2001年成立友好自然(ran)保護區;
2004年(nian)被國家(jia)林業局批準為省(部)級(ji)自然保護區;
2006年被省政府批準為省級自然(ran)保(bao)護區;
2012年晉升為(wei)國家級自然保護區。
2018年2月11日被(bei)列入(ru)國際(ji)重要(yao)濕地(di)。
黑龍(long)江友好自(zi)然保護區地處小興安嶺(ling)山脈中段(duan),橫跨(kua)小興安嶺(ling)主脈的南北兩坡,地理(li)坐標(biao)為東經128°10′15″—128°33′25″,北緯48°13′07″—48°33′15″。
黑(hei)龍江友好國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)屬北溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸性濕潤季(ji)風氣候(hou)區(qu),年平(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)在0.4℃左右,夏季(ji)平(ping)均(jun)溫(wen)(wen)度為20℃至22℃,且晝夜(ye)溫(wen)(wen)差(cha)較大,有6個月的冰(bing)封期(qi)。
黑龍江友好自然保護區區域(yu)(yu)河流充(chong)沛,擁有流域(yu)(yu)面積廣(guang)闊的(de)友好河水系。
黑龍江友好國(guo)家級自然保護(hu)區(qu)共有高(gao)等植(zhi)(zhi)物836種(zhong)(zhong),其中包括1亞種(zhong)(zhong),23變種(zhong)(zhong),3變型(xing)。其中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物56科(ke),100屬,183種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)保護(hu)區(qu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)科(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)35.22%,占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬數(shu)的(de)(de)24.15%,占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)21.89%;蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物41種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬于(yu)14科(ke),26屬,分別(bie)占(zhan)保護(hu)區(qu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)4.90%;占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)科(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)8.81%;占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬數(shu)的(de)(de)6.28%;種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(裸(luo)子(zi)和被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物)612種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)73.21%,隸屬于(yu)89科(ke),288屬,分別(bie)占(zhan)保護(hu)區(qu)科(ke)、屬的(de)(de)55.97%,69.57%。
黑龍江友好自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)動(dong)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系屬古北界、東北亞界、東北區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、長白山(shan)亞區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)小興安(an)嶺山(shan)地省,野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系介于大(da)興安(an)嶺和長白山(shan)地之間,其東部為三江平原,西部為松嫩平原。因此,野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系組成(cheng)比較豐富。
黑龍江友好國(guo)家(jia)級自然保護區內(nei)現存的脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)共有330種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)魚類有5目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)43種(zhong)(zhong);兩棲(qi)類有2目4科(ke)(ke)(ke)8種(zhong)(zhong);爬行類共有3目4科(ke)(ke)(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong);鳥類17目44科(ke)(ke)(ke)221種(zhong)(zhong);獸類6目l6科(ke)(ke)(ke)47種(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)36種(zhong)(zhong)。此外,還有昆蟲動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)12目95科(ke)(ke)(ke)370種(zhong)(zhong)。
1、魚類
黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)友(you)好(hao)國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護(hu)區共有魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)5目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)43種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)省(sheng)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)105種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)41.0%,占(zhan)(zhan)小興安(an)嶺(ling)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)71種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)63.3%,其(qi)中鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Cyprinidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)多,為27種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)保護(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)62.8%;其(qi)次是鰍科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Cobitidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei),有4種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)保護(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)9.3%,鮭(gui)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Salmonidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)3種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)7.0%;鯰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Siluridae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)2種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)保護(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)4.7%;茴魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Thymallidae)、胡瓜魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Osmeridae)、狗魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Esocidae)、塘鱧(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Eleotridae)、鲿科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Bagridae)、鮨科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Serranidae)、鱈科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Gadidae)各1種(zhong),分別占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)2.3%。
2、兩棲類(lei)(lei)及爬行類(lei)(lei)
黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)友好(hao)國家級自然保護區內(nei)兩棲(qi)動(dong)物共有9種,隸(li)屬于2目(mu)(mu)5科,占(zhan)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)省兩棲(qi)動(dong)物種數的75.0%;爬行動(dong)物10種,隸(li)屬于3目(mu)(mu)4科,占(zhan)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)省爬行動(dong)物種數的62.5%。
保護區內兩棲類有(you)尾(wei)目中(zhong)(zhong)以極北(bei)鯢(Salamandrella keyserlingii)較常(chang)見(jian),東(dong)北(bei)小鯢(Hynobius leechii)偶爾可見(jian)。極北(bei)鯢每(mei)年春夏季(ji)在山(shan)溪及其附(fu)近的(de)沼澤中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)可見(jian)到實體和卵袋;無尾(wei)目中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)是黑龍(long)江林蛙(Rana amurensis)、中(zhong)(zhong)國林蛙(Rana chensinensis)、東(dong)北(bei)雨(yu)(yu)蛙(Hyla arborea)、中(zhong)(zhong)華蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和花背(bei)蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)。夏季(ji)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)優勢種是東(dong)北(bei)雨(yu)(yu)蛙,在濕地(di)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)相當大的(de)數量。黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)在這里(li)是偶見(jian)種。
保護區內爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)龜鱉目中(zhong)的(de)鱉(Trionyx sinensis)偶(ou)(ou)爾可(ke)(ke)見,數量(liang)極(ji)少。蜥(xi)蜴目中(zhong)的(de)胎(tai)生蜥(xi)蜴(Lacertavivipara)是這(zhe)里的(de)常見種(zhong),常活(huo)動于林緣、路(lu)旁、倒木下,其卵胎(tai)生的(de)繁(fan)殖方(fang)式是適(shi)應這(zhe)里極(ji)為(wei)寒冷、無(wu)霜期短的(de)氣候的(de)很好(hao)方(fang)式。黑龍江草蜥(xi)(Takydromusamurensis)為(wei)常見種(zhong)。這(zhe)里較為(wei)常見的(de)蛇(she)類(lei)(lei)是白條錦蛇(she)(Elaphe dione)和烏蘇里蝮(fu)(Gloydius ussuriensis),它們分布較廣,大(da)多(duo)數山(shan)地均(jun)可(ke)(ke)見到。體形較大(da)的(de)棕黑錦蛇(she)(E.schrenckii)在這(zhe)里是偶(ou)(ou)見種(zhong)。紅點錦蛇(she)(E.rufodorsata)、巖棲(qi)蝮(fu)(Gloydius saxaticis)和虎(hu)斑頸(jing)槽蛇(she)(Rhabdophis tigrinus)分布于河流附近的(de)濕地和石(shi)山(shan)上,數量(liang)稀(xi)少。
3、鳥類
黑(hei)龍江友好自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生境類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)多(duo)樣,決定了該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。經調(diao)查(cha)及文(wen)獻(xian)統計(ji),保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內共有(you)(you)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)17目(mu)(mu)44科221種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占黑(hei)龍江省鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)60.4%,占小興安嶺鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)85.30%,其(qi)中非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分(fen)(fen)布有(you)(you)24科113種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)51.1%,雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分(fen)(fen)布有(you)(you)20科108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)48.9%。據統計(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多(duo)達134種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)60.63%,其(qi)中非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)50.7%,在雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)中夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)有(you)(you)66種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)49.3%。冬候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(W)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)很少,僅分(fen)(fen)布有(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)6.79%,其(qi)中非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)僅有(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)冬候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)20.0%,雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)冬候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)80.0%。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共有(you)(you)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(R)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)15.38%,其(qi)中非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)41.2%,雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)58.8%。該(gai)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(P)共計(ji)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)17.20%,其(qi)中非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)73.7%,雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)26.3%。從鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成分(fen)(fen)居留型(xing)來(lai)看,夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(S)無論(lun)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)還是數(shu)(shu)(shu)量均占自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)當大(da)比(bi)例(li)。
(1)沼澤濕地生態系統(tong)。
(2)以(yi)原(yuan)麝、紫貂、東方白鸛、金雕、丹頂鶴以(yi)及紅(hong)松(song)、鉆天柳、黃檗、紫椴(duan)等為代(dai)表的珍(zhen)稀野生動植物資源及其棲息地(di)。
沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)濕(shi)地(di)(di)是友好自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區的主要保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對(dui)象,因此有(you)必要對(dui)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內的沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)濕(shi)地(di)(di)植被類(lei)(lei)(lei)型及特(te)征加以重點(dian)論述。由于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內地(di)(di)勢平緩(huan),河(he)谷平坦寬(kuan)闊,河(he)曲發達,牛軛湖眾(zhong)多,加上氣候冷濕(shi),島狀凍土(tu)分布普遍(bian),從而形成(cheng)(cheng)了大面積(ji)的沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)植被,且類(lei)(lei)(lei)型繁多。主要包(bao)括森林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)、灌叢(cong)(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)、草(cao)(cao)本沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)等(deng)植被類(lei)(lei)(lei)型。尤其(qi)是森林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)面積(ji)大,類(lei)(lei)(lei)型多,主要類(lei)(lei)(lei)型有(you)興(xing)安(an)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)松-油(you)樺-苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)和興(xing)安(an)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)葉(xie)松-窄葉(xie)杜(du)香-中位泥炭蘚(xian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)及白樺沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)等(deng)。灌叢(cong)(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)植被主要有(you)油(you)樺-修氏苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)、油(you)樺-篤斯越桔-蘚(xian)類(lei)(lei)(lei)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)等(deng),主要分布于(yu)(yu)河(he)灘和階地(di)(di)上。草(cao)(cao)本沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)中以苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型較多,有(you)草(cao)(cao)甸形成(cheng)(cheng)的灰(hui)脈苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)-修氏苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)、湖泊沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)化形成(cheng)(cheng)的毛果苔(tai)(tai)草(cao)(cao)-泥炭蘚(xian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)等(deng)。
根據組成建群種的(de)不同,可(ke)劃(hua)分3個(ge)植(zhi)被亞型,即:草本沼澤、灌(guan)叢沼澤和森林沼澤。
草(cao)(cao)本沼(zhao)(zhao)澤從發生(sheng)上(shang),大(da)多(duo)由(you)草(cao)(cao)甸沼(zhao)(zhao)澤化而(er)(er)成,多(duo)發生(sheng)在河漫灘的(de)(de)(de)洼地(di),由(you)于地(di)勢低洼、地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)位高(gao),特別(bie)是受河水(shui)(shui)(shui)泛(fan)濫的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),造成了草(cao)(cao)甸過分(fen)濕(shi)潤或水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)滯聚,土(tu)壤的(de)(de)(de)孔隙(xi)被水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)充填,微生(sheng)物(wu)活動減弱,因(yin)而(er)(er)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)殘體中的(de)(de)(de)營養元(yuan)素不能礦化。這(zhe)樣在水(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)增(zeng)加,養分(fen)減少的(de)(de)(de)情況下,為植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)自然演替創造了有利條(tiao)件,使一些(xie)根狀莖草(cao)(cao)甸植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少,而(er)(er)要求養分(fen)較少,喜濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)密(mi)叢型沼(zhao)(zhao)澤植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)逐(zhu)漸(jian)增(zeng)多(duo)。根據組(zu)成、結構與分(fen)布規律,本植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被亞型只有3個群(qun)系(xi)組(zu)(泥(ni)炭蘚沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、草(cao)(cao)甸沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、莎草(cao)(cao)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤)。
灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤系指在(zai)地(di)(di)表過(guo)濕或積(ji)水(shui)的(de)地(di)(di)段上,以喜濕的(de)灌木為(wei)主所組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤植物群(qun)落。在(zai)保護區內,分布(bu)地(di)(di)域較(jiao)廣,面積(ji)也較(jiao)大,多(duo)發生(sheng)平(ping)(ping)坦溝(gou)谷(gu)和河漫灘這些地(di)(di)段,地(di)(di)勢低洼,平(ping)(ping)坦,地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)位高,水(shui)分容易集(ji)聚的(de)地(di)(di)方,由于土質粘重,又有永凍層形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)隔水(shui)板,造成(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)表過(guo)濕或積(ji)水(shui),引(yin)起沼(zhao)(zhao)澤植物不(bu)斷侵(qin)入。首先侵(qin)入的(de)是喜濕的(de)密叢(cong)苔草和淺根系的(de)柴樺(Betula fruticosa),隨后(hou)是提燈蘚(Mnium cuspidatum)等蘚類(lei),這些植物侵(qin)入后(hou),死(si)亡的(de)植物殘(can)體在(zai)土壤嫌(xian)氣條件下(xia),逐漸(jian)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)泥炭,營(ying)養貧(pin)乏,樹木開始(shi)生(sheng)長不(bu)良,并逐漸(jian)遞減,森(sen)林演(yan)變為(wei)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)現有的(de)各類(lei)灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤。
森(sen)(sen)林沼(zhao)(zhao)澤從外貌(mao)上(shang)具(ju)有森(sen)(sen)林的(de)特征,是(shi)以喬木組成(cheng)上(shang)層(ceng)林冠(guan),并生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)地(di)表過濕(shi)或積(ji)水的(de)地(di)段上(shang),以濕(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、沼(zhao)(zhao)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)主所組成(cheng)的(de)森(sen)(sen)林沼(zhao)(zhao)澤植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)群落(luo)(luo)。該(gai)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤植(zhi)被(bei)是(shi)由耐冷(leng)濕(shi)條件的(de)針(zhen)葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)――云冷(leng)杉、興安落(luo)(luo)葉松和(he)落(luo)(luo)葉闊葉喬木樹種(zhong)(zhong)白樺和(he)毛(mao)赤(chi)楊(yang)(Alnus sibirica)為(wei)建群種(zhong)(zhong),伴生(sheng)(sheng)著濕(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)中濕(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)灌木和(he)草本植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)組成(cheng)的(de)垮帶(dai)隱(yin)域性森(sen)(sen)林植(zhi)被(bei)。
保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)是以保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)珍稀野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)及其生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境和(he)(he)森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)沼(zhao)澤生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統為(wei)宗(zong)旨,集(ji)資(zi)源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、科(ke)學研究和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)旅游于一體的自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。主要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)對象為(wei)東北林(lin)區(qu)森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)沼(zhao)澤生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統和(he)(he)珍稀野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)及其棲息地。豐富的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統多(duo)樣性顯(xian)示了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)巨大的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)價值(zhi)和(he)(he)科(ke)學研究價值(zhi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)森(sen)(sen)(sen)林(lin)茂密(mi),河流(liu)縱橫,濕地面積廣闊,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統保(bao)(bao)(bao)存完好。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)在提高水(shui)源(yuan)涵養(yang)、控制水(shui)土(tu)流(liu)失、防止干旱和(he)(he)洪澇(lao)災害(hai)、調節(jie)氣候等方面具(ju)有(you)非常重(zhong)要(yao)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)意義和(he)(he)科(ke)學價值(zhi)。