羅伯特·班杜拉(Albert Bandura,1925~)
教育家、社會心(xin)理學家
出生在加拿大艾伯特省的蒙(meng)達。
1949年(nian),他在加(jia)拿大不列顛哥倫比亞大學(xue)獲(huo)學(xue)士學(xue)位(wei),1951年(nian)在美(mei)國(guo)衣阿(a)華大學(xue)獲(huo)心理(li)(li)學(xue)碩士學(xue)位(wei),翌年(nian)獲(huo)哲學(xue)博士學(xue)位(wei)。他在衣阿(a)華攻讀期間,盡管接受(shou)的是臨床心理(li)(li)學(xue)方面教育,但由于受(shou)道賀爾(er)的學(xue)生斯(si)彭斯(si)的影(ying)響,對實(shi)驗模式(shi)的有效性印象頗深。
1953年(nian),他到維基臺的堪薩斯(si)(si)指導中(zhong)心,擔任(ren)(ren)博士后臨床(chuang)實習(xi)醫生,同年(nian)應(ying)聘在斯(si)(si)坦福大學(xue)(xue)心理(li)學(xue)(xue)系執(zhi)教,1964年(nian)升任(ren)(ren)正教授。在這期間,受赫爾(er)(er)派(pai)學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)家米勒(N.Miller)、多拉德(J.Dollard)和西爾(er)(er)斯(si)(si)(R.R.Sears)的影響,把學(xue)(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)運用于社(she)會行為的研(yan)(yan)究中(zhong)。此后,除(chu)了1969年(nian)任(ren)(ren)行為科學(xue)(xue)高級(ji)研(yan)(yan)究中(zhong)心研(yan)(yan)究員一(yi)年(nian)外,一(yi)直在該(gai)校任(ren)(ren)教。
其中,1976年至(zhi)1977年間出任(ren)心(xin)理學系系主任(ren)。
班杜拉(la)一(yi)生著(zhu)作頗(po)豐,主要代表(biao)作有:《青少年的攻擊(ji)(Adolescent Aggression)》(1959)、《社(she)(she)會(hui)學習與個性發展(Social Learning and Personality Development)》(1963)、《社(she)(she)會(hui)學習理論(lun)(Aggression : Social learning Theory)》(1977)、《思想與行為的社(she)(she)會(hui)基礎:一(yi)種(zhong)社(she)(she)會(hui)的認(ren)知(zhi)理論(lun)(Social Foundations of Thought and Action : A Social Cognitive Theory)》(1986)。
ALBERT BANDURA(1925~ )
Education
B.A., 1949 University of British Columbia
M.A., 1951 University of Iowa
Ph.D.,1952 University of Iowa
Scientific Honors and Awards
Distinguished Scientist Award, Division 12, American Psychological Association, 1972.
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, California Psychological Association, 1973.
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1980.
Distinguished Contribution Award, International Society for Research on Aggression, 1980.
Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, American Psychological Association, 1980.
Distinguished Scientist Award, Society of Behavioral Medicine.
William James Award, American Psychological Society, 1989
Member, Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1989.
Distinguished Lifetime Contributions Award, California Psychological Association, 1998.
Thorndike Award for Distinguished Contributions of Psychology to Education, American Psychological Association, 1999.
Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, 2001.
Editorial Boards of Journals and Serial Volumes
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1970-present.
Child Development, 1971-77.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973.
Aggression: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 1974-82.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1977-79; 1982-present.
Journal of Mental Imagery, 1978-present.
Clinical Behavior Therapy Review, 1979-81.
Gestalt Therapy: An International M ultidisciplinary Journal, 1979-present.
Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979-85; 1999 - present
Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 1979-present.
Psychological Review, 1980-82; 1999-present
Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1986-present.
Behaviour Change, 1985-present.
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1986-91.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1987-present.
Annual Review of Psychology, 1987-91.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 1988-present.
Psychological Inquiry, 1989-present.
Applied and Preventive Psychology: Current Scientific Perspectives, 1991-present.
Medienpsychologie, 1990-2000.
Applied Psychology: An International Review, 1993-present.
Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1992-present.
Media Psychology, 1998-present.
Book Publications
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
Translation: Polish.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1963. Translation: Spanish.
Bandura, A. Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Translations: Portuguese, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.). Psychological modeling:Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton Press, 1971. Translations: German, Japanese.
Bandura, A. Aggression: social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973. Translations: German, Russian.
Bandura, A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Translations: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1986. Translations: Chinese, Russian, Spanish.
Bandura, A. (Ed.).Self-efficacy in changing societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Translations: Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Korean.
Bandura, A. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman, 1997. Translations: Chinese, Italian, Korean. In progress: French, Portuguese.
由于班杜拉的奠基性研究,導致了社會學習理(li)論的誕生,從而也使他在西方(fang)心(xin)理(li)學界(jie)獲(huo)得了較(jiao)高的聲望(wang)。他在1972年獲(huo)美(mei)(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理(li)學會授(shou)予的杰(jie)出科學貢(gong)獻獎;1973年獲(huo)加利福(fu)尼亞(ya)心(xin)理(li)學會杰(jie)出科學成就獎;1974年當選為美(mei)(mei)國(guo)心(xin)理(li)學會主(zhu)席。
班杜拉的社會學習理論對心理和教育領(ling)域(yu)有(you)重要貢(gong)獻。
首(shou)先,班(ban)杜拉(la)明確區(qu)(qu)分了(le)人類學(xue)習(xi)(xi)的兩(liang)種基本過(guo)程,即直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)驗的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)和間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)驗的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)。班(ban)杜拉(la)提(ti)出的觀察(cha)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)等都是(shi)屬于(yu)間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)驗的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)。這(zhe)兩(liang)種不(bu)同性質(zhi)的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)過(guo)程的區(qu)(qu)分有(you)著重要(yao)的實踐指(zhi)導(dao)意義。它(ta)能(neng)使廣大(da)教師有(you)選擇(ze)地(di)運用(yong)學(xue)習(xi)(xi)規律和教學(xue)規律,而不(bu)至于(yu)把直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)驗學(xue)習(xi)(xi)研究中得出的規律生搬硬套地(di)用(yong)于(yu)課堂教學(xue)。也不(bu)能(neng)用(yong)直(zhi)接(jie)經(jing)驗學(xue)習(xi)(xi)的理論解釋學(xue)生的間(jian)接(jie)經(jing)驗的學(xue)習(xi)(xi)。
其(qi)次,班杜(du)(du)拉(la)提出的(de)(de)觀察學(xue)習(xi)是人類間接經驗學(xue)習(xi)的(de)(de)一種重要形(xing)式,它普(pu)遍地存在于(yu)不同年齡階(jie)段和不同文化(hua)背(bei)景的(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)者中。班杜(du)(du)拉(la)的(de)(de)社會學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)最有(you)說服力地解釋了學(xue)生的(de)(de)行為模(mo)式的(de)(de)學(xue)習(xi)。所以,班杜(du)(du)拉(la)的(de)(de)觀察學(xue)習(xi)模(mo)式在學(xue)習(xi)理(li)論(lun)中具有(you)不可(ke)替代的(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)作(zuo)用。
第(di)三,班杜(du)(du)拉的(de)社會(hui)學習理論進一(yi)步發展了傳(chuan)統的(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論。在(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)統的(de)強(qiang)化(hua)理論中,赫爾和(he)斯金納(na)等(deng)人(ren)都強(qiang)調強(qiang)化(hua)在(zai)(zai)條件作(zuo)用中的(de)即時效(xiao)果。班杜(du)(du)拉認真探(tan)討了人(ren)類(lei)學習中獎和(he)懲的(de)作(zuo)用機制。他(ta)認為強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)作(zuo)用在(zai)(zai)于人(ren)對其行為結果的(de)預期,在(zai)(zai)于人(ren)對各種(zhong)強(qiang)化(hua)的(de)認知調節。
第四,托(tuo)爾曼(man)(man)在(zai)他(ta)的(de)認知(zhi)期待學習理(li)論中提出了對行為結果(guo)的(de)預期。班杜拉卻提出了另一種沒(mei)有被托(tuo)爾曼(man)(man)所說(shuo)的(de)預期,這(zhe)(zhe)就是人確信自己能夠成(cheng)功地完成(cheng)某種任務的(de)預期,他(ta)將這(zhe)(zhe)種預期稱作(zuo)"功效預期"。
第五(wu),班杜拉的(de)社會學習理(li)論(lun)有(you)著重(zhong)要的(de)教育實踐意義,被廣泛(fan)地應用于行為和行為規范的(de)教學中。