產地環境
涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)具有(you)發(fa)展(zhan)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯的(de)(de)獨(du)特自然資源,獨(du)特的(de)(de)立體(ti)氣候條件,一(yi)年四季(ji)(ji)(ji)都可以種(zhong)植(zhi)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯。高(gao)二半山(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)、河谷流域(yu)、平壩地(di)區(qu)(qu)具有(you)與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯原(yuan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)極其(qi)相似的(de)(de)生(sheng)態條件和(he)良好的(de)(de)無(wu)污染環(huan)境,被譽(yu)為中(zhong)國最佳(jia)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)之一(yi)。涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)一(yi)年可種(zhong)植(zhi)春(chun)、秋(qiu)、冬(dong)三季(ji)(ji)(ji)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯,而且能(neng)規模發(fa)展(zhan)。秋(qiu)、冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)菜用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯,春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)淀粉(fen)加工型(xing)(xing)、菜用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)和(he)糧(liang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)型(xing)(xing)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯。涼(liang)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯主(zhu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)遠離(li)城區(qu)(qu),無(wu)工業污染,海(hai)拔(ba)較高(gao),晝夜溫差(cha)大,光照充足,空氣清(qing)新,水(shui)質純凈,雨水(shui)充沛,氣候溫涼(liang),有(you)利于馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)(ling)薯的(de)(de)生(sheng)長發(fa)育、薯塊的(de)(de)膨大、干(gan)物(wu)質的(de)(de)積累和(he)保持良好的(de)(de)品種(zhong)特性。相同(tong)品種(zhong)在該州(zhou)種(zhong)植(zhi),淀粉(fen)含量比(bi)其(qi)它(ta)地(di)區(qu)(qu)提高(gao)1~2個百分點,有(you)利于加工生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)相關(guan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品。
品種品質
涼山馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)的(de)品(pin)(pin)種主要有(you)米拉、涼薯(shu)(shu)97、涼薯(shu)(shu)3、涼薯(shu)(shu)30、涼薯(shu)(shu)14號、克疫等(deng)。隨著(zhu)市場發展(zhan)的(de)需(xu)求,加大了新(xin)品(pin)(pin)種選(xuan)(xuan)育、引進和推廣力度(du),先后選(xuan)(xuan)育引進試驗示范(fan)推廣了涼薯(shu)(shu)17、涼薯(shu)(shu)8號、合作88、會(hui)-2、HP2、抗青9-1、大西洋、布爾(er)班(ban)克等(deng)品(pin)(pin)種,既有(you)淀粉含量高、芽眼淺(qian)的(de)淀粉加工型(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)種,又有(you)早熟、淀粉含量低的(de)菜用(yong)型(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)種和薯(shu)(shu)條、薯(shu)(shu)片加工型(xing)(xing)品(pin)(pin)種,還有(you)烏洋芋(yu)等(deng)地方特色品(pin)(pin)種。
涼山馬鈴薯(shu)(shu)薯(shu)(shu)塊大(da),商品(pin)薯(shu)(shu)比例高,畸形薯(shu)(shu)、小薯(shu)(shu)、爛薯(shu)(shu)較少,耐貯藏。主栽品(pin)種淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)含量(liang)高,平(ping)均淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)含量(liang)在(zai)16%以(yi)上(shang)(shang),最高的(de)涼薯(shu)(shu)14達到(dao)20.07%;干物質含量(liang)高,平(ping)均干物質含量(liang)在(zai)24%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。
截至2010年,涼山馬鈴薯獲(huo)得了國家地(di)理標(biao)志(zhi)、全國綠色食品(pin)原料馬鈴薯標(biao)準(zhun)化生(sheng)產基地(di)、國家商標(biao)注(zhu)冊。布拖烏洋芋(yu)已成(cheng)為涼山馬鈴薯中的(de)極品(pin),成(cheng)為國宴上(shang)的(de)美味佳肴。
生產情況
馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)是涼山(shan)傳統(tong)優勢農(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物,是涼山(shan)州(zhou)二半山(shan)以(yi)上地區最重要的(de)糧(liang)經作(zuo)(zuo)物,彝族祖祖輩輩都(dou)有(you)(you)種植馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)的(de)習慣,早在17世紀就有(you)(you)種植。2005年(nian)開(kai)始,涼山(shan)州(zhou)把馬鈴(ling)薯(shu)產(chan)業作(zuo)(zuo)為農(nong)民增(zeng)收的(de)優勢支柱產(chan)業來抓,2006年(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)種植面積(ji)137萬(wan)畝(mu),總產(chan)200萬(wan)噸(dun),商品(pin)率40%。分(fen)別(bie)比2004年(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)21萬(wan)畝(mu),50萬(wan)噸(dun),7個(ge)百分(fen)點,產(chan)量居(ju)四川省(sheng)第一位,平(ping)均畝(mu)產(chan)鮮薯(shu)1460公斤,薯(shu)農(nong)現(xian)金收入4億元。2007年(nian)全(quan)州(zhou)種植面積(ji)突(tu)破160萬(wan)畝(mu),總產(chan)235萬(wan)噸(dun)以(yi)上。
涼山(shan)馬鈴薯種(zhong)植規模大(da)(da),全州17縣(xian)(xian)市(shi)均有(you)大(da)(da)面積(ji)種(zhong)植。2007年(nian)馬鈴薯種(zhong)植大(da)(da)縣(xian)(xian)較多,種(zhong)植面積(ji)在(zai)10萬畝以上(shang)的有(you)鹽源縣(xian)(xian)、布拖縣(xian)(xian)、昭覺縣(xian)(xian)、越西(xi)縣(xian)(xian)、金(jin)陽縣(xian)(xian)5個縣(xian)(xian);5~10萬畝會(hui)東縣(xian)(xian)、雷波縣(xian)(xian)、喜德縣(xian)(xian)、普格縣(xian)(xian)、美(mei)姑縣(xian)(xian)、冕寧縣(xian)(xian)、會(hui)理縣(xian)(xian)、西(xi)昌市(shi)、甘洛縣(xian)(xian)9個縣(xian)(xian)市(shi)。154個馬鈴薯種(zhong)植面積(ji)在(zai)3000畝以上(shang)的大(da)(da)鄉(xiang)鎮。
在良種繁(fan)育方面,到2007年基本(ben)形成了以州農科(ke)所脫毒種薯繁(fan)殖中心生產
涼山(shan)加工企業(ye)大量收(shou)購馬鈴薯
原(yuan)原(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong),縣級網室(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)原(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong),13個馬(ma)鈴(ling)薯生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)重(zhong)點(dian)縣建立1300畝(mu)(mu)以上的原(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong)擴繁(fan)基地(di),13000畝(mu)(mu)一(yi)級良種(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)育基地(di),130000畝(mu)(mu)二級良種(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)育基地(di)供(gong)應大田生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的脫毒種(zhong)(zhong)薯生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)繁(fan)育推廣體(ti)系。
加工(gong)(gong)(gong)銷售方面,以2007年(nian),全(quan)州(zhou)共有初精(jing)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)作坊、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)338家。豪吉(ji)集團、科興(xing)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye)、豐年(nian)農業(ye)、吉(ji)鑫薯(shu)(shu)(shu)業(ye)4家龍(long)頭(tou)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)6個大型加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)已投入生產,鹽源縣世富農業(ye)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)正在(zai)建設,布拖的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)正在(zai)籌建中,加工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)網(wang)絡已基本建成。鮮(xian)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)能力100萬噸,逐步實現馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產地初加工(gong)(gong)(gong),縣級(ji)精(jing)加工(gong)(gong)(gong),州(zhou)級(ji)深(shen)加工(gong)(gong)(gong),提高了產品競爭力和附加值。全(quan)州(zhou)馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)產業(ye)專(zhuan)業(ye)協會、營銷大戶(hu)(hu)、農民經紀(ji)人(ren)隊伍、股份公司等不斷涌現并發展壯大,到2007年(nian),馬(ma)(ma)鈴(ling)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)鮮(xian)薯(shu)(shu)(shu)銷售為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)營銷大戶(hu)(hu)60多(duo)戶(hu)(hu),農民經紀(ji)人(ren)約900多(duo)人(ren)。