一.產品介紹
黔北黑豬分布于(yu)貴州(zhou)省的(de)(de)(de)北部和東北部,主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)于(yu)遵義、綏陽、湄潭、桐梓、正安(an)、務川(chuan)、鳳崗、余慶(qing)、道真(zhen)、習水(shui)、匯川(chuan)、紅花崗等縣區(qu)(qu)(qu)。產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)居民以(yi)漢族為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),由于(yu)生產(chan)(chan)、生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao),群眾除養豬積肥(fei)(fei)外(wai),還有(you)殺年豬-煉油和腌制臘肉的(de)(de)(de)習慣,所以(yi)多選擇“油多易(yi)肥(fei)(fei)”的(de)(de)(de)豬作(zuo)種(zhong)用,對外(wai)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求是“頭大(da)(da)、嘴長、岔口(kou)深,腳高、體(ti)長架(jia)子蹬,大(da)(da)耳下掛粗尾根,倒八卦(gua)頭日增斤。境內以(yi)大(da)(da)婁山(shan)脈為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體(ti),是貴州(zhou)高原向四(si)川(chuan)盆地傾(qing)斜和向西湘(xiang)丘陵(ling)過(guo)渡的(de)(de)(de)地帶,赤水(shui)河(he),芙蓉江、烏江流(liu)經(jing)其間。產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)春暖較(jiao)早(zao),秋寒較(jiao)晚,夏溫(wen)較(jiao)高,土(tu)壤肥(fei)(fei)沃(wo),雨量充(chong)沛(pei),農業較(jiao)發(fa)達,以(yi)水(shui)稻、小(xiao)麥、玉米、油菜為(wei)(wei)王,并(bing)盛產(chan)(chan)蕃薯、馬鈴薯、豆類、花生以(yi)及(ji)烤煙、茶(cha)葉等經(jing)濟(ji)作(zuo)物(wu)。由于(yu)山(shan)場廣闊,野生飼料和農副(fu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)豐富,為(wei)(wei)養豬提(ti)供了物(wu)質條(tiao)件(jian)。
二.自然生態環(huan)境和人文歷史因(yin)素
1、土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌 黔(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)遵義(yi)地(di)(di)區(qu)地(di)(di)勢以(yi)中山(shan)峽(xia)谷(gu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),低(di)山(shan)丘陵次之(zhi),山(shan)巒起(qi)伏,形(xing)成了高山(shan)、溝谷(gu)、丘陵和(he)盆(pen)地(di)(di)相間的(de)(de)復雜地(di)(di)形(xing)。屬低(di)緯度高海拔(ba)的(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)(di)農業區(qu)。耕(geng)地(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積30762平方公里,占貴州省(sheng)耕(geng)地(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)(de)17.46%,其中,山(shan)地(di)(di)占61.9%,丘陵占30.7%,盆(pen)地(di)(di)及(ji)河谷(gu)壩子僅占7.4%。耕(geng)地(di)(di)總(zong)面(mian)積588.1萬(wan)畝,人均(jun)耕(geng)地(di)(di)0.82畝。該地(di)(di)區(qu)地(di)(di)質結構復雜,土(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型多(duo)樣(yang),以(yi)黃壤(rang)、黃棕壤(rang)、石灰(hui)土(tu)和(he)水稻土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),土(tu)質肥沃。 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)居民以(yi)漢族(zu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),亦(yi)有仡佬(lao)族(zu)、土(tu)家族(zu)、苗族(zu)等(deng)少數民族(zu),由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、生(sheng)(sheng)活需要,群眾(zhong)除養豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)積肥外,還(huan)有殺年(nian)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、煉油和(he)腌制(zhi)臘(la)肉(rou)的(de)(de)習慣,所(suo)以(yi)多(duo)選擇“油多(duo)易(yi)肥”的(de)(de)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)種(zhong)用。產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)群眾(zhong)選擇種(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)積累(lei)了豐(feng)富的(de)(de)經驗(yan),對外形(xing)的(de)(de)要求是“頭大、嘴長、岔口深,腳(jiao)高、體長架子蹬,大耳下掛粗(cu)尾(wei)根(gen),倒八卦頭日增斤(jin)”。 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)農業較發達(da),是貴州省(sheng)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要糧食產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)稻谷(gu)、玉(yu)米、小(xiao)麥、油菜,也盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)紅薯、馬鈴(ling)薯、豆類(lei)、花生(sheng)(sheng)等(deng)農作(zuo)物和(he)各類(lei)蔬(shu)菜,再加(jia)上草場廣闊,野生(sheng)(sheng)牧草極為(wei)(wei)豐(feng)富。農產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品及(ji)農副產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品、蔬(shu)菜、野生(sheng)(sheng)牧草等(deng)為(wei)(wei)黔(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)形(xing)成和(he)發展(zhan)奠定了堅(jian)實的(de)(de)物質基礎。黔(qian)北地(di)(di)區(qu)是貴州省(sheng)經濟、文化(hua)相對發達(da)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu),俗(su)稱貴州省(sheng)的(de)(de)糧倉和(he)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)倉,長期為(wei)(wei)貴陽(yang)市(shi)(shi)和(he)遵義(yi)市(shi)(shi)場提供了大量的(de)(de)鮮豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)肉(rou)及(ji)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)肉(rou)加(jia)工(gong)制(zhi)品,養育(yu)著該地(di)(di)區(qu)人民,促進(jin)了黔(qian)北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選育(yu)和(he)種(zhong)群的(de)(de)擴大。
2、氣(qi)候(hou)情況 境內氣(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he),熱(re)量資源較(jiao)豐(feng)富,雨水(shui)充沛,四季(ji)分明,冬(dong)無嚴寒,夏無酷暑,年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15~17℃,年(nian)降(jiang)雨量900~1400毫米,相對濕度(du)(du)80%左(zuo)右。最多年(nian)份(fen)1313毫米,最少(shao)年(nian)份(fen)852.2毫米。無霜期260~300天左(zuo)右。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15.6℃,最冷月(yue)(元月(yue))平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)5℃,極端最低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)零下5.5℃,最熱(re)月(yue)(七月(yue))平(ping)(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)15.6℃,極端最高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)37.4℃,年(nian)日照數1266.7小時(shi)。低山(shan)(shan)河谷地(di)區(qu)的雨水(shui)熱(re)量條(tiao)件(jian)更為充裕(yu),如赤(chi)水(shui)河下段平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)在18℃左(zuo)右,夏季(ji)炎(yan)熱(re),時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長,冬(dong)季(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)(he),少(shao)見霜雪。東與湖(hu)南接壤,北與四川毗(pi)連,境內以大婁山(shan)(shan)脈為主(zhu)(zhu)體,是貴(gui)州(zhou)高原向四川盆地(di)傾斜和(he)(he)向西湘(xiang)丘陵(ling)過渡的地(di)帶(dai),赤(chi)水(shui)河,芙蓉江、烏江流(liu)經其間(jian)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)春暖較(jiao)早,秋寒較(jiao)晚,夏溫(wen)(wen)(wen)較(jiao)高,土壤肥沃,雨量充沛,農業較(jiao)發達,是貴(gui)州(zhou)省的主(zhu)(zhu)要糧食產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)。農作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)一(yi)年(nian)兩(liang)熟,以水(shui)稻、小麥、玉(yu)米、油菜(cai)為王(wang),并(bing)盛產(chan)(chan)(chan)蕃薯、馬鈴薯、豆類、花生以及烤煙、茶葉等經濟作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)。由于山(shan)(shan)場廣(guang)闊,野生飼(si)料和(he)(he)農副產(chan)(chan)(chan)品豐(feng)富,為養豬提供了物(wu)(wu)質條(tiao)件(jian)。
三.地域范圍
黔北黑(hei)豬(zhu)主要產區位于貴(gui)州省北部遵義(yi)市的桐梓縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、遵義(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳岡(gang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、綏(sui)陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、道真縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、務川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、余慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、湄潭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、正安(an)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、赤(chi)(chi)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、習水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、仁懷(huai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等12個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。黔北黑(hei)豬(zhu)的地(di)域(yu)保護范(fan)圍為:桐梓縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、遵義(yi)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、鳳岡(gang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、綏(sui)陽縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、道真縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、務川(chuan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、余慶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、湄潭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、正安(an)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、赤(chi)(chi)水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、習水(shui)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、仁懷(huai)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等12個縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。地(di)理坐標:東經105°36′—108°13′,北緯(wei)27°08′—29°12。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性(xing)特征
1、產(chan)品典型特征特性描述 黔北(bei)黑(hei)豬全身被毛黑(hei)色。頭大(da)小適(shi)(shi)中(zhong),耳大(da)下(xia)垂,嘴長(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)直,額部皺紋多呈菱形。頸長(chang)(chang)(chang)短適(shi)(shi)中(zhong),背腰微凹,較(jiao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)稍窄,后軀較(jiao)豐滿,斜尻,尾(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)超過飛節(jie),胸(xiong)稍窄而(er)較(jiao)深,腹大(da)下(xia)垂,但不著地。四肢(zhi)健(jian)壯,后肢(zhi)多臥系。
2、內在品(pin)質(zhi) 成年母豬體(ti)重(zhong)161.88+28公(gong)斤(jin),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)136.38+15厘(li)米,成年公(gong)豬體(ti)重(zhong)150.83+10公(gong)斤(jin),體(ti)長(chang)(chang)148.38+7厘(li)米。 胴體(ti)品(pin)質(zhi):黔北黑豬屠宰率高,胴體(ti)品(pin)質(zhi)較好。屠宰率平(ping)均(jun)70.34%,膘厚(hou)平(ping)均(jun)3.54厘(li)米,瘦肉率平(ping)均(jun)41.90%。 蛋白質(zhi)(g/100g)10.2-11.5,谷氨酸(suan)(suan)(g/100g)2.9-3.4,精(jing)氨酸(suan)(suan)(g/100g)2.0-2.8,亮氨酸(suan)(suan)(g/100g)1.4-2.0,丙氨酸(suan)(suan)(g/100g)1.0-1.8,蘇氨酸(suan)(suan)(g/100g)1.5-2.1。
3、黔北黑豬(zhu)養殖嚴格按昭NY5029-2008無公害食(shi)品豬(zhu)肉的規(gui)定養殖。
五.特(te)定生產(chan)方式
1、產(chan)地(di)選擇(ze) 首先(xian)應選擇(ze)牧草資(zi)源豐富的(de)(de)地(di)方或(huo)者是利于種植(zhi)優質牧草的(de)(de)草山(shan)草坡,背風(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang),地(di)勢(shi)(shi)干(gan)(gan)燥,冬暖夏涼的(de)(de)環境(jing)是黔(qian)北黑豬最(zui)適合(he)的(de)(de)生(sheng)存環境(jing),所以豬舍(she)(she)圈舍(she)(she)應選擇(ze)地(di)勢(shi)(shi)較(jiao)高,排水(shui)良好,通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)順暢,向(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)避(bi)風(feng)(feng),位于居民區下(xia)風(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)。土質應選擇(ze)透(tou)水(shui)性好的(de)(de)沙質土壤。水(shui)源四季供水(shui)充(chong)足,無污(wu)染。電力(li)通(tong)(tong)訊交通(tong)(tong)便(bian)利,但考慮(lv)到(dao)防疫的(de)(de)需要,圈舍(she)(she)與主要交通(tong)(tong)干(gan)(gan)線(xian)的(de)(de)距離應不(bu)少(shao)于1000米。
2、品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu) 在(zai)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)鳳崗縣、道真縣、遵義(yi)縣是黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)保護區(qu)和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)心產(chan)區(qu),廣(guang)泛(fan)開(kai)展(zhan)本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)、提純(chun)復壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)工作。 品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu):采取“集中(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu),按群建系,統(tong)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)供應,分場(戶(hu))生(sheng)產(chan)經(jing)營”的(de)(de)方(fang)法。選(xuan)擇品(pin)系純(chun)正、整齊度(du)高(gao)而(er)健壯(zhuang)、免疫可靠的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)進行推廣(guang)生(sheng)產(chan)。 充分利用(yong)(yong)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源優(you)勢,建立純(chun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁育(yu)(yu)基地(di)(di),廣(guang)泛(fan)開(kai)展(zhan)選(xuan)育(yu)(yu)選(xuan)配(pei)工作,指導養殖(zhi)戶(hu)實(shi)行黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)異地(di)(di)交換(huan)、區(qu)域調整,嚴格選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)配(pei)制度(du),對不(bu)留作種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)一律要求育(yu)(yu)肥作商品(pin)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出售,避免近親繁殖(zhi)產(chan)生(sheng)不(bu)良(liang)(liang)性狀,以此鞏(gong)固提高(gao)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)優(you)良(liang)(liang)特性和(he)生(sheng)產(chan)性能,培育(yu)(yu)出符(fu)合本品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)等級(ji)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。 通(tong)過(guo)良(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)登記,增加基因多樣(yang)性,增強選(xuan)擇強度(du),實(shi)行科學選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)配(pei),提高(gao)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)整體(ti)水平。 黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)流程:選(xuan)定純(chun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)→用(yong)(yong)黔(qian)(qian)(qian)北(bei)(bei)黑(hei)(hei)公(gong)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)配(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)→懷(huai)孕→產(chan)出仔豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)→乳(ru)期斷奶(nai)育(yu)(yu)成(10-12個(ge)月育(yu)(yu)肥飼(si)養)→100公(gong)斤以上(shang)出欄。
3、生產過(guo)程(cheng)管理 本技術規定(ding)了黔北黑豬飼養過(guo)程(cheng)的要(yao)求。
(1)人員管理:種場的飼養(yang)(yang)員應(ying)定期進行(xing)健康檢查,傳(chuan)染病患者不(bu)(bu)得從事養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)工作;場內獸醫人員不(bu)(bu)準對外(wai)診療。一(yi)般養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)場(戶(hu))的養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)從業人員也應(ying)保持健康。
(2)飼養管理:
①仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的飼養(yang)管理(li) 仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出(chu)生(sheng)后一定要(yao)喂(wei)初乳,固(gu)定乳頭,按(an)照大的放在(zai)中間,小的放在(zai)兩邊,固(gu)定2次后,仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)就不(bu)會亂爭搶(qiang)乳頭了,這樣(yang)(yang)仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)勢均勻。每頭母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)哺乳仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)數量一般(ban)不(bu)要(yao)超過12頭,若(ruo)產仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)數量較多(duo)時,應采取寄養(yang)的辦法,寄養(yang)時給寄養(yang)仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身上抹來(lai)蘇水或母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)尿(niao),干擾寄養(yang)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)嗅覺,不(bu)讓母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)吃仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),保證寄養(yang)成功。 仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)出(chu)生(sheng)第(di)7天(tian)開始誘食,把(ba)仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)料撒在(zai)仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)補料間內,避免(mian)母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)舔食。仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)盡(jin)(jin)早吃開食,這樣(yang)(yang)有助于提高(gao)斷奶(nai)窩(wo)重,縮短哺乳天(tian)數,使母(mu)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)盡(jin)(jin)快恢復體力,提早發情(qing)。黔北黑豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)斷奶(nai)一般(ban)比雜交仔(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豬(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)日齡長(chang),一般(ban)需要(yao) 35—40天(tian),體重平(ping)均達15斤(jin)以上才能(neng)斷奶(nai),否則成活率低。
②育成豬(zhu)的(de)飼(si)養管理(li) 黔北黑豬(zhu)育肥時(shi)間為10-14個月。飼(si)養時(shi)營養要(yao)全面,主要(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)玉米、紅薯、紅薯藤、南瓜、蘿(luo)卜、白菜、牛皮菜等農作(zuo)物或野(ye)生(sheng)草本(ben)植物為飼(si)料(liao)(liao)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)。育肥時(shi),在80斤以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)時(shi),精(jing)(jing)料(liao)(liao)比(bi)例占60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang),青(qing)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)比(bi)例占40%最佳(jia),因(yin)為此時(shi)豬(zhu)的(de)體格小,消(xiao)化薄弱,抗病力(li)低。80斤以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)逐漸(jian)加(jia)大青(qing)飼(si)料(liao)(liao)的(de)比(bi)例,縮小精(jing)(jing)料(liao)(liao)比(bi)例,以(yi)(yi)(yi)節約飼(si)料(liao)(liao),用地方(fang)說法是“吊架(jia)子”。180斤以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)又要(yao)加(jia)大精(jing)(jing)料(liao)(liao)比(bi)例,此時(shi)要(yao)催肥,使豬(zhu)出欄時(shi)屠宰率高(gao),瘦肉率在40%以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)。
③種母豬的(de)飼養(yang)管理 母豬體軀要(yao)(yao)勻稱,乳頭6對以上(shang),對稱整(zheng)齊(qi)。過肥豬不發情,過瘦則受(shou)胎率低,產(chan)仔(zi)數少,仔(zi)豬成活(huo)率低。母豬要(yao)(yao)飼喂到(dao)150—200斤才能方可配種。母豬每隔21天(tian)發情一次,配種后(hou),做好(hao)記錄(lu),懷孕111—114天(tian)(三(san)個月三(san)個星(xing)期零(ling)三(san)天(tian))開始產(chan)仔(zi),此時(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)接生的(de)準備(bei)。母豬產(chan)仔(zi)時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)防(fang)寒保(bao)(bao)暖、防(fang)暑降(jiang)溫工作,冬天(tian)保(bao)(bao)持圈舍(she)干燥,農村散養(yang)戶可給(gei)圈舍(she)鋪層稻草(cao)。
④種(zhong)公(gong)豬的(de)飼(si)養管(guan)理 種(zhong)公(gong)豬要(yao)壯(zhuang)實(shi),12個月(yue)即可(ke)用于配(pei)種(zhong)。1—2歲的(de)種(zhong)公(gong)豬每星(xing)期(qi)采精2—5次,2歲以上可(ke)隔一(yi)天采一(yi)次。采精應在早、晚涼爽時(shi)進行(xing)。采精后種(zhong)公(gong)豬要(yao)加(jia)強營養,每次采精后生喂雞蛋(dan)1—2個。為了加(jia)強公(gong)豬的(de)體力,應做適量運(yun)動(dong),每天趕著公(gong)豬運(yun)動(dong)2小時(shi)以上。
(3)常(chang)(chang)規管理(li)(li) 根(gen)據黔北(bei)黑豬(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生長階段,按(an)(an)時(shi)、按(an)(an)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、按(an)(an)標準飼喂,每天(tian)打掃圈舍2次(ci),每周對(dui)圈舍帶豬(zhu)消毒2-3次(ci)。制定(ding)免(mian)疫程序(xu),按(an)(an)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)接種疫苗,確(que)保(bao)豬(zhu)群健康。 獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用及休(xiu)(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi):保(bao)持良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飼養(yang)管理(li)(li),盡量(liang)(liang)(liang)減少(shao)疾病的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生,減少(shao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang),嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行休(xiu)(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)規定(ding)。采(cai)用飲水或(huo)拌料方(fang)式添(tian)加獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)符合(he)NY5030-2006要求。所(suo)購藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)來自有《獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生產許可證》和產品(pin)批準文號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產企(qi)業,購買手(shou)續(xu)齊備存檔(dang)備查。為做到合(he)理(li)(li)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、正確(que)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)控制和剔除(chu)高殘留獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),杜絕違禁藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用,對(dui)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)嚴(yan)(yan)禁超量(liang)(liang)(liang)和濫用,未作規定(ding)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)也不得(de)濫用。獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用必須嚴(yan)(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)行休(xiu)(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制度,每年定(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、不定(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地對(dui)黔北(bei)育成(cheng)黑豬(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)殘留藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)情況進(jin)行必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce),治療(liao)過(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)黔北(bei)育成(cheng)豬(zhu)應實行隔圈飼養(yang),在(zai)休(xiu)(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)過(guo)后方(fang)可出欄。 驅(qu)(qu)蟲(chong):一般每年春秋(qiu)兩(liang)次(ci)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物驅(qu)(qu)蟲(chong)。丙硫咪唑、阿(a)維(wei)菌(jun)素都(dou)具有高效、低毒、廣譜(pu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優點,對(dui)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胃腸道(dao)線蟲(chong)、肺線蟲(chong)、片型吸蟲(chong)均(jun)有效。可同(tong)時(shi)驅(qu)(qu)除(chu)混合(he)感染的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多種寄(ji)生蟲(chong)。
(4)飼(si)養(yang)管理(li)質量控制 嚴格(ge)按(an)《無(wu)公害(hai)食品肉豬飼(si)養(yang)管理(li)準(zhun)(zhun)則》控制和操作(zuo)全生(sheng)(sheng)產管理(li)過程,縣局產品質量安全領導小組每年至少對(dui)(dui)產地內的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產管理(li)進(jin)行二次(ci)全面檢查,鎮(zhen)鄉畜牧站和農村獸(shou)醫(yi)人員(yuan)對(dui)(dui)產地內黔北黑豬的(de)無(wu)公害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)產進(jin)行常年巡(xun)查管理(li),保證各(ge)飼(si)養(yang)場和農戶(hu)按(an)標準(zhun)(zhun)化組織和進(jin)行生(sheng)(sheng)產。
(5)投(tou)入品管理
①飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao):飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)與(yu)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)原料(liao)(liao)應(ying)符合NY5150的(de)規定(ding)。不(bu)能在黔北(bei)(bei)黑豬(zhu)體內埋植或者在飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)中(zhong)添加(jia)鎮(zhen)靜劑(ji)、激(ji)素類等(deng)違禁(jin)藥品。黔北(bei)(bei)育肥黑豬(zhu)使用含有抗生(sheng)素的(de)添加(jia)劑(ji)時(shi),應(ying)按照《飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)和飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)添加(jia)劑(ji)管理條(tiao)(tiao)例(li)》執行休藥期。不(bu)同(tong)(tong)性別、年齡、體重和不(bu)同(tong)(tong)生(sheng)理狀況的(de)黔北(bei)(bei)黑豬(zhu)選用不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)方式(shi)和飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)標準。飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)種類要(yao)多樣(yang)化,適口性要(yao)好(hao)。飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)營養(yang)價(jia)值要(yao)保持相對穩定(ding),不(bu)能喂發霉(mei)變質(zhi)的(de)飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)。日糧以優質(zhi)青粗飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)為主(zhu),適當搭配精料(liao)(liao)。選用飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)可根據當地條(tiao)(tiao)件就地取材,同(tong)(tong)時(shi),也(ye)要(yao)考(kao)慮飼(si)(si)(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)的(de)價(jia)格(ge),以降低飼(si)(si)(si)(si)養(yang)成本。
②飲(yin)水:經常保持有充足的飲(yin)水,水質符合NY5092-2001的要(yao)求(qiu);定期清洗消毒(du)飲(yin)水設備,避免細(xi)菌滋(zi)生。放牧時(shi)應特別(bie)注意水源問題。
(6)出欄后的(de)處理規(gui)定(ding) 黔北黔豬(zhu)(zhu)育肥豬(zhu)(zhu)出售前應(ying)在各(ge)鄉鎮檢(jian)(jian)疫員實施產地檢(jian)(jian)疫;達到休(xiu)藥期、檢(jian)(jian)疫合格(ge)才能上市,不(bu)合格(ge)的(de)實行(xing)留(liu)(liu)滯觀察定(ding)性后按規(gui)定(ding)處理;有明顯病狀(zhuang)的(de)豬(zhu)(zhu)及時隔離或撲殺焚燒、深埋等無(wu)害化處理。以保證(zheng)產地育肥豬(zhu)(zhu)獸藥殘留(liu)(liu)低(di)于規(gui)定(ding)的(de)動(dong)物(wu)性食品中獸藥最高殘留(liu)(liu)限量。
(7)生(sheng)產記錄要求:根(gen)據農業部“畜(chu)禽(qin)標(biao)識(shi)和(he)養殖檔案管理辦法”規定,種場及一(yi)般養殖場(戶)都(dou)應當建立養殖檔案,載明以下(xia)內容:品種、數量(liang)(liang)、繁(fan)殖記錄、標(biao)識(shi)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)、來(lai)源和(he)進出場日期;飼(si)料(liao)投入品和(he)獸藥(yao)的來(lai)源、名稱(cheng)、使(shi)用對象、時間和(he)用量(liang)(liang)等有關情(qing)(qing)況(kuang);檢(jian)疫、免(mian)疫、監測、消毒情(qing)(qing)況(kuang);豬(zhu)的發(fa)病(bing)、診療(liao)、死亡和(he)無(wu)害(hai)化(hua)處理情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。資料(liao)應盡可能長(chang)期保存,最少保留2年。
六.包裝標識相關規定
本(ben)規定地(di)域范圍內(nei)的黔(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)經營者,在產(chan)品或包裝上使用(yong)農產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志,須向遵(zun)義(yi)市(shi)黔(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)養殖專業(ye)合作(zuo)社(she)利現(xian)代農業(ye)專業(ye)合作(zuo)社(she)提出申請(qing),按照(zhao)相(xiang)關要求規范生(sheng)產(chan)和使用(yong)標(biao)(biao)志,統一采用(yong)黔(qian)北(bei)黑(hei)豬(zhu)(zhu)產(chan)品名稱和農產(chan)品地(di)理(li)標(biao)(biao)志公共標(biao)(biao)識(shi)相(xiang)結合的標(biao)(biao)識(shi)標(biao)(biao)注方法。