fang)團為(wei)下(xia)等(deng)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)度(du)(du)。
④種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)備(bei)期、休產(chan)(chan)(chan)期、預(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)期、產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)管理(li)。后(hou)(hou)備(bei)種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)的(de)(de)管理(li):須降(jiang)(jiang)低能量(liang)飼(si)(si)料,增加礦物質(zhi)和蛋(dan)白質(zhi)飼(si)(si)料,以(yi)(yi)提高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)量(liang)。種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)休產(chan)(chan)(chan)期的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang):休產(chan)(chan)(chan)期是指母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)4—5月份結(jie)束產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)到下半年(nian)7—8月份之間階段。主(zhu)要(yao)以(yi)(yi)放牧為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),補料為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔,節(jie)約精(jing)料,日(ri)糧由精(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗,降(jiang)(jiang)低飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)成(cheng)本。種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)預(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)期的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang):須喂好喂飽(bao),放牧時間延長。在(zai)(zai)運(yun)動(dong)場放置貝殼粉、成(cheng)石灰粉、供其(qi)采食(shi),精(jing)料中要(yao)添加營(ying)養(yang)(yang)價(jia)值全面(mian)的(de)(de)占日(ri)糧5%的(de)(de)濃縮(suo)料,促進各種營(ying)養(yang)(yang)物質(zhi)的(de)(de)儲備(bei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)做(zuo)好準備(bei)。種母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)養(yang)(yang):產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)應以(yi)(yi)舍飼(si)(si)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),放牧為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔。日(ri)糧中精(jing)、粗、青料要(yao)合(he)理(li)搭配,要(yao)喂給(gei)含(han)鈣磷(lin)多的(de)(de)飼(si)(si)料。為(wei)(wei)(wei)使母(mu)(mu)鵝(e)(e)在(zai)(zai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)蛋(dan)期保持(chi)旺盛(sheng)性欲,提高(gao)種蛋(dan)受精(jing)率,公(gong)母(mu)(mu)合(he)群放牧,增加交配次數。公(gong)、母(mu)(mu)比例為(wei)(wei)(wei)1:5。
⑤種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)按平壩灰(hui)鵝(e)特性特征標準評分(fen)90分(fen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上作種(zhong)(zhong)用。在(zai)配種(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)嚴格(ge)淘汰劣質(zhi)(zhi)、病(bing)殘公(gong)鵝(e)。自然交配:種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)的(de)后備期(qi)、生產期(qi)都可與種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)鵝(e)合(he)群(qun)飼(si)養在(zai)一(yi)起,同群(qun)放(fang)牧,同群(qun)喂料(liao)。人工授精(jing)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e):種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)鵝(e)群(qun)不(bu)(bu)宜過(guo)大,一(yi)般為40只以(yi)(yi)(yi)內,根(gen)據體質(zhi)(zhi)、年齡、個體大小編組放(fang)在(zai)小欄(lan)中飼(si)養。每只公(gong)鵝(e)占地要有一(yi)平方米以(yi)(yi)(yi)上。青(qing)料(liao)不(bu)(bu)限量喂給(gei),給(gei)足(zu)清潔飲水,精(jing)料(liao)或配合(he)料(liao)要富含蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)必(bi)需氨基酸、維生素、礦物質(zhi)(zhi)。采精(jing)頻率,每天不(bu)(bu)得超過(guo)三次,最好隔(ge)日采精(jing)一(yi)次為優。
⑥生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)建立生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)檔案,包括引種(zhong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),培訓(xun)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),飼養管理(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),飼料(liao)采(cai)購和使用(yong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)(含青飼料(liao)),鵝蛋生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),廢棄物處(chu)理(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),消毒記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),獸(shou)藥使用(yong)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),防疫免疫記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),病(bing)死(si)尸體或(huo)淘汰(tai)種(zhong)鵝的處(chu)理(li)記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),鵝蛋檢測記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)、活鵝檢疫記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu),銷(xiao)售記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)。所有記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)應在(zai)灰鵝出售或(huo)清群(qun)后保存3年以上。
五.包裝(zhuang)標(biao)識相關規定(ding)
本規定(ding)地(di)域范(fan)圍內(nei)的平(ping)壩(ba)灰鵝農產(chan)(chan)品生產(chan)(chan)經營者,在(zai)產(chan)(chan)品或包(bao)裝上使用農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標志(zhi)(zhi),須向安順(shun)市(shi)平(ping)壩(ba)區畜禽品種改良站(zhan)提(ti)出申請,按(an)照相(xiang)關要求(qiu)規范(fan)生產(chan)(chan)和使用標志(zhi)(zhi),統一采用平(ping)壩(ba)灰鵝產(chan)(chan)品名稱和農產(chan)(chan)品地(di)理標志(zhi)(zhi)公共標識(shi)相(xiang)結合的標識(shi)標注方法。