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歷史沿革

保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)于1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)經(jing)江西省人民政府(fu)批建為省級自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，歸(gui)屬南昌(chang)市管理(li)，后經(jing)過5年(nian)(nian)(nian)科(ke)考和(he)3年(nian)(nian)(nian)申(shen)報，于2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月由(you)國務院批準為國家級自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，并更名為“鄱(po)陽湖(hu)南磯濕地國家級自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行政上隸(li)屬南(nan)昌(chang)市(shi)新建縣(xian)南(nan)磯(ji)鄉，距南(nan)昌(chang)市(shi)城區約60公(gong)里。保護(hu)區東至(zhi)太子河(he)(he)入東湖口、西(xi)至(zhi)贛江中支(zhi)下游，北至(zhi)三(san)山(shan)腳，南(nan)至(zhi)磯(ji)山(shan)以(yi)(yi)南(nan)鳳尾湖，東西(xi)寬21.6公(gong)里，南(nan)北寬27.7公(gong)里，范圍基本與南(nan)磯(ji)鄉行政邊界(jie)一致。保護(hu)區是江西(xi)省面(mian)積(ji)較大的(de)(de)河(he)(he)口類型國家級保護(hu)區，緊(jin)鄰省會南(nan)昌(chang)。地理坐(zuo)標(biao)在東經(jing)116°10′～116°25′，北緯28°51′～29°08′之(zhi)間。東界(jie)以(yi)(yi)10個拐點(dian)的(de)(de)連(lian)線為界(jie)，拐點(dian)的(de)(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別為（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)界(jie)沿余干縣(xian)縣(xian)界(jie)向西(xi)南(nan)至(zhi)拐點(dian)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西(xi)界(jie)以(yi)(yi)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為起點(dian)，沿南(nan)昌(chang)縣(xian)縣(xian)界(jie)向北至(zhi)大車荒，再經(jing)16個拐點(dian)至(zhi)北界(jie)起點(dian)（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐點(dian)的(de)(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別為（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北界(jie)以(yi)(yi)9個拐點(dian)的(de)(de)連(lian)線為界(jie)，拐點(dian)的(de)(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別為（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南磯自然保護(hu)區在第四紀(ji)以來(lai)的地質(zhi)構(gou)造運動（新構(gou)造運動）中(zhong)處于中(zhong)心(xin)沉(chen)(chen)降區，因(yin)此它也是不斷(duan)發(fa)育的各古河流(liu)水系的匯聚中(zhong)心(xin)。南磯自然保護(hu)區具有“二元結構(gou)”的沖積(ji)—沖洪(hong)積(ji)相網紋(wen)紅(hong)土(tu)(tu)、砂(sha)礫(li)石堆積(ji)，構(gou)成(cheng)了厚達(da)30～75m的沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)地層(ceng)(ceng)。在更新世沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)地層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)白堊系紫紅(hong)色粉(fen)砂(sha)巖(yan)基巖(yan)上(shang)，全新世沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)由下(xia)而(er)上(shang)，顆粒變細，下(xia)部為礫(li)卵(luan)石、砂(sha)礫(li)石、砂(sha)（含礫(li)）組成(cheng)的粗(cu)碎屑(xie)，層(ceng)(ceng)面清晰，磨圓度和分選性(xing)較好，上(shang)部則主(zhu)要由亞粘(zhan)土(tu)(tu)、亞砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)等夾不穩(wen)定淤(yu)泥(ni)質(zhi)薄層(ceng)(ceng)組成(cheng)的細碎屑(xie)。

水文條件

南磯自然保護區內河道(dao)(dao)數目眾多，大(da)小河道(dao)(dao)有50條左右，河道(dao)(dao)長短(duan)不一，形態各異(yi)，而且由于(yu)沖淤作用(yong)還使得河道(dao)(dao)形態處于(yu)進一步的發育(yu)和變化之中。最(zui)長河道(dao)(dao)達(da)22.57km，最(zui)短(duan)也有1.08km，河道(dao)(dao)總(zong)長度為123.53km。

氣候

鄱(po)陽湖(hu)區屬亞熱帶暖濕季(ji)(ji)風(feng)區，一(yi)年內冬季(ji)(ji)和(he)東(dong)南季(ji)(ji)風(feng)進退(tui)交換(huan)和(he)西太平洋副熱帶高(gao)壓南北振動，對鄱(po)陽湖(hu)流(liu)域的(de)(de)天氣(qi)(qi)變化和(he)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)形成產生重大(da)(da)影響(xiang)，決定(ding)了氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)的(de)(de)周(zhou)期性變化。一(yi)般(ban)冬季(ji)(ji)極地(di)大(da)(da)陸冷(leng)氣(qi)(qi)團向南流(liu)動，由于南移的(de)(de)路(lu)徑不同(tong)，或西北路(lu)，或西路(lu)南下影響(xiang)鄱(po)陽湖(hu)區，形成每(mei)年3～4次的(de)(de)寒(han)潮天氣(qi)(qi)，使湖(hu)區寒(han)冷(leng)少雨(yu)，或出現雨(yu)雪天氣(qi)(qi)。

區域面積

該保護區總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)33300公頃，其中核心區面(mian)積(ji)(ji)17500公頃，緩沖區面(mian)積(ji)(ji)5500公頃，實驗區面(mian)積(ji)(ji)10300公頃。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱陽湖南磯自然(ran)保護區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)富，區(qu)系成(cheng)分(fen)復雜，類型多樣(yang)，顯示具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)南北植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)匯合的(de)過渡性質(zhi)。濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雖具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)地(di)帶(dai)性“烙印”，但隱域性特征明(ming)(ming)顯。據統計(ji)，保護區(qu)共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)115科(ke)304屬(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)11科(ke)11屬(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)5科(ke)10屬(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)99科(ke)283屬(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。蓼(liao)科(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、薔(qiang)薇科(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、菊科(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、禾本(ben)科(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、莎草科(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）等(deng)6科(ke)在本(ben)區(qu)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)顯優勢，占有(you)(you)(you)(you)主導地(di)位，對本(ben)區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)構成(cheng)、動(dong)態和(he)區(qu)系組成(cheng)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)重要作用(yong)。研究區(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)苔草群(qun)(qun)落(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆葦群(qun)(qun)落(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼子菜群(qun)(qun)落(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼(liao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等(deng)世(shi)界廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)該區(qu)域的(de)主要建群(qun)(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國特有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)在本(ben)區(qu)內(nei)僅(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3個栽培(pei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，即：水杉屬(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)Poncirus、南天(tian)竹屬(shu)Nandina。自然(ran)分(fen)布(bu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)國特有(you)(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，此(ci)與(yu)濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)典型隱域性質(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)。

動物資源

2003-2004年保護(hu)區(qu)綜合科(ke)學考察統計(ji)到浮(fu)游動(dong)物62屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲(qi)動(dong)物8科(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)昆蟲11目(mu)(mu)(mu)40科(ke)168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚(yu)類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)14科(ke)43屬58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中江湖洄(hui)游型魚(yu)類(lei)占40%，兩棲(qi)動(dong)物1目(mu)(mu)(mu)5科(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行動(dong)物3目(mu)(mu)(mu)10科(ke)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳(ru)動(dong)物7目(mu)(mu)(mu)12科(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地，南磯(ji)保護(hu)區(qu)是具有科(ke)研、保護(hu)與(yu)觀(guan)賞(shang)價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)濕(shi)地生(sheng)態系統和濕(shi)地鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)保護(hu)區(qu)，區(qu)內(nei)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)多(duo)，數量大，目(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)記錄到15目(mu)(mu)(mu)45科(ke)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有鸊鷉目(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛(guan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿(ge)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛(fo)法僧目(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中，濕(shi)地水(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)共7目(mu)(mu)(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占中國(guo)水(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)35.6%。保護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)不(bu)同季節(jie)里(li)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)組成差異顯(xian)著，冬季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由(you)于地處贛江、鄱陽湖(hu)(hu)和(he)長江的(de)關鍵節點，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區具有良好的(de)通江性,不僅(jin)是鯉(li)、鯽(ji)等經濟(ji)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)的(de)重要產卵和(he)育肥場所(suo)，也是長江中下(xia)游地區青、草、鰱、鳙、鰻鱺、刀(dao)鱭(ji)、鳳(feng)尾魚(yu)(yu)等洄游型(xing)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)的(de)主要洄游通道甚至是避難所(suo)，對(dui)于鄱陽湖(hu)(hu)、贛江和(he)長江漁業資源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)與可持續利用具有重要意義。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區典型(xing)的(de)入湖(hu)(hu)口濕地生態系統(tong)，是河口自然地理、水文和(he)生態環境(jing)監(jian)測等學(xue)科(ke)的(de)天然研究基地，是研究內陸河口濕地生態系統(tong)的(de)場所(suo)。