山東(dong)南四湖省級自然保護區位于山東(dong)省濟寧市微(wei)山縣、任城區、魚臺縣境內。地理坐標:34°27′一(yi)35°20'N,116°34'一(yi)117°E。
山東南四湖(hu)省級(ji)自然保護區屬暖(nuan)溫帶季(ji)風大陸性氣候,四季(ji)分明。年(nian)均(jun)降雨(yu)且(qie)為773.6mm,年(nian)平均(jun)日照2515.5h,陸地(di)年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫為13.8C,湖(hu)內年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫為14.3C。
南四湖平均(jun)水(shui)深1.46m,歷史最(zui)高水(shui)位(wei)36.48m,最(zui)大(da)蓄(xu)水(shui)面積12.66平方千米,最(zui)大(da)蓄(xu)水(shui)量為53億立(li)方米,流域跨越山東、江蘇、河南、安徽4個省32個縣 (市),總流域面積317萬公頃,入湖河道(dao)(dao)共有53條,出湖水(shui)道(dao)(dao)主(zhu)要有3條。
南四湖(hu)(hu)屬(shu)中國準河以北地區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)最大,結構完整,保存(cun)較好的內(nei)陸大型淡(dan)水草(cao)型湖(hu)(hu)泊,占山(shan)東省(sheng)淡(dan)水面(mian)積(ji)的47%,是中國十大淡(dan)水湖(hu)(hu)泊之(zhi)一。
1982年,微山(shan)縣政府批準成(cheng)立為縣級南四湖保(bao)護區。
1996年,濟寧市政府又將南四湖(hu)確立為市級(ji)自然保護區。
2003年,山東省(sheng)政府批(pi)準成為省(sheng)級自然保護(hu)區。
植物資源
山東南四湖省級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然保護區自(zi)然環境獨特、生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源多樣,有各種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)195種(zhong)(zhong),其中楊、柳、泡桐等(deng)48種(zhong)(zhong),蘆葦、簏草等(deng)水生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)147種(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)保護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)5種(zhong)(zhong),在《瀕危野生(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)國(guo)際貿易(yi)公約》中受保護的有30種(zhong)(zhong)。
動物資源
山(shan)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)四(si)湖省級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區有各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)321種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中:魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)80種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、兩棲類(lei)(lei)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、鳥類(lei)(lei)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)中有國家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有大(da)鴇、東(dong)(dong)方白鸛2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有大(da)天鵝、鴛(yuan)鴦、長耳鸮等24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),山(shan)東(dong)(dong)省重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕(bin)危野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國際貿(mao)易公約(yue)》中受保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。另外,保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內無(wu)脊椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)中有浮游動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)248種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、底(di)棲動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、昆蟲415種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。豐富的動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)資源是南(nan)四(si)湖濕地生物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)、典型性(xing)的重要體(ti)現(xian)。
山(shan)東南四湖省級自然保護區(qu)80種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)魚類(lei)(lei)中(zhong),分別隸屬(shu)于(yu)9目16科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)53屬(shu)。其(qi)中(zhong),鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)魚類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)最(zui)多,達55種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)68.7 %;其(qi)次是鲿科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)6.2 %;鰍科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮨科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別占(zhan)3.8%;其(qi)它各(ge)類(lei)(lei)共14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)17.5%。兩棲(qi)類(lei)(lei)1目4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為蟾(chan)蜍(chu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)中(zhong)華大蟾(chan)蜍(chu)、花背蟾(chan)蜍(chu)以及蛙(wa)(wa)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)黑斑蛙(wa)(wa)。爬行類(lei)(lei)有3目5科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),常見種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)烏龜為山(shan)東省重點(dian)保護動物,無蹼壁(bi)虎為中(zhong)國(guo)特有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)。205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(其(qi)中(zhong)水禽81種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)隸屬(shu)于(yu)17目、53科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。其(qi)中(zhong)留鳥(niao)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)17.1%;夏候(hou)鳥(niao)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)23.9%;冬候(hou)鳥(niao)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)12.2%;旅鳥(niao)96種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)46.8%;廣(guang)布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有180種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)保護區(qu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)總種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)87.8%;古北種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)6.8%;東洋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)5.4%。獸類(lei)(lei)有5目9科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)黃(huang)鼬(you)、艾鼬(you)、狗獾、豹(bao)貓(mao)、赤狐為山(shan)東省重點(dian)保護動物。
以上數(shu)據截(jie)至2013年
①1982年建立縣級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)。]996年建立市級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu),2003年建立省級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu);。
②2004年成立“濟寧市南四湖自然保護區管理局”。
③2005年濟寧市(shi)(shi)政府出臺了《濟寧市(shi)(shi)南(nan)四湖自然保護(hu)(hu)區管理辦(ban)法》、成(cheng)立了以(yi)市(shi)(shi)長為主任委員的“濟寧市(shi)(shi)南(nan)四湖自然保護(hu)(hu)區管理委員會。
④2005年(nian)一2006年(nian)在(zai)自然保護區實驗區和核心區分界處(chu)安裝了570多(duo)個界樁,界牌(pai)和浮標。
⑤2010年,市編(bian)(bian)委(wei)核定管(guan)理局編(bian)(bian)制15名(ming),并(bing)加掛“濟寧(ning)市濕地保護(hu)管(guan)理中心牌子”。
⑥積極(ji)開展國(guo)家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區申報(bao)晉升工作。編制完成了山東南四湖自然(ran)保護區綜合科(ke)學(xue)考察報(bao)告、總體規劃(hua)。
⑦積(ji)極申(shen)報(bao)濕(shi)地恢復工程(cheng)項目(mu)。經過積(ji)極努力(li),我們申(shen)報(bao)的(de)“山東南四湖濕(shi)地保護(hu)與恢復示范(fan)工程(cheng)項目(mu)可行性(xing)研究報(bao)告”已(yi)經國家林業局(ju)批復,總投資(zi)1433萬元,項目(mu)第一(yi)期投資(zi)資(zi)金已(yi)撥付(fu)到(dao)位(wei);大力(li)開(kai)展退耕(geng)、退池還(huan)林、還(huan)濕(shi)、還(huan)湖工程(cheng)。
⑧微山縣成立湖上執法(fa)隊伍,負責保(bao)護(hu)區巡護(hu)工作(zuo)和檢查。
⑨開展宣傳(chuan)教育活動(dong),設置宣傳(chuan)牌并經常利用當地(di)廣播、報刊、電視等(deng)宣傳(chuan)保護水(shui)禽(qin)和濕地(di)的(de)重要性。
南(nan)四(si)湖(hu)濕地(di)生(sheng)態系統典型,生(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)性豐富,自然景觀獨(du)特(te),具有很高的(de)(de)保護價值(zhi)和(he)科研價值(zhi);南(nan)四(si)湖(hu)是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源調蓄地(di),是鳥(niao)類重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)棲息地(di)和(he)遷徙驛站,同時也(ye)是國家南(nan)水(shui)(shui)北調東線工程的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)調水(shui)(shui)區。