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衛靈公(gong)（前540年(nian)—前493年(nian)），姬姓，名元(yuan)，春(chun)秋時期衛國(guo)第二十八代國(guo)君(jun)，前534年(nian)—前493年(nian)在位(wei)。

因多(duo)猜忌且脾氣(qi)暴躁(zao)留(liu)下不好的(de)(de)史學評價。但其擅長識人(ren)，知人(ren)善任(ren)，也正是他提拔的(de)(de)三個大臣(chen)孔(kong)圉、祝(zhu)鮀、王孫賈的(de)(de)合作，才(cai)使衛(wei)國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)家機器運行正常(chang)。

主要經歷

衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)，春秋(qiu)時期(qi)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)第二(er)十(shi)八代國(guo)君，姬姓(xing)，名元。其生于(yu)“韓宣(xuan)子(zi)為政聘于(yu)諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)歲(sui)”（即昭公(gong)二(er)年(nian)，前(qian)540年(nian)），卒于(yu)哀(ai)公(gong)二(er)年(nian)（前(qian)493年(nian)），壽47歲(sui)。初，因衛(wei)(wei)(wei)襄公(gong)夫人宣(xuan)姜無(wu)子(zi)，嬖人（愛，愛也(ye)(ye)）婤姶生縶與元，而縶“惡(e)疾(ji)”，不良于(yu)行，故孔(kong)成子(zi)與史(shi)朝借夢(meng)廢長立幼，昭公(gong)七年(nian)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)襄公(gong)卒，元登基(ji)，是為靈(ling)公(gong)，在(zai)位42年(nian)。衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)雖限(xian)于(yu)國(guo)勢(shi)未能稱霸，但其所作(zuo)所為絲毫(hao)不遜于(yu)齊桓晉文楚(chu)莊秦穆(mu)那些霸主們，為一代諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者。據(ju)《孔(kong)子(zi)家語·賢(xian)君第十(shi)三(san)》載(zai)，在(zai)魯哀(ai)公(gong)問“當(dang)今之(zhi)君，孰為最(zui)賢(xian)”時，孔(kong)子(zi)對曰：“丘未之(zhi)見也(ye)(ye)，抑有衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)乎？”，評(ping)價不謂不高。但孔(kong)子(zi)曾(ceng)說衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)無(wu)道，以至于(yu)人們執著于(yu)這個(ge)刻板印象，卻忽視了(le)孔(kong)子(zi)后面的贊(zan)揚，由此衛(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)落下了(le)不好的名聲。

《左傳(chuan)》載：昭公二年，晉(jin)韓(han)宣子因“為(wei)政聘于(yu)諸侯”，是年衛靈公出生，名元(yuan)，其兄(xiong)縶(zhi)患“惡(e)疾”，不良于(yu)行，故孔成(cheng)子與史朝借夢衛始(shi)祖康叔而立元(yuan)為(wei)太子。

昭公(gong)(gong)七年，衛襄公(gong)(gong)惡卒，冬十(shi)二(er)月(yue)下(xia)葬，明年靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)即位(wei)，時年六(liu)歲。

昭(zhao)公十二年，靈公以國君身份“如晉”，賀晉頃(qing)公登基。明年，與晉、魯、宋(song)、鄭(zheng)等諸侯會于平丘。

昭公(gong)二十年，齊(qi)豹、北宮喜、褚師圃、公(gong)子朝四家(jia)叛亂，殺靈公(gong)兄(xiong)縶，傷靈公(gong)叔(shu)南(nan)楚，兩日(ri)旋(xuan)平，終(zhong)靈公(gong)在(zai)世衛國再無(wu)此類內亂。

昭(zhao)公二十一年，靈公使(shi)叛亂回國的公子朝領(ling)兵救宋，以安(an)眾心。

昭公二十五(wu)年、二十七年，兩次使(shi)北宮喜會于諸(zhu)侯，以(yi)彰(zhang)其平亂之功。

定公四年(nian)，與晉、魯、宋、蔡等(deng)諸侯會(hui)盟，因聽說歃血時(shi)位次于蔡后，靈公即派祝(zhu)佗游(you)說周(zhou)王臣萇弘，事成，捍衛了(le)衛國(guo)的(de)國(guo)格(ge)。

定公(gong)六(liu)年，魯伐晉(jin)，過不(bu)假(jia)道，及還，陽虎又使季桓子(zi)、孟獻子(zi)不(bu)告而過衛都，靈公(gong)大怒，派彌(mi)子(zi)瑕(xia)(xia)率兵追擊，公(gong)叔文子(zi)入(ru)諫，靈公(gong)遂召彌(mi)子(zi)瑕(xia)(xia)還。

定公七年(nian)，派人(ren)與齊景公密謀，使其羈執衛(wei)行人(ren)（外(wai)交部(bu)長）北宮結(jie)并侵(qin)衛(wei)，趁機削弱北宮氏之(zhi)勢力。

定公八年，因(yin)會盟(meng)時受(shou)晉沙(sha)陀、成何之辱，靈公表(biao)示：”我讓衛國(guo)受(shou)辱，請改(gai)立(li)國(guo)君(jun)“。

定公九年，靈公以半數之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)過(guo)中牟(mou)，中牟(mou)欲擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)，一直逃(tao)亡在中牟(mou)的(de)褚(chu)師圃說(shuo)：”衛國兵(bing)力雖少，但(dan)衛靈公在那(nei)兒，是不可能戰(zhan)勝的(de)，還不如(ru)攻打齊軍“。中牟(mou)乃(nai)舍衛而擊(ji)齊，繳獲其戰(zhan)車五百乘(cheng)。

定公十年，晉(jin)師(shi)圍衛都，成何狐假虎威，靈公堅守不(bu)出，晉(jin)師(shi)乃(nai)退，殺辱于靈公之沙(sha)陀(tuo)（成何逃亡）與衛講和。

定公十四年，靈公驅逐欲為亂的(de)公叔戌（公叔發——即公叔文子(zi)(zi)，謚襄貞文子(zi)(zi)——之子(zi)(zi)）、趙(zhao)陽（趙(zhao)魘(yan)之后）、北(bei)宮結（前衛之行人）和太子(zi)(zi)蒯瞶、公孟驅（縶之子(zi)(zi)）。

哀公二(er)年，靈公卒(zu)，生前欲立(li)郢為太子，郢辭(ci)，靈公卒(zu)后南子傳(chuan)其遺命令郢即(ji)(ji)位，郢又(you)辭(ci)，并(bing)推舉(ju)蒯聵(kui)之子輒即(ji)(ji)位，是為出公。

其他信息

軼事典故

典故一

《左傳》載：昭公(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)，因靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)兄(xiong)縶“狎(xia)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)（狎(xia)，輕褻(xie)；齊(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)，衛(wei)(wei)司寇(kou)）、惡北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)喜、褚師圃，而(er)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)朝”通于襄夫人宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，懼(ju)（公(gong)(gong)子(zi)朝乃襄公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)弟、靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)叔，與(yu)以(yi)(yi)相貌俊(jun)美(mei)著稱的(de)宋朝無關(guan)，更與(yu)南子(zi)無關(guan)，公(gong)(gong)子(zi)朝私(si)通的(de)是其嫂宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，公(gong)(gong)子(zi)朝叛亂時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)尚未娶南子(zi)）“，故四家叛亂，農歷六月二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九日(ri)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)首先發難，以(yi)(yi)伏兵(bing)殺(sha)縶，時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)在平壽，聞亂返(fan)都，但時(shi)局(ju)已經(jing)失控，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)只(zhi)得(de)帶少數人逃(tao)至(zhi)死鳥（地名，不知何(he)處，應離濮不遠），其時(shi)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青（齊(qi)(qi)(qi)頃公(gong)(gong)的(de)孫(sun)子(zi)，字(zi)子(zi)石）正要聘(pin)衛(wei)(wei)，聞訊后(hou)急(ji)忙請示齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)，齊(qi)(qi)(qi)景公(gong)(gong)說(shuo)：”只(zhi)要還沒出衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境，（靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)）就還是衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君。“，于是公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青繼(ji)續(xu)聘(pin)衛(wei)(wei)，并”親執鐸“為靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)警戒(jie)。六月三十(shi)(shi)日(ri)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)喜的(de)家宰攻殺(sha)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)豹(bao)(bao)，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)當晚(wan)即趕(gan)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)都與(yu)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)氏盟約(yue)，第二(er)(er)天又跟”國(guo)(guo)(guo)人“盟誓，迅速穩定了局(ju)勢，然后(hou)才開始追究(jiu)責任(ren)，所以(yi)(yi)八月二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)五日(ri)褚師圃、公(gong)(gong)子(zi)朝、子(zi)玉霄、子(zi)高魴奔晉(jin)，閏八月十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)殺(sha)了叛亂根源之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，徹底穩定了衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內部局(ju)勢，自(zi)此之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)內衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)再無此類(lei)內亂（公(gong)(gong)叔戌和蒯瞶未遂(sui)者不算），而(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)當時(shi)只(zhi)有18歲(sui)。

典故二

定公(gong)七年，北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)因(yin)”平亂(luan)“之功勢力越來越大，靈(ling)公(gong)幾不能(neng)制(zhi)，故靈(ling)公(gong)與(yu)齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)密謀(mou)，先(xian)派(pai)北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)聘齊(qi)(qi)（其時北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)喜已(yi)卒(zu)，謚貞子，北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)為家族長），再讓齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)尋隙把(ba)北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)抓(zhua)起來并出(chu)兵侵衛(wei)，靈(ling)公(gong)把(ba)責任推到北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)結(jie)身上，趁機(ji)削弱(ruo)北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)的(de)勢力，然后再和齊(qi)(qi)景公(gong)盟約讓其退兵，既解決了北宮(gong)(gong)(gong)氏(shi)尾大不掉的(de)問題又(you)不使其他大臣起疑心，同時還加(jia)強了與(yu)齊(qi)(qi)國的(de)關系，可謂(wei)一石三鳥。

典故三

定(ding)公(gong)九年，為(wei)支援(yuan)齊景(jing)公(gong)，靈(ling)公(gong)帶(dai)兵(bing)車(che)(che)五百乘欲過(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)牟，時(shi)晉國有(you)(you)兵(bing)車(che)(che)千(qian)乘在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)牟，所以靈(ling)公(gong)令人占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)（這在(zai)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)很重(zhong)要，凡事(shi)均需(xu)謀之于天，得到(dao)指令后再定(ding)行止(zhi)，《孔(kong)子家(jia)語》載(zai)孔(kong)子亦喜此道），但占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)的那位不(bu)知是(shi)(shi)過(guo)于激(ji)動(dong)還是(shi)(shi)業務不(bu)精(jing)，竟將占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)用(yong)的龜甲燒焦了(le)，沒有(you)(you)了(le)道具當(dang)(dang)然就無法與老天爺溝通(tong)了(le)，就在(zai)那位占(zhan)卜(bu)(bu)者誠恐誠惶的時(shi)候(hou)，靈(ling)公(gong)卻(que)豪情(qing)萬丈地說：“可以前進，我(wo)們衛(wei)國的兵(bing)車(che)(che)有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)牟的一半，我(wo)本人也可以抵他們的另一半，加起來正好(hao)和(he)他們的兵(bing)力匹(pi)敵！”。

靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公這(zhe)還(huan)真(zhen)不是(shi)吹牛，中牟當時(shi)(shi)也(ye)真(zhen)的(de)想修理他，畢竟是(shi)在(zai)人(ren)家的(de)地盤上，人(ren)家的(de)兵力還(huan)比靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公多(duo)一倍，可(ke)(ke)逃亡在(zai)中牟的(de)褚師圃(pu)卻說(shuo)：”衛國(guo)的(de)兵力雖少，有衛靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公在(zai)那(nei)兒，是(shi)不可(ke)(ke)戰勝(sheng)的(de)，還(huan)不如(ru)打(da)齊國(guo)的(de)軍隊。“中牟果(guo)然因(yin)此未修理靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公而去打(da)了齊軍，結果(guo)繳獲了齊國(guo)的(de)戰車五(wu)百乘。時(shi)(shi)隔二十多(duo)年，褚師圃(pu)仍畏靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公如(ru)虎，可(ke)(ke)見(jian)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公當年平叛時(shi)(shi)手(shou)段(duan)之高超。

典故四

《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)家(jia)語》載：魯哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曾頗為(wei)(wei)自負地問孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)：”現在(zai)(zai)的(de)國君誰最賢(xian)(xian)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)回答(da)(da)(da)：”最賢(xian)(xian)的(de)我(wo)還(huan)沒見(jian)(jian)過，相(xiang)比之(zhi)(zhi)下應該是(shi)衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)吧？“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)：”我(wo)聽說(shuo)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)閨門之(zhi)(zhi)內無(wu)別（應指南子(zi)(zi)(zi)參政），你(ni)怎(zen)么說(shuo)他(ta)是(shi)賢(xian)(xian)君呢？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)答(da)(da)(da)道：”我(wo)說(shuo)的(de)是(shi)他(ta)在(zai)(zai)朝(chao)廷(ting)上的(de)行(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)，不(bu)是(shi)指他(ta)在(zai)(zai)家(jia)里的(de)事(shi)(shi)。“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又問：”他(ta)在(zai)(zai)朝(chao)廷(ting)上的(de)行(xing)(xing)事(shi)(shi)如何？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)答(da)(da)(da)道：”靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)渠(qu)(qu)牟(mou)，其智(zhi)足(zu)治千乘，其信足(zu)以守之(zhi)(zhi)，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)愛(ai)而(er)(er)任之(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)士(shi)(shi)林(lin)國者，見(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)必進之(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)退與(yu)(yu)分其祿，是(shi)以靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無(wu)游放之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)賢(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)士(shi)(shi)慶(qing)足(zu)者，衛(wei)(wei)國有(you)大(da)事(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)必起(qi)而(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)事(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)退而(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)悅而(er)(er)敬(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)；又有(you)大(da)夫史(shi)(shi)（茍(gou)），以道去(qu)衛(wei)(wei)，而(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)郊舍三日，琴瑟不(bu)御，必待(dai)史(shi)(shi)（茍(gou)）之(zhi)(zhi)入，而(er)(er)后敢入。臣以此取之(zhi)(zhi)，雖次之(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)，不(bu)亦可乎？“。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)這里講(jiang)了(le)四(si)個(ge)人(ren)的(de)事(shi)(shi)，一(yi)是(shi)渠(qu)(qu)牟(mou)，即彌(mi)牟(mou)，字子(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)，也就(jiu)是(shi)被演繹為(wei)(wei)分桃奪車(che)的(de)那位，但人(ren)家(jia)韓非在(zai)(zai)《說(shuo)難》中只是(shi)借用衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和彌(mi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)這兩個(ge)人(ren)講(jiang)了(le)個(ge)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)，再拿這個(ge)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)作比喻(yu)罷了(le)，人(ren)家(jia)還(huan)講(jiang)過一(yi)個(ge)守株待(dai)兔的(de)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)呢，你(ni)拿它當故(gu)事(shi)(shi)當成語都無(wu)所(suo)謂，可千萬別當了(le)真，歷史(shi)(shi)上的(de)彌(mi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)乃衛(wei)(wei)國的(de)將軍，智(zhi)信兼備，死后謚文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，所(suo)以靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”愛(ai)而(er)(er)任之(zhi)(zhi)“。而(er)(er)”士(shi)(shi)“（士(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)當時為(wei)(wei)”職稱“，貴族無(wu)職者為(wei)(wei)士(shi)(shi)，有(you)職者為(wei)(wei)大(da)夫、卿）林(lin)國和慶(qing)足(zu)一(yi)個(ge)”見(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)必進“，一(yi)個(ge)”有(you)大(da)事(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)起(qi)而(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)事(shi)(shi)則(ze)(ze)退而(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)（此為(wei)(wei)真君子(zi)(zi)(zi)也）“，故(gu)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”賢(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)“、”悅而(er)(er)敬(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)“。再就(jiu)是(shi)大(da)夫史(shi)(shi)茍(gou)（原(yuan)文(wen)缺字，應該為(wei)(wei)史(shi)(shi)茍(gou)，與(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成子(zi)(zi)(zi)同夢康叔而(er)(er)廢(fei)縶立元(yuan)的(de)史(shi)(shi)朝(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時與(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成子(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)曾孫(sun)孔(kong)(kong)圉(yu)(yu)共為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)），其可能與(yu)(yu)孔(kong)(kong)圉(yu)(yu)政見(jian)(jian)不(bu)合而(er)(er)”去(qu)衛(wei)(wei)“，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)到郊外住了(le)三天，禁(jin)絕聲色(se)，一(yi)定(ding)等史(shi)(shi)茍(gou)回來后才(cai)回宮。