一.產品介紹
坂(ban)里(li)龍柚(you)是優質、早熟(shu)的柚(you)子品種(zhong),果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu)期一般在9月上中(zhong)旬,中(zhong)秋節前(qian)上市。坂(ban)里(li)龍柚(you)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)扁圓(yuan)形(xing),果(guo)(guo)形(xing)指數0.74,果(guo)(guo)肩微(wei)傾(qing)斜,果(guo)(guo)頂微(wei)凹陷(xian),果(guo)(guo)表為黃綠色,果(guo)(guo)皮厚(hou)1.3厘米左右,囊瓣(ban)短梳形(xing),果(guo)(guo)肉(rou)與囊瓣(ban)易剝離,果(guo)(guo)肉(rou)汁多、色白微(wei)黃,質地脆嫩(nen)化渣(zha),酸甜適度,香氣濃(nong)郁,單(dan)果(guo)(guo)重1公(gong)(gong)斤左右,種(zhong)子數多,可(ke)食率56%,可(ke)溶(rong)性固形(xing)物10.7%,每100毫(hao)升果(guo)(guo)汁含可(ke)滴定酸 0.6克(ke),維生(sheng)素(su)c30毫(hao)克(ke)左右。風味獨(du)特(te),品質優良。 長(chang)泰(tai)栽(zai)培柚(you)子,歷(li)史悠久,自(zi)南(nan)唐(tang)保大十三年(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)955年)建(jian)縣(xian)以后,曾有(you)(you)(you)七次(ci)修志(zhi),查今存三部完整(zheng)的和兩部殘缺的《長(chang)泰(tai)縣(xian)志(zhi)》版本中(zhong),均有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)于(yu)“柚(you)子”的記載。坂(ban)里(li)鄉地處長(chang)泰(tai)縣(xian)西北部,獨(du)特(te)的地形(xing)地貌和傳統栽(zai)培管理技術造就(jiu)坂(ban)里(li)柚(you)子獨(du)特(te)的品質。據《閩產錄(lu)異》記載,長(chang)泰(tai)高田(層)有(you)(you)(you)名“蜜柚(you)”者,僅(jin)三株(zhu),其實(shi)(shi)大于(yu)“文(wen)旦”、“猴(hou)相”而(er)頂突起,每實(shi)(shi)重二(er)斤余,肉(rou)白,味甘(gan)爽(shuang),無(wu)渣(zha)滓,柚(you)中(zhong)之(zhi)極品。防產缺,不敢入貢。花(hua)時,有(you)(you)(you)力者出值(zhi)貨其全(quan)樹(shu);每番鏹一員得(de)二(er)枚(mei)。漳之(zhi)貴人有(you)(you)(you)終身不得(de)嘗(chang)者。以上記載說明坂(ban)里(li)種(zhong)植(zhi)的柚(you)子在長(chang)泰(tai)縣(xian)品質最佳。
二(er).自然(ran)生態環境和(he)人文(wen)歷史因素
1、土(tu)壤(rang)地貌(mao)情況 坂里鄉地形(xing)呈蒲扇(shan)狀,東、西、北(bei)三面青山(shan)環(huan)抱,南部為平原(yuan),土(tu)壤(rang)肥沃(wo),有機質1.5%以上(shang),PH值5-6.5,海拔高度200-400米。
2、水文情(qing)況 坂里(li)鄉青山逶迤,自然天(tian)成(cheng)一(yi)道道綠(lv)色的(de)屏障,使(shi)這里(li)冬(dong)無嚴寒,夏(xia)無酷暑,氣候溫暖,雨量充沛(pei),常(chang)年春意(yi)盎然,四季花(hua)果飄香。高層溪是九(jiu)龍江北(bei)溪的(de)一(yi)條支流,流經安溪和長泰兩(liang)縣,發源于安溪縣境內的(de)寶都,主(zhu)河道長46km,總流域(yu)面積(ji)212平方公里(li)。
3、氣候(hou)自然情況 坂(ban)里鄉屬南亞熱帶海洋性氣候(hou),年(nian)平均(jun)降雨量1700毫(hao)米,年(nian)日照時(shi)數(shu)2037小時(shi),年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)19攝氏度,土壤肥(fei)沃(wo)、森林(lin)覆蓋(gai)率76%。轄區(qu)內有花岡石、葉臘石等豐富的礦(kuang)藏(zang)。水利資(zi)源豐富,境內有坂(ban)里溪(xi)、高層溪(xi)直(zhi)流九(jiu)龍江(jiang)北溪(xi)。
三.地域范圍
坂(ban)(ban)里(li)龍柚主要分布于福建(jian)省漳州市(shi)長泰縣坂(ban)(ban)里(li)鄉行政(zheng)區(qu)內的6個行政(zheng)村,包括:新春村、坂(ban)(ban)新村、石格村、正(zheng)達(da)村、丹巖村、高層村。坂(ban)(ban)里(li)龍柚地理坐(zuo)標為(wei)北緯(wei)24°37′-24°44′,東經(jing)117°39'-117°49',保護面(mian)積1200公頃,年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)45000噸(dun)。
四.產品品質特性特征
1、感官(guan)特征(zheng)坂里龍柚果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)扁圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肩微(wei)傾(qing)斜(xie),果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂凹陷,果(guo)(guo)(guo)表黃綠色,囊(nang)瓣(ban)短梳型,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉與囊(nang)瓣(ban)易剝離,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉汁(zhi)多、色白微(wei)黃,質(zhi)地(di)脆嫩化渣,酸甜適度(du),平均(jun)單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重約1公斤(jin),自花不棄、混(hun)栽種子(zi)數(shu)較多,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)早熟(shu),成熟(shu)期為9月中旬,為福建省(sheng)最早熟(shu)蜜柚品種。
2、內在品質(zhi)指標 可食率大于50%,可溶(rong)性(xing)固形物10%-12%,每100毫(hao)升果汁含可滴定酸(suan) 0.6克(ke)以上(shang)、維生(sheng)素C30毫(hao)克(ke)以上(shang)。
3、安全要求 產地(di)環(huan)境應符合《NY5016-2001無公(gong)(gong)害食品柑桔產地(di)環(huan)境條件》的要求,產品質量應符合《NY5014-2001無公(gong)(gong)害食品 柑桔》中對柚(you)類(lei)的要求。
五(wu).特定生產方式
1、產地(di)(di)(di)選擇與特殊(shu)內容規定 選擇坡(po)(po)度在(zai)(zai)25°以(yi)下(xia),土壤(rang)(rang)疏松、肥沃,有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量在(zai)(zai)1.5%以(yi)上,土層深厚,土層在(zai)(zai)60厘米以(yi)上,土壤(rang)(rang)透氣(qi)性好,地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位在(zai)(zai)1m以(yi)下(xia),PH值在(zai)(zai)5.5-6.5之間的(de)低丘(qiu)紅壤(rang)(rang)地(di)(di)(di)、沖積平原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)、沿河沙洲地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)園(yuan)。坡(po)(po)度在(zai)(zai)6°-25°的(de)山地(di)(di)(di)、丘(qiu)陵建(jian)園(yuan)時(shi)修筑等高(gao)梯地(di)(di)(di),梯田臺(tai)(tai)面寬度在(zai)(zai)3.5m-4m,避免在(zai)(zai)山坳冷空氣(qi)沉(chen)積處和臺(tai)(tai)風正面襲擊地(di)(di)(di)帶種植。
2、苗(miao)木繁(fan)殖(zhi)與選擇 可(ke)用兩年(nian)生(sheng)苦(ku)柚(you)或酸柚(you)實(shi)生(sheng)苗(miao)做砧木,在立春前后(hou)進(jin)行切接繁(fan)殖(zhi);也(ye)可(ke)在3、4月間,選取直(zhi)徑(jing)2-3厘米粗的適當(dang)枝條進(jin)行高壓(ya)繁(fan)殖(zhi),即在枝條下端環狀剝(bo)皮(pi)約3厘米,以(yi)200毫克/升(sheng)奈乙酸(naa)或吲(yin)哚丁酸(iba)處理后(hou),用透明(ming)塑膠(jiao)布(bu)內裝濕(shi)水苔或混合(he)腐熟堆肥(fei)的粘質壤土包裹,適時(shi)加水保(bao)持(chi)濕(shi)度,經(jing)過一段時(shi)期,即由剝(bo)皮(pi)處上(shang)端發根,半(ban)年(nian)后(hou)根群發育(yu)旺(wang)盛,剪下假植(zhi)(zhi)于苗(miao)床(chuang),再過3個月或翌(yi)年(nian)早春定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)。
3、栽(zai)培管理 坂里龍(long)柚以(yi)11月(yue)至翌年2月(yue)萌芽前栽(zai)植(zhi)為宜,方式(shi)以(yi)正三角形最能充分(fen)利用空間,陽光照(zhao)射均勻,土(tu)壤肥(fei)沃的平地行株距離為5-6米(mi),貧瘠坡地樹形較小,4-5米(mi)即可。 栽(zai)種前植(zhi)穴要(yao)適量挖大,寬(kuan)和(he)深都(dou)要(yao)1米(mi)以(yi)上(shang),下層放入復(fu)合(he)肥(fei)料(liao)或腐熟堆(dui)(dui)肥(fei),加入土(tu)壤混合(he),適度(du)壓緊后將苗(miao)木立于上(shang)方,再加入土(tu)壤壓實,種植(zhi)深度(du)要(yao)比苗(miao)圃時(shi)淺(qian)些,根(gen)基四周略(lve)堆(dui)(dui)高,灌水使根(gen)部與土(tu)壤密接(jie),上(shang)覆稻草保(bao)持濕潤(run),如果苗(miao)木會搖(yao)動時(shi),須設支柱予(yu)以(yi)固定。
4、整枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)剪(jian)、疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)套袋(dai) 坂(ban)里龍柚(you)修(xiu)剪(jian)應(ying)掌握(wo)“頂(ding)上重,四(si)周輕,外(wai)圍重,內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)輕”的原則,保留(liu)(liu)(liu)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)堂中二年生(sheng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),疏(shu)刪頂(ding)部(bu)和(he)(he)外(wai)圍密(mi)(mi)集枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),剪(jian)除(chu)病(bing)蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)枯枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)采(cai)用(yong)“控上促(cu)(cu)下(xia),控內(nei)(nei)(nei)促(cu)(cu)外(wai),去(qu)長(chang)留(liu)(liu)(liu)短,疏(shu)強留(liu)(liu)(liu)弱,適疏(shu)春梢,抹(mo)除(chu)夏秋梢”的作法(fa),保留(liu)(liu)(liu)15厘(li)(li)米以(yi)(yi)(yi)上短小充實的春梢結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。 幼年樹(shu)初期采(cai)用(yong)單干(gan)整枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),剪(jian)除(chu)基部(bu)分枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),距(ju)離地面60-80厘(li)(li)米左右選留(liu)(liu)(liu)3-4個間隔均勻(yun)、方位分配平(ping)均、發(fa)育良好的枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)做(zuo)為主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)其(qi)向(xiang)四(si)周均勻(yun)伸展,形(xing)成良好樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)。前幾年把所開(kai)的花全(quan)部(bu)摘(zhai)除(chu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)促(cu)(cu)進樹(shu)體發(fa)育,第4年起才讓它(ta)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo),由于果(guo)(guo)(guo)實的重量將枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)往(wang)下(xia)拉引(yin),可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)開(kai)張,形(xing)成半(ban)圓形(xing)。樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)形(xing)成后(hou)的修(xiu)剪(jian),在于減少(shao)無用(yong)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)消(xiao)耗養分,并增加(jia)日光透(tou)射,促(cu)(cu)進樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)部(bu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的花芽分化,提高果(guo)(guo)(guo)實的產量和(he)(he)品質(zhi),每年11-12月修(xiu)剪(jian)一次,剪(jian)除(chu)交錯、過(guo)密(mi)(mi)、細弱的枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),另(ling)外(wai)發(fa)現(xian)生(sheng)長(chang)不平(ping)衡的徒(tu)長(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病(bing)蟲害枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)時,隨(sui)時予以(yi)(yi)(yi)剪(jian)除(chu)。 發(fa)現(xian)畸形(xing)或病(bing)蟲害的果(guo)(guo)(guo)實應(ying)隨(sui)時摘(zhai)除(chu),結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)過(guo)密(mi)(mi),應(ying)在果(guo)(guo)(guo)實發(fa)育到(dao)雞(ji)蛋(dan)大小時予以(yi)(yi)(yi)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo),然后(hou)加(jia)以(yi)(yi)(yi)套袋(dai),套袋(dai)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)防(fang)止果(guo)(guo)(guo)實蠅等(deng)病(bing)蟲為害,減少(shao)農藥(yao)的使(shi)用(yong),同(tong)時袋(dai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)濕度(du)增高,部(bu)分太陽光線被濾過(guo),可(ke)使(shi)文(wen)旦果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)滑潤,顏色(se)更(geng)鮮艷(yan)動人,獲得消(xiao)費者喜(xi)愛。
5、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)管理 坂里龍(long)柚與一(yi)(yi)般(ban)柑桔類相同,幼年(nian)(nian)樹施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)主(zhu)(zhu)要在(zai)促進植株(zhu)發育(yu)。 除(chu)了三要素(su)之外,鎂、鋅、錳、鐵、硼(peng)、銅、鉬等微量元(yuan)素(su)也可(ke)(ke)(ke)能發生(sheng)缺乏(fa),可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)各(ge)元(yuan)素(su)水溶性鹽(yan)類稀釋葉面施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)緊急補救,如能多施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有機質(zhi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料,不但(dan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)改善土壤結構和理化性質(zhi),也可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)供給均衡的(de)營養,尤其坡地果(guo)園(yuan),應多加補充。 為了使肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料能被幼年(nian)(nian)樹充分吸收,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)樹干(gan)為中心挖輻射狀溝或沿樹冠下方挖環(huan)溝或在(zai)行株(zhu)間(jian)條溝,深(shen)約10-15厘米,施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)后(hou)再(zai)覆土。 幼樹施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):一(yi)(yi)般(ban)按各(ge)次(ci)抽梢時期(qi)確定(ding),在(zai)每(mei)(mei)次(ci)抽梢萌(meng)芽前施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)次(ci),11月再(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)越(yue)冬肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),全年(nian)(nian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)4-6次(ci)。每(mei)(mei)株(zhu)每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)用(yong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量:緑肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),尿(niao)素(su)0.3-0.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)100克,二年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)120克,三年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氮(dan)150克。 成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):每(mei)(mei)年(nian)(nian)至少四(si)次(ci)。2月上中旬壯梢肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每(mei)(mei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素(su)0.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);4月中下旬穩果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每(mei)(mei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素(su)0.2公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);6月施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)壯果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每(mei)(mei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),餅肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin),磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)1公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin);8、9月施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),每(mei)(mei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。 成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)以(yi)補充果(guo)實生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)消耗為主(zhu)(zhu)。 成(cheng)年(nian)(nian)樹可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)全園(yuan)撒施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法,在(zai)果(guo)實采收后(hou)及春(chun)芽萌(meng)發期(qi)各(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)40%氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、30%鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei);在(zai)果(guo)實肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)大期(qi)(5-6月)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)20%氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和磷(lin)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),40%鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。
6、采收適期 坂里龍柚一(yi)般在3-4月(yue)開花結果,9月(yue)中(zhong)旬采收,經2-3周貯藏,水分蒸散(san)減少,肉質柔美,糖度增(zeng)高,品質特(te)佳。