形態特征
蘭州水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong),最(zui)為有名的(de)是蘭州冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨,它色澤鮮艷(yan),形體美觀,皮(pi)薄肉細(xi),酸(suan)甜適(shi)度,能長期貯(zhu)存,久負盛名,暢銷(xiao)國內(nei)外市場。蘭州冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨有大小之(zhi)分(fen):大冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈倒卵圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大,平均重(zhong)320~500克,熟后果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈金黃色,皮(pi)較厚而(er)粗,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉白(bai)嫩(nen),汁多而(er)脆,味(wei)濃,酸(suan)甜適(shi)度,含糖量約9%;小冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨由(you)大冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨的(de)芽條變異而(er)來,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實呈圓形或(huo)橢圓形,其(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)平均157.5克,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)汁不及大冬(dong)梨多,貯(zhu)期不如(ru)大冬(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨長,但果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮(pi)薄,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉細(xi),果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)味(wei)甜,因其(qi)味(wei)佳,成為甘(gan)肅省地方最(zui)佳品種(zhong)之(zhi)一。
分布范圍:蘭州
主要價值
蘭州(zhou)冬(dong)果梨在醫學上應用(yong)甚廣(guang),療效頗高,具(ju)有生津止渴、清心潤(run)肺、除煩利尿、清熱(re)解毒、潤(run)喉(hou)消(xiao)痰、降火止咳(ke)的(de)功(gong)效。若把冬(dong)果梨掏空去核,再裝入蜂蜜、冰糖煮熟,連湯帶果食(shi)用(yong),更(geng)有止咳(ke)散寒(han)、清肺去痰的(de)功(gong)效。
冬(dong)果梨含有(you)豐(feng)富的營養物質,脆(cui)嫩多汁(zhi),清爽可(ke)口(kou),能幫助(zhu)消(xiao)化(hua),增進食欲(yu)。它的最大特點是耐貯(zhu)(zhu)性強,用普通窯(yao)窯(yao)貯(zhu)(zhu)藏,能貯(zhu)(zhu)到次年(nian)五六月份,有(you)的地區可(ke)以貯(zhu)(zhu)到七(qi)月份。
蘭(lan)州地(di)區人民喜吃熱冬果(guo)(guo),寒冬臘(la)月,冰(bing)封雪飄之(zhi)時,把冬果(guo)(guo)梨(li)的核(he)取出(chu),內盛生(sheng)公(gong)豬油、花椒、冰(bing)糖、大香(xiang)、草(cao)果(guo)(guo)。桂皮(pi)等各種原料(liao),放在沙鍋里封口燉煮八個小時取出(chu),爛(lan)而(er)甜酸、香(xiang)味濃郁。尤其是連湯(tang)食用,可以清心潤肺(fei)、止(zhi)咳化痰。
栽培技術
蘭州素有“瓜果城”之譽,梨樹栽培歷史悠久。清雍正六年編輯的《甘肅通志》載:“蘭州出梨。”據科研部門推測,三百五十年前,蘭州、河西走廊、臨夏等地梨的栽培已相當盛行。據了解.蘭州、靖遠、皋蘭等地和河西走廊,以及黃河沿岸,尚有二、三百年以前的大果樹。據此推測,蘭州栽培梨的歷史絕不止三、五百(bai)年。蘭(lan)州(zhou)果樹除(chu)棗(zao)樹以(yi)外,以(yi)梨樹為最多。據統計,五十(shi)年代(dai)初,蘭(lan)州(zhou)即(ji)有莽(mang)細五萬四千八百(bai)多株,占各(ge)類果樹的百(bai)分(fen)之三(san)十(shi)點(dian)一二,而(er)且集中分(fen)布在城(cheng)東(dong)南及西(xi)北,黃河(he)兩岸的廣武門(men)、五里鋪、孫家臺、北園、上(shang)下西(xi)園、鹽場堡、雁灘及彭家坪。
梨(li)為薔薇科植物。蘭州冬(dong)果梨(li)屬白(bai)梨(li)系,有大(da)、小(xiao)冬(dong)果之分(fen)(fen)。大(da)冬(dong)果梨(li),果倒卵(luan)圓形,果大(da),平均(jun)重二百(bai)(bai)(bai)七(qi)(qi)(qi)十(shi)(shi)七(qi)(qi)(qi)點五(wu)克(ke)(ke),最(zui)大(da)重至(zhi)五(wu)百(bai)(bai)(bai)克(ke)(ke)以上。一九五(wu)七(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian),全省農業展(zhan)覽(lan)會(hui)上曾展(zhan)出重達一千七(qi)(qi)(qi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)克(ke)(ke)的特大(da)個體。冬(dong)果梨(li),皮色黃(huang)綠,完熟后呈金黃(huang)色,皮較厚而粗,果梗較粗,果肉(rou)水白(bai)色,質較粗,石細胞較多,汁(zhi)多,味(wei)濃,甘酸(suan)(suan)適度,含糖百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)之八點九,含酸(suan)(suan)百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)之零(ling)點四(si)四(si),可溶性固(gu)形物百(bai)(bai)(bai)分(fen)(fen)之十(shi)(shi)二點五(wu),品質甚優。
冬果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨,樹勢強(qiang)健,壽命(ming)長,結果(guo)(guo)(guo)早,一般稼接后四至(zhi)五年結果(guo)(guo)(guo)。芽(ya)萌發力(li)(li)強(qiang),成(cheng)年樹新稍長約二十(shi)二厘米。以(yi)短果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)及短果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)群結果(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)主。果(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)壽命(ming)四至(zhi)五年。蘭州冬果(guo)(guo)(guo)梨為(wei)豐產(chan)樹種,平均(jun)株產(chan)五至(zhi)六百斤,高的一千斤,最高達三至(zhi)四千斤。它四月(yue)上旬(xun)花芽(ya)萌動,中(zhong)旬(xun)開花座果(guo)(guo)(guo),十(shi)月(yue)采摘,性喜砂質壤土,抗(kang)早,抗(kang)鹽堿力(li)(li)強(qiang),適應性廣,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實品(pin)質好,極耐貯藏(zang),是甘肅省(sheng)最佳地方品(pin)種之一,可在(zai)大部分(fen)地區大力(li)(li)推(tui)廣。
小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li),主產蘭州市孫(sun)家臺和靖(jing)遠縣迎(ying)方灘等(deng)地。據考,這種(zhong)(zhong)梨(li)最(zui)(zui)早見于北園和孫(sun)家臺。當地老農說(shuo):“這種(zhong)(zhong)梨(li)其(qi)所以品(pin)質(zhi)最(zui)(zui)佳,一(yi)(yi)是龍尾山的脈好(hao),即(ji)(ji)土質(zhi)好(hao);二(er)是水磨溝的水甜。”科研部(bu)門(men)認為,蘭州小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)是在(zai)特定的水土、氣(qi)候條(tiao)件下,由大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)芽條(tiao)異變而(er)來。它(ta)的果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實為倒卵形(xing)和橢圓形(xing),或近圓形(xing),縱橫徑六點九(jiu)乘(cheng)六點五(wu)厘(li)米,因(yin)比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)小(xiao),故名(ming)。單果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重一(yi)(yi)百五(wu)十(shi)七(qi)點五(wu)克,色呈(cheng)黃綠,外(wai)圍(wei)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)陽面略有紅暈,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)汁(zhi)雖不及大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)多,貯期亦不如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)長,樹(shu)勢不如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)旺,樹(shu)齡不如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)長,葉色不如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)深,但樹(shu)姿比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)開張,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)薄,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)細,石細胞比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)少,風味比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)甜,品(pin)質(zhi)比大(da)(da)(da)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)梨(li)好(hao),是我省(sheng)最(zui)(zui)佳地方品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)之一(yi)(yi),其(qi)味奪冠,膾炙人口(kou),名(ming)聞遐邇(er),遠在(zai)二(er)百六十(shi)年前成書的《甘肅通(tong)志》戴:“梨(li)蘭州者佳”。據考,最(zui)(zui)佳的梨(li)即(ji)(ji)蘭州小(xiao)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
歷史記載
所謂“熱冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果”,其實(shi)就(jiu)是梨(li)(li)(li)(li)子。蘭(lan)州(zhou)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)子品質極佳(jia),取名為(wei)“冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果梨(li)(li)(li)(li)”,就(jiu)是引(yin)魏征(zheng)醫母的典故。《本草(cao)通玄》說(shuo):梨(li)(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)生(sheng)者(zhe),清六(liu)肺之(zhi)熱,熟者(zhe)滋五臟之(zhi)陰。我國(guo)古時人(ren)們對梨(li)(li)(li)(li)子保健功能(neng)已經熟知無遺(yi)。蘭(lan)州(zhou)人(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)“熱冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果”極為(wei)普遍(bian),正(zheng)常(chang)人(ren)食(shi)(shi)(shi)梨(li)(li)(li)(li)也大有(you)好處(chu):生(sheng)津解渴、滋潤心(xin)肺。如果將冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果梨(li)(li)(li)(li)和冰(bing)糖(tang)一起(qi)烹食(shi)(shi)(shi)更佳(jia)。因為(wei)冰(bing)糖(tang)甘甜(tian)濕潤,歸經入肝,和中(zhong)助(zhu)脾(pi)。對心(xin)腹脹飽、口(kou)干咽痛、肺腸燥(zao)熱均有(you)療效。冰(bing)糖(tang)和冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果梨(li)(li)(li)(li)在一起(qi)煮(zhu)了吃,會甜(tian)上(shang)加甜(tian),而且性溫去寒,使食(shi)(shi)(shi)療效果倍增。每(mei)逢(feng)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季來臨,蘭(lan)州(zhou)人(ren)家家貯(zhu)存冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果梨(li)(li)(li)(li)備用(yong)的習俗已沿習了千百年。熱冬(dong)(dong)(dong)果也確實(shi)是冬(dong)(dong)(dong)令最佳(jia)美(mei)食(shi)(shi)(shi),詩人(ren)們夸贊的也確實(shi)有(you)道(dao)理。有(you)興趣的人(ren),不妨小試(shi),會自有(you)分曉。
典故傳說
傳說(shuo)唐朝(chao)太(tai)宗(zong)皇(huang)帝李世(shi)民一連數日(ri)上(shang)(shang)(shang)殿(dian)過問國家大(da)事(shi),許多大(da)臣(chen)送上(shang)(shang)(shang)奏(zou)本等候(hou)圣上(shang)(shang)(shang)御閱之(zhi)后回(hui)復。李世(shi)民也想盡快(kuai)處理(li)完事(shi),偏(pian)(pian)偏(pian)(pian)見不到宰(zai)(zai)相魏征上(shang)(shang)(shang)朝(chao),一時難作定奪。說(shuo)來也怪,魏相本是皇(huang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)最(zui)寵信的人物,一應(ying)大(da)事(shi)小事(shi)需(xu)和他(ta)商(shang)量之(zhi)后再決(jue)定如何(he)辦理(li)的,再說(shuo)他(ta)也是最(zui)循(xun)規(gui)蹈矩(ju)之(zhi)人,哪會見不到他(ta)呢?太(tai)宗(zong)皇(huang)帝急命近侍(shi)去宰(zai)(zai)相府中詢(xun)問何(he)故。近侍(shi)回(hui)稟說(shuo)宰(zai)(zai)相老(lao)母(mu)年過九(jiu)旬,連日(ri)咳(ke)嗽起不了床。
宰(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)以孝道聞名天(tian)下,自然伺侍老母(mu),不敢離開半步(bu)。皇上聞知(zhi),心(xin)中石頭才(cai)落下地。老母(mu)有(you)病(bing),他倒不怕,萬一魏相(xiang)(xiang)真的病(bing)臥不起了,天(tian)下大事可(ke)找誰商(shang)量呢?皇上又(you)問宰(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)何日(ri)上朝?答(da)曰“明日(ri)。”
次(ci)日魏征果(guo)(guo)然(ran)第一個(ge)上(shang)(shang)朝(chao)拜見皇上(shang)(shang),再三請罪。皇上(shang)(shang)并不責怪于他(ta),只是關心地問老(lao)人可(ke)否康復(fu)?所(suo)用何(he)藥?魏征答母親大(da)(da)愈,實因熱(re)冬果(guo)(guo)治(zhi)好的(de)病。皇上(shang)(shang)記(ji)住了熱(re)冬果(guo)(guo)的(de)好處,自己遇上(shang)(shang)風(feng)寒感冒,也(ye)如此食用熱(re)冬果(guo)(guo),果(guo)(guo)然(ran)很(hen)有療效。朝(chao)中文(wen)武大(da)(da)臣全都(dou)仿效,無不奇驗。