胡(hu)旦(955-1034年),渤海(今山(shan)東惠民)人,字(zi)周父,喜(xi)讀(du)書,宋太宗大(da)平(ping)興(xing)國(guo)三年(978)戊寅(yin)科(ke)狀元。
胡旦少有才學,善(shan)于文(wen)辭。呂狀(zhuang)元后(hou),為(wei)將作監丞,通判升州,遷(qian)左(zuo)拾遺,入(ru)值史(shi)館(guan)。因上(shang)《河平(ping)頌》,議論時政,忤怒(nu)太宗,貶為(wei)殿中(zhong)丞。后(hou)來,胡旦又上(shang)《平(ping)燕議》,建議出兵(bing)收復燕云十六州,受太宗賞識,起為(wei)左(zuo)補(bu)闕(que),復值史(shi)館(guan),遷(qian)修撰,以尚(shang)書戶部(bu)員(yuan)外(wai)郎身份知制誥。
胡(hu)(hu)旦(dan)家境(jing)貧(pin)困(kun),死(si)去無錢安葬,只得停棺房內,胡(hu)(hu)旦(dan)生前一好友上報朝廷(ting),朝廷(ting)遂賜(si)錢二十萬,使胡(hu)(hu)旦(dan)入土為安。
宋太(tai)宗元年,有(you)一(yi)書(shu)生到山東某縣游覽。知(zhi)縣大人(ren)得知(zhi)該書(shu)生頗有(you)文采,便(bian)設(she)宴(yan)款待(dai)。知(zhi)縣的公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)很蔑視那書(shu)生,問其有(you)何特長,書(shu)生說(shuo)工詩(shi)。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)便(bian)讓(rang)他(ta)誦讀(du)一(yi)首,書(shu)生誦了一(yi)首,最后一(yi)句(ju)是:“挑(tiao)盡寒燈(deng)夢不成(cheng)。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)一(yi)聽,大笑(xiao)說(shuo):“此乃一(yi)瞌睡漢。”書(shu)生十分氣憤。這書(shu)生便(bian)是呂(lv)蒙正(zheng),第(di)二年,呂(lv)蒙正(zheng)一(yi)舉(ju)奪魁。他(ta)寫信給那公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi):“瞌睡漢如今中了狀元啦(la)。”公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)看了他(ta)的信,冷(leng)笑(xiao)一(yi)聲:“待(dai)我明年第(di)二人(ren)及(ji)第(di),輸你一(yi)籌。”第(di)二年,新科狀元正(zheng)是這位公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)——胡(hu)旦。綜觀(guan)科舉(ju)史,有(you)如此自信者,胡(hu)旦當屬(shu)第(di)一(yi)。
真宗(zong)時拜(bai)吏部侍郎,后以病請辭,遵旨薦(jian)寇準以代己職。
胡(hu)量喜讀書,失明后(hou),仍令人朗(lang)讀經史。晚年臧否人物,議論時政之病人依舊(jiu),被時論所(suo)鄙薄。胡(hu)旦(dan)(dan)學識淵博,著述甚三,有(you)《漢(han)春(chun)秋》、《五(wu)代史略》、《將帥要略》、《演圣通訟》、《唐乘》、《家(jia)傳》三百余卷傳世(shi)。曾制(zhi)一大硯(yan)(yan),方五(wu)六尺,上刻“胡(hu)旦(dan)(dan)修漢(han)春(chun)秋硯(yan)(yan)”字樣(yang)埋入地下,以(yi)傳后(hou)世(shi)。
《義門記》
易曰(yue):立天之(zhi)(zhi)道,曰(yue)陰與(yu)陽;立地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)道,曰(yue)柔與(yu)剛(gang);立人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)道,曰(yue)仁(ren)與(yu)義(yi)。陰陽運(yun)化(hua),天之(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)功也(ye);剛(gang)柔成形,地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)德(de)也(ye);仁(ren)義(yi)厲教(jiao),人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)全(quan)行(xing)(xing)也(ye)。故(gu)古之(zhi)(zhi)圣王(wang),則(ze)乎(hu)天,法乎(hu)地(di),理(li)乎(hu)人(ren)。堯舜(shun)帥天下以(yi)仁(ren),湯(tang)武帥天下以(yi)義(yi)。義(yi)也(ye)者(zhe),仁(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)基、行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)也(ye)。所以(yi)敦九族、協萬邦、厚(hou)人(ren)倫(lun)、美風俗者(zhe)也(ye)。周德(de)方盛,文王(wang)化(hua)行(xing)(xing),關雎樂而(er)不(bu)淫,螽斯仁(ren)而(er)不(bu)姤,子(zi)孫眾多,流于(yu)歌(ge)詠。其(qi)詩曰(yue):“螽斯羽詵(shen)詵(shen)兮,宜爾子(zi)孫振振兮。”內(nei)崇親(qin)(qin)戚,外樹聲教(jiao)。聲教(jiao)所被,由家而(er)國。其(qi)詩曰(yue):“刑于(yu)寡妻,至于(yu)兄(xiong)弟,以(yi)御于(yu)家邦。”然戰國亡親(qin)(qin),秦廢諸子(zi),漢滅親(qin)(qin)王(wang),魏則(ze)聚鄴以(yi)終亡,晉則(ze)分(fen)藩(fan)以(yi)篡弒,迨(dai)夫(fu)隋唐失綱,皆無足尚我(wo)太宗圣德(de)隆盛,人(ren)民親(qin)(qin)睦。
匡盧(lu)(lu)崔巍(wei),號為(wei)南障。山高水澄,秀甲(jia)他郡。鐘英陳氏,代生(sheng)偉(wei)人,累世同(tong)居,歷朝旌表。孝弟藹于(yu)(yu)家門(men),義聲彰(zhang)于(yu)(yu)邦國。按其(qi)宗譜(pu):自(zi)漢太邱實公(gong)歷晉太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)洗馬;逵公(gong)十(shi)(shi)四(si)世為(wei)宜都王叔明;叔明五世孫(sun)兼(jian)舉(ju)唐玄宗朝進士(shi),為(wei)右(you)補(bu)闕,贈秘(mi)書少(shao)監;兼(jian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)京進士(shi)及第,官(guan)(guan)至給事中,集賢院(yuan)學(xue)士(shi),乏裔,子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)以從(cong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)褒(bao)為(wei)嗣(si),仕鹽官(guan)(guan);褒(bao)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)灌,為(wei)高安縣尉;灌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瓖,避(bi)難于(yu)(yu)泉(quan)州;生(sheng)伯(bo)宣,隱(yin)居盧(lu)(lu)山,注(zhu)司馬遷史記(ji)行于(yu)(yu)世,屢徵不出,就(jiu)拜(bai)左侍郎;其(qi)孫(sun)旺(wang),從(cong)徙居德(de)安縣太平鄉長樂里(li);旺(wang)生(sheng)機(ji),機(ji)生(sheng)感,感生(sheng)蘭(lan),蘭(lan)生(sheng)青。青生(sheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(注(zhu):伉(kang)、侍、仲(zhong)、俛(mian)(mian)、偉(wei)、伸(shen)(shen)(shen)),六(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)十(shi)(shi)九(注(zhu):伉(kang)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),侍無子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲(zhong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)(mian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)),十(shi)(shi)九生(sheng)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(注(zhu):伉(kang)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)十(shi)(shi)一子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),仲(zhong)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),俛(mian)(mian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),偉(wei)五子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)八子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),伸(shen)(shen)(shen)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)生(sheng)六(liu)(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),凡(fan)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)六(liu)(liu)(liu)?),自(zi)是家益(yi)昌,族益(yi)盛(sheng)矣。
仲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子崇,乃立(li)家(jia)(jia)(jia)法垂示將(jiang)來。故自序云:我家(jia)(jia)(jia)襲秘(mi)監之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)累(lei)功(gong),承(cheng)著作之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)遺(yi)訓(xun),代傳(chuan)孝弟(di),業(ye)繼典墳。由是子孫益多,上下和(he)睦。然(ran)云礽既(ji)遠(yuan)愚(yu)不同(tong),茍無敦睦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang),慮乖孝友之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓(xun)。今繩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)規矩,則序之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)尊(zun)卑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)。推(tui)功(gong)任能,懲(cheng)惡勸善(shan),下令(ling)子孫世(shi)守家(jia)(jia)(jia)規,永敦和(he)睦。于(yu)是立(li)主事以(yi)專家(jia)(jia)(jia)政,置(zhi)庫(ku)司(si)以(yi)掌家(jia)(jia)(jia)財,立(li)莊長以(yi)督租賦,勘司(si)以(yi)序男女,家(jia)(jia)(jia)塾以(yi)教(jiao)童(tong)稚,道院以(yi)業(ye)焚修,巫祝(zhu)以(yi)備禱祈,醫(yi)師以(yi)供(gong)藥石,匠作以(yi)資器用(yong)(yong),辟書院以(yi)待(dai)學者,構(gou)廨宇以(yi)奉公(gong)門,其(qi)余酒漿鹽米之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儲、衣履笄箱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)、三時飲(yin)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節、四時晏會之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)期、長幼出入之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儀(yi)、晨(chen)昏定(ding)省之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮、婚姻吊喪(sang)、送往迎來、凡諸纖悉莫不周(zhou)詳(xiang)。然(ran)而贓獲不入其(qi)門,鷹犬(quan)不為(wei)其(qi)玩,天(tian)文圖識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學弗精,縱橫(heng)詭譎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)弗尚,商賈營(ying)販(fan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利弗習,娼(chang)優賭博之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)弗近,室無私財,廚無別饌,子弟(di)知教(jiao),內外(wai)如一(yi)。于(yu)時,崇為(wei)江州長史(shi),檢(jian)校散(san)騎常侍,兼御史(shi)大夫,賜紫金魚袋。
簡注:
宗(zong)法(fa)之行(xing),始(shi)于(yu)唐昭(zhao)宗(zong)大順元年(nian)(nian)庚戍(注:即(ji)(ji)公元890年(nian)(nian))也,至(zhi)袞為江州(zhou)(zhou)參軍,試太(tai)(tai)(tai)常寺丞,奉(feng)禮部(bu)郎,直至(zhi)南(nan)唐李昪(bian)旌(jing)表(biao)孝弟,標(biao)揭(jie)門(men)(men)閭。于(yu)是陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)特立義(yi)門(men)(men),義(yi)門(men)(men)之立,始(shi)于(yu)李昪(bian)丁酉(注:即(ji)(ji)公元937年(nian)(nian))也。昪(bian)卒煜(yu)立(注:昪(bian)卒璟立,璟故煜(yu)立。),又(you)蠲其沿徵(zhi)科役。開寶(bao)末(注:宋太(tai)(tai)(tai)祖趙(zhao)匡胤年(nian)(nian)號(hao),即(ji)(ji)公元975年(nian)(nian)),太(tai)(tai)(tai)平興國七年(nian)(nian)(注:即(ji)(ji)公元982),右(you)補闕直史(shi)館張齊賢(xian)為轉運(yun)使(shi),奏(zou)言“陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)屢世義(yi)門(men)(men),全家(jia)孝行(xing),在煜(yu)時(shi)尚蒙蠲恤,于(yu)圣朝(chao)豈令徵(zhi)收?宜免本戶沿徵(zhi)雜派,庶彰(zhang)大化。”上(shang)可其奏(zou)。淳化初(chu),殿中丞相(xiang)唐戩理江州(zhou)(zhou)事,又(you)奏(zou)“陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)一宗(zong)骨肉(rou)千(qian)口,近年(nian)(nian)乏食(shi),饑(ji)貧難濟,請每(mei)(mei)春貸粟二千(qian)石以贍之,(俟(si)豐(feng)年(nian)(nian)還官)”。(詔可)。至(zhi)道(dao)中(注:宋太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗(zong)趙(zhao)光義(yi)年(nian)(nian)號(hao),即(ji)(ji)公元995-997年(nian)(nian)),太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗(zong)遣內侍裴愈(yu)赍御書散三吳名山(shan)寺觀,德(de)義(yi)之家(jia)皆賜一本,陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)所得凡三十三卷(juan),藏于(yu)家(jia)。愈(yu)復上(shang)《陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)家(jia)法(fa)》二篇(pian),太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗(zong)曰(yue):“天下有此(ci)人家(jia),真良家(jia)也!”敕愈(yu)送史(shi)館繕寫,賜王公各一本,使(shi)知義(yi)門(men)(men)傳家(jia)之法(fa)。愈(yu)遂(sui)言:陳(chen)(chen)氏(shi)每(mei)(mei)歲租米四千(qian)斛,距(ju)江州(zhou)(zhou)二百余(yu)里,舟(zhou)車(che)不通,常告二千(qian)斛腳值。若(ruo)就德(de)安倉輸納,以充軍馬(ma)驛料,則天恩加(jia)惠義(yi)門(men)(men)者厚矣。太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗(zong)許之。
袞立義門坊(fang);昉主家三十五年;崇(chong)為(wei)(wei)長吏;勛為(wei)(wei)蒲圻令(ling);玫為(wei)(wei)德化令(ling);禮為(wei)(wei)吉安(an)令(ling);袞為(wei)(wei)司戶參軍;昉為(wei)(wei)太仆(pu)少卿;恭為(wei)(wei)洪都掌書(shu)院(yuan);密知(zhi)武陽事;皆為(wei)(wei)衣(yi)冠之俊者也(ye)。秩為(wei)(wei)都知(zhi)兵馬使(shi);讓(rang)為(wei)(wei)衙前兵馬使(shi);繆、渥、藹(ai)為(wei)(wei)節度押衙使(shi);郜為(wei)(wei)蒙義軍都頭使(shi);輝(hui)為(wei)(wei)討擘(bo)副使(shi);涼(liang)為(wei)(wei)教(jiao)練使(shi);皆為(wei)(wei)官職之選者也(ye)。若昭、若昱(yu)、若琛(chen)、若傳、若遜(xun)、若儼、若度、若漸、若永、若續、延年并登進士第;而喬(qiao)省象誥策碧岳位諗延芝俱(ju)擅詞(ci)場,皆為(wei)(wei)文學(xue)之英才也(ye)。斯(si)乃五世(shi)而昌,八世(shi)而大,非獨田完之興齊,實乃陳氏之永世(shi)也(ye)。
夫(fu)天地一(yi)氣也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),萬民(min)一(yi)姓也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),政教一(yi)體也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)(ruo)清若(ruo)(ruo)濁(zhuo)者(zhe)(zhe),為(wei)(wei)善(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)惡者(zhe)(zhe),好仁好義(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),固有不同。余觀陳(chen)氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宗(zong),清而(er)純(chun)(chun),善(shan)(shan)而(er)和,義(yi)而(er)正;才者(zhe)(zhe)不矜,技(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)不炫,清純(chun)(chun)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);富(fu)而(er)不驕(jiao),貧而(er)不怨,善(shan)(shan)和者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye);有勇(yong)不犯(fan),有剛不折,義(yi)正者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。吾以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)士大夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)族(zu),未有若(ruo)(ruo)陳(chen)宗(zong)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。謂(wei)其(qi)敦堯舜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,循湯(tang)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,受(shou)文王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化,承(cheng)召(zhao)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)訓歟!不然,何(he)其(qi)義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)若(ruo)(ruo)是哉!天兵討江州(zhou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),陳(chen)氏(shi)昆(kun)弟七人(ren),皆在(zai)圍(wei)中。及城(cheng)破,軍民(min)殺傷者(zhe)(zhe)殆盡(jin),而(er)七人(ren)異(yi)處同歸,一(yi)無所傷,義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。至道以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai),仍歲饑荒,陳(chen)氏(shi)舉家(jia)啜粥,雜以(yi)(yi)(yi)藻菜,怡然相安(an),義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)至也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。丁(ding)酉歲(997)夏,予以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵部尚書掌綸(lun)誥持(chi)史筆,坐命詞不當,連貶(bian)嶺表。己亥(hai)歲(999),會赦東歸。過潯陽,登(deng)盧峰(feng),得諸陳(chen)氏(shi)宅,覽世譜,閱家(jia)法,詢事實,具知其(qi)狀,因為(wei)(wei)記,庶乎(hu)傳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四方,留示來(lai)葉者(zhe)(zhe)。
辭曰:舜有至德,其后(hou)必昌。曄(ye)曄(ye)陳氏(shi),宗(zong)義(yi)刮飏。家(jia)法(fa)式定,義(yi)門(men)表德。如(ru)何在上,示為(wei)世則(ze)。古人有言,家(jia)法(fa)如(ru)官。官若為(wei)義(yi),其為(wei)必安。義(yi)則(ze)非利,利則(ze)非義(yi)。義(yi)利之途,人思(si)共(gong)致。尚義(yi)則(ze)崇,尚利則(ze)窮。伊惟陳宗(zong),世襲義(yi)風。替昪偽煜(yu),猶(you)然敦助(zhu)。逮我圣宗(zong),恩惠駢屬。大宋萬年(nian),子孫(sun)億千(qian)。德澤旁流,陳宗(zong)綿綿。