羅伯特·班(ban)杜(du)拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家、社會心理學家
出生在加拿(na)大艾(ai)伯特(te)省的蒙(meng)達。
1949年,他(ta)在(zai)(zai)加拿大(da)不列顛哥倫比亞(ya)大(da)學(xue)獲(huo)(huo)學(xue)士學(xue)位,1951年在(zai)(zai)美國衣(yi)阿(a)華(hua)(hua)大(da)學(xue)獲(huo)(huo)心理學(xue)碩士學(xue)位,翌(yi)年獲(huo)(huo)哲學(xue)博士學(xue)位。他(ta)在(zai)(zai)衣(yi)阿(a)華(hua)(hua)攻(gong)讀期間,盡管接受的是臨床心理學(xue)方面教育,但由于受道賀爾的學(xue)生斯(si)彭(peng)斯(si)的影(ying)響,對實驗模(mo)式的有效(xiao)性印象頗深(shen)。
1953年(nian),他(ta)到維基臺的(de)(de)堪(kan)薩斯指導中心,擔任(ren)博士后(hou)臨(lin)床實習(xi)醫生,同(tong)年(nian)應聘在斯坦福大學(xue)心理學(xue)系執教(jiao),1964年(nian)升(sheng)任(ren)正教(jiao)授(shou)。在這期間,受赫爾(er)(er)派學(xue)習(xi)理論家米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西(xi)爾(er)(er)斯(R.R.Sears)的(de)(de)影響,把學(xue)習(xi)理論運用(yong)于社會行為(wei)的(de)(de)研究(jiu)中。此后(hou),除了(le)1969年(nian)任(ren)行為(wei)科學(xue)高級研究(jiu)中心研究(jiu)員(yuan)一年(nian)外(wai),一直(zhi)在該校任(ren)教(jiao)。
其中,1976年(nian)至1977年(nian)間出任心理學系(xi)(xi)系(xi)(xi)主任。
班杜拉(la)一(yi)生著作頗豐,主要代(dai)表作有:《青少年的(de)(de)攻擊(ji)(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社會學習與個性發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社會學習理論(lun)(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思(si)想與行為(wei)的(de)(de)社會基礎:一(yi)種社會的(de)(de)認知(zhi)理論(lun)(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于班杜(du)拉(la)的(de)奠基性研究(jiu),導致了社會(hui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習理(li)論的(de)誕生,從而也使他在西方心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)界(jie)獲得了較(jiao)高的(de)聲望。他在1972年獲美(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)授予(yu)的(de)杰出科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)貢獻獎;1973年獲加利福尼亞(ya)心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)杰出科(ke)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)成就獎;1974年當選為美(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)會(hui)主席。
班杜拉的(de)社會學習(xi)理論對心理和(he)教育(yu)領域有重(zhong)要貢獻(xian)。
首先,班杜拉明確(que)區分了(le)人類學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)兩種基本過(guo)程,即直接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習和(he)間(jian)接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。班杜拉提出的(de)(de)觀(guan)察學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習等都是屬于間(jian)接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。這兩種不(bu)同性質的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習過(guo)程的(de)(de)區分有著重要的(de)(de)實(shi)踐指導意義(yi)。它能(neng)使廣(guang)大教師有選擇地運用學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習規(gui)(gui)律和(he)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)規(gui)(gui)律,而不(bu)至(zhi)于把(ba)直接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習研究中得出的(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)律生(sheng)搬(ban)硬套地用于課堂教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。也不(bu)能(neng)用直接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習的(de)(de)理論解釋學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)間(jian)接(jie)經驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習。
其(qi)次,班杜拉提(ti)出的(de)(de)觀察(cha)學習(xi)是人類間接經(jing)驗學習(xi)的(de)(de)一(yi)種重要形式,它普遍地存在于不(bu)(bu)同年齡階段和不(bu)(bu)同文(wen)化背景的(de)(de)學習(xi)者中(zhong)。班杜拉的(de)(de)社會(hui)學習(xi)理論(lun)最有說服力(li)地解(jie)釋了學生的(de)(de)行為模式的(de)(de)學習(xi)。所以,班杜拉的(de)(de)觀察(cha)學習(xi)模式在學習(xi)理論(lun)中(zhong)具有不(bu)(bu)可替代的(de)(de)獨特作(zuo)用。
第三,班杜拉(la)的(de)(de)社會學(xue)習(xi)理論進一步發展(zhan)了傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論。在傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論中(zhong),赫爾(er)和斯金納等人都強(qiang)調強(qiang)化(hua)在條(tiao)件作用(yong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)即時效(xiao)果。班杜拉(la)認(ren)真探討了人類(lei)學(xue)習(xi)中(zhong)獎(jiang)和懲的(de)(de)作用(yong)機制(zhi)。他認(ren)為(wei)強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)(de)作用(yong)在于人對其(qi)行為(wei)結果的(de)(de)預期(qi),在于人對各種強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)(de)認(ren)知(zhi)調節。
第四,托(tuo)爾(er)曼在他(ta)的(de)認(ren)知期(qi)待學習理論中提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)對(dui)行為結果的(de)預(yu)期(qi)。班杜拉卻提(ti)出(chu)(chu)了(le)另一種沒有被托(tuo)爾(er)曼所說(shuo)的(de)預(yu)期(qi),這(zhe)就是人(ren)確信自己(ji)能夠成功地完成某種任(ren)務(wu)的(de)預(yu)期(qi),他(ta)將(jiang)這(zhe)種預(yu)期(qi)稱(cheng)作(zuo)"功效(xiao)預(yu)期(qi)"。
第五(wu),班杜拉的社會學習理(li)論有著重要的教育實踐(jian)意義,被廣泛(fan)地應用(yong)于行為和行為規(gui)范的教學中。