牛灘生姜(jiang)(jiang)單(dan)(dan)窩重0.5-1公斤,肉(rou)(rou)質莖(jing)長20多厘(li)(li)米,分(fen)蘗4-5次,掌狀寬30厘(li)(li)米,肉(rou)(rou)質單(dan)(dan)莖(jing)橫徑2厘(li)(li)米粗,表皮白色,根莖(jing)稍長,分(fen)枝較密,姜(jiang)(jiang)球呈(cheng)雙行排(pai)列。鮮(xian)姜(jiang)(jiang)外皮光滑(hua),呈(cheng)現乳白色至淡黃(huang)色,嫩莖(jing)芽尖有3-5個鱗(lin)片,姜(jiang)(jiang)塊(kuai)呈(cheng)佛手(shou)狀形態,適(shi)于鮮(xian)食、腌漬、糖漬等多種用途。單(dan)(dan)株(zhu)根莖(jing)重500-700克,每畝產1000千(qian)克,最高(gao)可達2500千(qian)克。
牛灘生姜塊大(da)皮薄,纖(xian)維含量少,肉質(zhi)脆嫩,飽滿汁豐(feng)、細膩化渣,色鮮味(wei)美,具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)濃郁(yu)的芳香氣,辛辣(la)味(wei)中等,具(ju)有(you)“香、脆、嫩”的顯著特點。
牛灘生姜(jiang)營養豐富,脂肪含(han)(han)(han)量低(di),蛋白質含(han)(han)(han)量高(gao),含(han)(han)(han)有較高(gao)的(de)鉀(jia)、鐵、鋅等微量元素和(he)多種維生素,特別是富含(han)(han)(han)姜(jiang)辣素成分(fen)。經權(quan)威機構檢測,牛灘生姜(jiang)中(zhong)碳水(shui)化合物、蛋白質、鈣、鉀(jia)含(han)(han)(han)量分(fen)別是全國平均值(zhi)的(de)2.3倍(bei),2倍(bei),1.3倍(bei),1.2倍(bei),而纖維素含(han)(han)(han)量低(di)于均值(zhi)的(de)2.7倍(bei),這也正是牛灘生姜(jiang)口(kou)感脆嫩、滋味鮮(xian)美的(de)原因所在。
牛灘(tan)生(sheng)姜(jiang)產地全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)氣(qi)候溫(wen)(wen)和,四季分明,冬季氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)偏高,霜雪少,春季氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)回暖早,夏(xia)季酷(ku)熱而秋季涼爽。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)18.4℃,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)可照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)為4469.7小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)平均為1395小時(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)均降(jiang)水(shui)量1069.4毫(hao)米,年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均相對濕(shi)度(du)73%,無霜期350天以上,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)6450℃左右(you),海拔320米左右(you),森林覆蓋率(lv)30%,濕(shi)潤多雨(yu),云(yun)霧多等氣(qi)候條件,造(zao)就了牛灘(tan)生(sheng)姜(jiang)“香(xiang)、嫩、脆”的獨特口感。
牛(niu)灘生姜產(chan)地(di)以沙地(di)和(he)粘壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)為主。土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)為黃坯土(tu)(tu)夾(jia)大沙土(tu)(tu),該土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)結構合理,土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)肥(fei)沃,富含有機質(zhi)和(he)磷(lin)、鉀、鋅等(deng)多(duo)種元素,排(pai)水良好、保(bao)水保(bao)肥(fei)力強;土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)深厚(hou)松軟,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)PH值6.8,酸堿度(du)適中,且地(di)勢相對(dui)平坦,大部(bu)分為小于10度(du)坡地(di),旱地(di)居多(duo),集中連片(pian),溝(gou)谷河流縱橫(heng),為牛(niu)灘生姜提供了優良的土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)環(huan)境。
牛灘生姜產地主要(yao)分布范圍在瀘州市瀘縣(xian)玉(yu)蟾街道、福集鎮(zhen)、嘉明鎮(zhen)、得勝鎮(zhen)、牛灘鎮(zhen)、潮(chao)河鎮(zhen)、天興鎮(zhen)、海潮(chao)鎮(zhen),共涵蓋1個街道、 7個鎮(zhen)。
栽培(pei)地的選擇(ze)與培(pei)肥
種(zhong)植(zhi)生姜的地塊不能(neng)常年連作(zuo),應選含有機質較多,灌溉排水兩便的沙(sha)壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)、壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)、或(huo)粘(zhan)壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)田(tian)塊栽(zai)培(pei),其中(zhong)以(yi)沙(sha)壤土(tu)(tu)(tu)最好(hao),對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤酸堿(jian)度(du)的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)為微酸到中(zhong)性,堿(jian)性土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤不宜(yi)栽(zai)培(pei)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)深耕(geng)20-30厘(li)(li)米(mi),并反復耕(geng)耖,充(chong)(chong)分曬垡(fa)。然后耙(pa)細(xi)作(zuo)廂(xiang),廂(xiang)長(chang)不超(chao)過(guo)15米(mi),如田(tian)塊較長(chang),則在田(tian)中(zhong)開腰溝(gou)。廂(xiang)寬(kuan)1.2米(mi),廂(xiang)溝(gou)寬(kuan)35-40厘(li)(li)米(mi),并要(yao)三(san)溝(gou)配套(tao),排水暢通。并在廂(xiang)上按(an)行(xing)距55厘(li)(li)米(mi)開東西向(xiang)種(zhong)植(zhi)溝(gou),姜溝(gou)底寬(kuan)14厘(li)(li)米(mi)、窩(wo)距20厘(li)(li)米(mi),姜溝(gou)壁高30厘(li)(li)米(mi)。在種(zhong)植(zhi)溝(gou)內施充(chong)(chong)分腐熟(shu)的廄肥(fei)或(huo)糞(fen)肥(fei),每畝(mu)2000-2500千(qian)克,餅肥(fei)75千(qian)克,草(cao)木灰75千(qian)克,并與(yu)溝(gou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)充(chong)(chong)分拌和,以(yi)備(bei)種(zhong)植(zhi)。
選(xuan)種、清毒(du)、育苗
姜(jiang)種的選擇。凡是麻腳姜(jiang)、有水漬狀(zhuang)、表皮(pi)易脫落;或(huo)者(zhe)扳開姜(jiang)塊有黑褐(he)色圈紋;或(huo)者(zhe)用手擠壓(ya)有白色液汁溢(yi)出(chu)者(zhe),都是帶病姜(jiang)塊,應嚴格檢查剔(ti)除。
姜種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)消毒。催(cui)芽(ya)前選(xuan)擇晴好天氣(qi),曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2-3天,再用1比100倍(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)甲(jia)醛溶液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)2-3小時(shi);或用千萬(wan)單位的(de)(de)硫酸鏈(lian)霉素一袋(約(yue)(yue)20克(ke)重)兌清(qing)水100公斤浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)24小時(shi);或用78%的(de)(de)姜瘟(wen)靈300倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)30分(fen)鐘(zhong)。浸(jin)(jin)過的(de)(de)姜上堆催(cui)芽(ya)。適期(qi)早催(cui)芽(ya)。宜在(zai)2月(yue)中旬至下旬催(cui)芽(ya),催(cui)芽(ya)溫(wen)度保持20℃至28℃,大約(yue)(yue)需(xu)要20多天姜芽(ya)才(cai)出(chu)齊。
田間管理(li)與(yu)病蟲害防治(zhi)
田(tian)間(jian)管理。①蓋遮陽(yang)網:用遮光率(lv)60-80%,寬6米(mi)(mi),長(chang)(chang)50米(mi)(mi)黑(hei)色(se)遮陽(yang)網,每畝(mu)用3捆,架(jia)高(gao)1.6-1.7米(mi)(mi),用竹(zhu)樁、竹(zhu)桿搭架(jia),用細鐵絲(si)捆綁。②分次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei):姜(jiang)極(ji)耐肥(fei)(fei),除(chu)(chu)(chu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)足基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)外,應多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)應前輕后(hou)(hou)重。第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)幼苗出齊(qi),苗高(gao)30厘米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右時(shi)(shi)(shi)追(zhui)壯苗肥(fei)(fei),每畝(mu)用腐(fu)熟(shu)(shu)的糞肥(fei)(fei)500千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),加(jia)水(shui)(shui)5-6倍澆施(shi)(shi)(shi),或用尿(niao)素(su)10千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),配(pei)成0.5%-1%稀(xi)肥(fei)(fei)液澆施(shi)(shi)(shi),也可(ke)施(shi)(shi)(shi)硫酸銨15-20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),有(you)條件時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)隨水(shui)(shui)沖(chong)入(ru)腐(fu)熟(shu)(shu)人(ren)糞1000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)。第(di)二次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)在收(shou)種(zhong)姜(jiang)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),稱為(wei)催子肥(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量比第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)增加(jia)30%-50%,仍以(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu),每畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)豆餅(bing)100-150千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)或腐(fu)熟(shu)(shu)廄肥(fei)(fei)1000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),施(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)雨水(shui)(shui)已(yi)較多(duo),可(ke)在距植(zhi)株10-12厘米(mi)(mi)處開穴,將肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)點施(shi)(shi)(shi)蓋土。如姜(jiang)田(tian)基(ji)肥(fei)(fei)充足,植(zhi)株生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺盛(sheng),表現無(wu)脫肥(fei)(fei)現象,這(zhe)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)不施(shi)(shi)(shi)或少施(shi)(shi)(shi),以(yi)免引起植(zhi)株徒長(chang)(chang)。第(di)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)在初秋天氣轉(zhuan)(zhuan)涼,撤去姜(jiang)田(tian)的遮陽(yang)網或遮陰物后(hou)(hou)立即進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),促進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)姜(jiang)分枝和(he)膨大,可(ke)結合拔除(chu)(chu)(chu)雜草進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)適當重施(shi)(shi)(shi),稱轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折肥(fei)(fei),要(yao)求肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)持久的完全肥(fei)(fei)料(liao)和(he)速效(xiao)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)結合施(shi)(shi)(shi)用,氮(dan)、磷、鉀(jia)配(pei)合施(shi)(shi)(shi),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素(su)20-25千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),硫酸鉀(jia)20-25千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),過(guo)磷酸鈣10-15千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)或復合肥(fei)(fei)20千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke),均勻撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)植(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)上(shang),并結合進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)培土。9月上(shang)中(zhong)旬根莖旺盛(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi),為(wei)促進(jin)姜(jiang)塊迅速膨大,防止(zhi)早(zao)衰,應追(zhui)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)補充肥(fei)(fei),以(yi)速效(xiao)化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu),畝(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)復合肥(fei)(fei)30千(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)。③中(zhong)耕培土:生(sheng)(sheng)姜(jiang)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)間(jian)要(yao)多(duo)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)中(zhong)耕除(chu)(chu)(chu)草和(he)培土。前期(qi)每隔10-15天進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)淺鋤,多(duo)在雨后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),保持土壤墑(di)情(qing),防止(zhi)板結。到株高(gao)40-50厘米(mi)(mi)時(shi)(shi)(shi),開始培土,將行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)的土培向種(zhong)植(zhi)溝。
防治病蟲(chong)(chong)。①姜瘟病:發現病株,及時鏟除中心(xin)病株及其左右各一株,在(zai)病穴噴(pen)施72%農用鏈霉素1000倍液。②姜螟(鉆心(xin)蟲(chong)(chong)):清(qing)理田(tian)園(yuan),選用4.5%高效氯氫菊(ju)酯(zhi)乳油8毫(hao)升+殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)雙0.1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)兌水15千(qian)(qian)克(ke)噴(pen)霧。③小地老(lao)虎,俗稱土(tu)蠶(can),苗期如有土(tu)蠶(can)危害用90%敵百蟲(chong)(chong)800倍液潑施。