生平經歷
政變即位
元文宗(zong)(zong)孛兒(er)只斤·圖帖睦爾,又稱札牙篤(du)皇(huang)帝(di),元武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)次(ci)子(zi),元明宗(zong)(zong)之弟,母文獻昭圣皇(huang)后(hou),唐兀氏(shi)。其父(fu)元武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)海山即(ji)位后(hou),立弟弟愛(ai)育黎拔力八達為皇(huang)太子(zi),愛(ai)育黎拔力八達即(ji)位后(hou),將武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)的兒(er)子(zi)周(zhou)王(wang)和(he)世?(后(hou)來(lai)的元明宗(zong)(zong))和(he)圖帖睦爾流放到南境。圖帖睦爾被(bei)流放至海南瓊州,泰定(ding)帝(di)也孫鐵木兒(er)即(ji)位后(hou)召還京,晉(jin)封(feng)懷王(wang),出居建(jian)康(kang)、江陵等地。
致和(he)(he)元年(1328年)七月,泰定帝(di)死,知樞密院(yuan)事燕鐵(tie)木兒在發動大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)政變,謀(mou)立(li)武宗長(chang)子(zi)周(zhou)王(wang)和(he)(he)世?為帝(di),后以(yi)路(lu)遠改立(li)圖帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)。燕鐵(tie)木兒自大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)發難(nan)之(zhi)(zhi)初,即屬意于出藩江陵的武宗次子(zi)圖帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)為帝(di)位(wei)繼承人。雖(sui)然他“且宣言(yan)已(yi)遣使(shi)北迎”武宗長(chang)子(zi)和(he)(he)世?于北邊(bian),后來又(you)矯稱和(he)(he)世?使(shi)者(zhe)南來,“云(yun)周(zhou)王(wang)從諸王(wang)兵(bing)整駕南轅,旦夕即至矣”,但兩(liang)都(dou)(dou)(dou)之(zhi)(zhi)戰結束前,大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)政權并(bing)沒有(you)真正派使(shi)者(zhe)去(qu)邀約(yue)過(guo)和(he)(he)世?南還。當時由(you)大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)通往(wang)漠北,不(bu)一定非取(qu)道上都(dou)(dou)(dou)。因此(ci)燕鐵(tie)木兒的這種做法,很難(nan)用兩(liang)京道路(lu)不(bu)通來解釋,應當別有(you)用心(xin)。圖帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)到(dao)達大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)的翌月(致和(he)(he)元年九月),燕鐵(tie)木兒即以(yi)“人心(xin)向背(bei)之(zhi)(zhi)機,間不(bu)容發”為諫,示意圖帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)搶先(xian)即位(wei)。五天之(zhi)(zhi)后,圖帖(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)在大(da)(da)(da)(da)都(dou)(dou)(dou)稱帝(di),以(yi)當年為天歷元年,同時宣布(bu)“謹俟大(da)(da)(da)(da)兄之(zhi)(zhi)至,以(yi)遂朕(zhen)固讓(rang)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)”。
上(shang)都克復后,圖帖睦(mu)(mu)爾迫于元仁(ren)宗(zong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大德末年(nian)“推奉圣兄、謙居(ju)儲貳(er)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)前例,遣使往迎(ying)和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?。寄居(ju)于西北(bei)(bei)宗(zong)藩封地的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?,這時(shi)剛滿三(san)十(shi)歲。根據叔(shu)侄(zhi)相繼(ji)原則,他(ta)(ta)本(ben)應是仁(ren)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)(di)位繼(ji)承人(ren),卻被逼迫流落北(bei)(bei)徼(jiao),因而博得北(bei)(bei)方宗(zong)王的(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍同(tong)情;仁(ren)、英兩朝加強漢法而引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)草(cao)原貴族的(de)(de)(de)(de)不滿心理,可能(neng)更刺激(ji)起他(ta)(ta)們要把和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?推上(shang)大汗寶座的(de)(de)(de)(de)政治(zhi)動機。所以當大都使者抵臨時(shi),“朔(shuo)漠諸王皆勸帝(di)(di)(按(an)指和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?)南還京師”。和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一片擁戴聲中,飄然(ran)啟程,于天歷元年(nian)(1328)底(di)東至(zhi)金山。嶺(ling)北(bei)(bei)行省平章潑皮、出鎮北(bei)(bei)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)武寧王徹徹禿(tu)相繼(ji)西馳奉迎(ying)。和(he)(he)世(shi)(shi)?已(yi)完全(quan)陶醉在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這番太平景象中。天歷二年(nian)(1329年(nian))正月末,他(ta)(ta)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)事先沒(mei)有告知圖帖睦(mu)(mu)爾的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,僅僅經過(guo)扈行的(de)(de)(de)(de)察(cha)合臺(tai)宗(zong)王以及在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)漠北(bei)(bei)諸王、大臣合議,就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)林之北(bei)(bei)即皇帝(di)(di)位。
明文之爭
但(dan)是,和世(shi)(shi)?似乎過高(gao)地估計了(le)漠(mo)北輿情在決定嗣君(jun)人選方面的(de)(de)(de)影響力(li)。他(ta)(ta)一(yi)心(xin)以(yi)為(wei)自己(ji)可以(yi)重演乃父武宗在皇(huang)弟(di)“肅清宮闈”之(zhi)后從漠(mo)北南返即位的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史故(gu)事(shi),卻(que)(que)忘(wang)記了(le)武宗作為(wei)總兵(bing)北邊的(de)(de)(de)統帥,是以(yi)三萬(wan)精(jing)兵(bing)相扈從的(de)(de)(de)強大武力(li)為(wei)后盾(dun)而取得(de)帝位的(de)(de)(de)。和世(shi)(shi)?并沒有(you)(you)直接(jie)控(kong)制強大的(de)(de)(de)軍隊,只(zhi)有(you)(you)貼(tie)身衛士一(yi)千(qian)八(ba)百(bai)多人;察合臺后王(wang)燕只(zhi)吉臺雖然與(yu)他(ta)(ta)一(yi)同(tong)(tong)南返,但(dan)是也(ye)未見有(you)(you)重兵(bing)隨行。和世(shi)(shi)?欲憑極其(qi)有(you)(you)限的(de)(de)(de)政治資(zi)源,去(qu)染(ran)指大都集(ji)團幾經浴血奮(fen)戰才到(dao)手的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)位,前途本來就不容樂觀。但(dan)他(ta)(ta)對此毫不經心(xin),任(ren)情舉措(cuo),終于導致殺身之(zhi)禍(huo)。四月,攜帶玉璽北迎和世(shi)(shi)?的(de)(de)(de)燕鐵(tie)木兒一(yi)行至行在入覲。這個左右大都局勢的(de)(de)(de)蓋世(shi)(shi)功(gong)臣,現在要當面試探一(yi)下新君(jun)對他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)態度。和世(shi)(shi)?雖然宣布“凡京師百(bai)官,朕弟(di)所用者,并仍(reng)其(qi)舊”,對燕鐵(tie)木兒“仍(reng)命為(wei)中書右丞相,開府(fu)儀(yi)同(tong)(tong)三司、上柱國(guo)(guo)、錄軍國(guo)(guo)重事(shi)、監修國(guo)(guo)史、答剌罕、太平王(wang)并如故(gu)”,但(dan)是卻(que)(que)削去(qu)了(le)他(ta)(ta)手中的(de)(de)(de)大部分兵(bing)權,沒有(you)(you)將圖帖睦爾(er)原授的(de)(de)(de)知樞密(mi)院(yuan)事(shi)一(yi)職重新委任(ren)給他(ta)(ta)。
對圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾來說,一經即位為(wei)(wei)帝,原(yuan)先的(de)“固讓之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心”也(ye)(ye)逐漸銷蝕。可是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)已(yi)有(you)(you)前言(yan)(yan)昭(zhao)示天(tian)下(xia),他的(de)心情十(shi)分(fen)矛(mao)盾。天(tian)歷元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1328年(nian)(nian)(nian))十(shi)一月,迎(ying)接和(he)世?到京即位的(de)首批(pi)使臣離開大(da)都。僅僅十(shi)幾(ji)天(tian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou),圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾又下(xia)令(ling)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)己的(de)元(yuan)妃卜答失里造皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)玉冊、玉寶。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)正月,和(he)世?的(de)使者抵達大(da)都。圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾在(zai)明(ming)知大(da)兄已(yi)決意南歸的(de)情況下(xia),仍搶先完成以(yi)冊命皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)告于(yu)南郊(jiao)、太廟,以(yi)及在(zai)大(da)明(ming)殿冊封皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)的(de)一系列(lie)儀式。當時(shi)朝臣中(zhong)有(you)(you)人建(jian)言(yan)(yan):“陛下(xia)已(yi)詔天(tian)下(xia),讓位于(yu)大(da)兄。今(jin)立后(hou)(hou),是(shi)與(yu)詔自(zi)相(xiang)違也(ye)(ye)。”圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾聞(wen)奏,“嘉(jia)其直,賜(si)金(jin)織文幣(bi)(bi)以(yi)旌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)(hou)聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),亦有(you)(you)金(jin)幣(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賜(si)”;惟冊后(hou)(hou)典禮仍照行(xing)不(bu)(bu)誤。不(bu)(bu)過至少直到五月下(xia)旬,圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾自(zi)大(da)都北(bei)行(xing)、親迎(ying)和(he)世?的(de)前后(hou)(hou),他還是(shi)準備恪守(shou)讓位諾言(yan)(yan)的(de)。出發后(hou)(hou)第三(san)天(tian),他在(zai)途中(zhong)“置(zhi)江(jiang)(jiang)淮財(cai)賦(fu)都總管府(fu),秩(zhi)正三(san)品,隸(li)詹事院”。這(zhe)個(ge)機構初(chu)建(jian)于(yu)元(yuan)朝滅宋(song)(song)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),掌宋(song)(song)謝(xie)太后(hou)(hou)、福王獻納(na)產業及賈似(si)道等人田地所納(na)賦(fu)稅,原(yuan)隸(li)屬皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)中(zhong)宮,于(yu)大(da)德八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1304年(nian)(nian)(nian))罷廢。圖(tu)(tu)帖(tie)(tie)睦(mu)爾在(zai)此時(shi)恢復江(jiang)(jiang)淮財(cai)賦(fu)府(fu)的(de)建(jian)制(zhi),并將它改(gai)隸(li)東宮官(guan)署詹事院,顯然是(shi)為(wei)(wei)自(zi)己日后(hou)(hou)以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)太子(zi)身分(fen)控制(zhi)這(zhe)筆(bi)重(zhong)要的(de)財(cai)產資源(yuan)預(yu)作(zuo)準備。
圖帖(tie)睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾用了(le)一(yi)個(ge)多月(yue)(yue),才走完(wan)從(cong)大都(dou)(dou)到上都(dou)(dou)這段沉重的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)程。在(zai)上都(dou)(dou)停留或有二旬,再取原路(lu)(lu)趨赴旺(wang)忽察(cha)都(dou)(dou)(在(zai)今河北張(zhang)北縣(xian)境,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)大都(dou)(dou)至上都(dou)(dou)驛(yi)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大拐(guai)角處,武(wu)宗時(shi)建行宮于(yu)茲,故名中都(dou)(dou)),與和(he)(he)世?會面(mian)。八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)一(yi)日(ri),和(he)(he)世?抵達(da)旺(wang)忽察(cha)都(dou)(dou)。次日(ri),圖帖(tie)睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾見(jian)大兄于(yu)行宮。和(he)(he)世?設宴待皇弟(di)及諸(zhu)王、大臣(chen)。兄弟(di)歡合的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)面(mian)前(qian)后未滿五(wu)天(tian)(tian),和(he)(he)世?即于(yu)八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)六(liu)日(ri)“暴崩(beng)”。圖帖(tie)睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾“入臨(lin)哭盡(jin)哀。鐵燕木兒以(yi)明宗后之(zhi)(zhi)命,奉皇帝(di)寶授于(yu)帝(di)”,遂簇(cu)擁圖帖(tie)睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾疾(ji)驅還(huan)上都(dou)(dou),一(yi)路(lu)(lu)上“晝則(ze)率宿(su)衛士以(yi)扈從(cong),夜(ye)則(ze)躬擐甲胃繞幄殿巡(xun)護”。八(ba)(ba)月(yue)(yue)十五(wu)日(ri),圖帖(tie)睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾在(zai)返(fan)回(hui)上都(dou)(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第六(liu)天(tian)(tian)再次勿匆(cong)即位,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)文宗。明宗和(he)(he)世?在(zai)天(tian)(tian)歷之(zhi)(zhi)變中暴卒的(de)(de)(de)(de)詳情,可能已(yi)永遠成為(wei)(wei)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)秘密。和(he)(he)世?之(zhi)(zhi)子妥歡貼睦(mu)(mu)(mu)爾親政(zheng)后,為(wei)(wei)撤文宗廟(miao)主詔(zhao)告(gao)天(tian)(tian)下曰(yue):“文宗稔惡不(bu)(bu)悛,當躬迓之(zhi)(zhi)際,乃(nai)與其臣(chen)月(yue)(yue)魯(lu)不(bu)(bu)花(hua)、也里(li)牙(ya)、明理(li)董阿等(deng)謀為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)軌,使(shi)(shi)我皇考飲恨上賓。”至順(shun)元年(1330),也里(li)牙(ya)得(de)復秦國公爵位,其姻(yin)親鎖住亦(yi)再仕為(wei)(wei)將作使(shi)(shi),應即文宗對他們參與謀殺和(he)(he)世?的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)賞。但同年七(qi)月(yue)(yue),鎖住、也里(li)牙(ya)等(deng)人(ren)“以(yi)坐(zuo)怨望(wang)、造符錄(lu)、祭(ji)北斗、咒咀”伏誅,與之(zhi)(zhi)有牽連的(de)(de)(de)(de)明宗舊人(ren)索羅等(deng)亦(yi)一(yi)起(qi)被(bei)殺。屠寄認為(wei)(wei),“也里(li)牙(ya)景教徒,必無(wu)造符錄(lu)、祭(ji)北斗事(shi),蓋(gai)不(bu)(bu)便論(lun)其本辠(zui),虛構獄(yu)辭(ci),以(yi)飾觀聽耳”。
至順文治
文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)漢文(wen)化修養(yang)超過(guo)在他(ta)之前(qian)的(de)所有(you)元朝皇(huang)帝。他(ta)的(de)書(shu)法,“落(luo)筆過(guo)人,得唐太宗(zong)(zong)(zong)晉祠碑(bei)風,遂益超詣(yi)”。他(ta)還會作畫,所繪“萬歲山畫”草圖,“意匠、經(jing)營(ying)、格法,雖(sui)積學專工,所莫能及”。他(ta)曾經(jing)轉輾流(liu)落(luo)于(yu)江(jiang)南、海(hai)南和荊湖,對(dui)當(dang)時民情(qing)也應有(you)相當(dang)的(de)了解(jie)。不過(guo),文(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)卻(que)處在一(yi)個(ge)很難有(you)所作為的(de)時代。天歷(li)年間連續(xu)兩(liang)次重大的(de)變故,致使蒙(meng)古色目上層(ceng)人心離散。兩(liang)都戰后遭(zao)籍沒財產的(de)官(guan)員貴族(zu)在百人以上;對(dui)隔絕在圍城中的(de)上都官(guan)員,后來雖(sui)然停止追(zhui)究,但(dan)很多仍被削(xue)去官(guan)職不復任用。明宗(zong)(zong)(zong)被弒,蒙(meng)古朝官(guan)中即(ji)有(you)人“移疾(ji)不出”,有(you)諸王、高級官(guan)員甚(shen)至西(xi)域名(ming)僧參(can)與的(de)“謀不軌”案接連發生,有(you)的(de)逕以“明宗(zong)(zong)(zong)太子(zi)”為號召。
天歷(li)元年(nian)(nian)(1328年(nian)(nian))四(si)川平章(zhang)政事囊加臺(tai)舉(ju)(ju)兵,實際上(shang)是(shi)“欲翊(yi)戴(dai)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)”;和(he)(he)世?一(yi)(yi)死,文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)擔心原已詔(zhao)赦的(de)囊加臺(tai)復舉(ju)(ju)事,立即(ji)以其(qi)“指斥(chi)乘輿,坐大不(bu)道(dao)棄市”。云(yun)(yun)南(nan)行(xing)省丞相(xiang)也(ye)兒吉尼是(shi)武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)舊臣乞臺(tai)普(pu)濟(ji)之子,本(ben)人亦曾扈(hu)武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)鎮北。天歷(li)元年(nian)(nian)文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)即(ji)位(wei)后(hou)(hou),兩次召也(ye)兒吉尼入朝(chao),不(bu)至。他不(bu)大可能站在上(shang)都(dou)一(yi)(yi)邊反對武(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)后(hou)(hou)人;抗命不(bu)至,當是(shi)出于(yu)效(xiao)忠和(he)(he)世?的(de)立場。二年(nian)(nian)三月,也(ye)兒吉尼大概猶(you)疑動搖,想要(yao)投(tou)奔文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong),故被云(yun)(yun)南(nan)諸王及其(qi)他省官黜斥(chi),取道(dao)八(ba)番(fan)赴大都(dou)。六月,明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)南(nan)歸(gui)途中(zhong)曾“賜駙馬(ma)脫必兒鈔千錠,往(wang)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)”。直到(dao)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)暴死、文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)再即(ji)位(wei)之后(hou)(hou),云(yun)(yun)南(nan)諸王禿堅等(deng)(deng)才最后(hou)(hou)改(gai)變觀(guan)望態度,于(yu)至順元年(nian)(nian)正月公開(kai)稱兵。戰(zhan)火彌漫整個滇東北,元廷先(xian)后(hou)(hou)調四(si)川、江浙、河(he)南(nan)、江西(xi)(xi)、陜西(xi)(xi)、朵甘思(si)、朵思(si)麻等(deng)(deng)處軍隊,歷(li)時(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)余,方始平亂。自(zi)忽必烈朝(chao)以來(lai),蒙古高層內部的(de)躁動不(bu)穩,以文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)朝(chao)為(wei)甚。所以陳思(si)謙在至順元年(nian)(nian)“建明(ming)八(ba)事”,除了(le)“正君道(dao)”外(wai),最先(xian)提(ti)到(dao)的(de)就(jiu)是(shi)“結(jie)人心”;虞(yu)集(ji)為(wei)殿試擬(ni)制策(ce),亦首(shou)以“勸(quan)親親,體群(qun)臣,同一(yi)(yi)風俗,協和(he)(he)萬(wan)邦”為(wei)問。由于(yu)政治和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)環境(jing)的(de)限制,文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)臨朝(chao)四(si)年(nian)(nian)間,只好專心著意,以追求振興文(wen)(wen)治的(de)表面(mian)效(xiao)果為(wei)滿足(zu)。通過(guo)建立奎章(zhang)閣學士(shi)院和(he)(he)修撰《經(jing)世大典(dian)》,他將當時(shi)(shi)幾乎所有的(de)名儒(ru)都(dou)籠絡在自(zi)己(ji)周(zhou)圍,用虛崇文(wen)(wen)儒(ru)的(de)手段來(lai)收攬漢地民心。
晚年逝世
文宗重(zhong)祚以后(hou),修《經世大(da)典》,建(jian)圭章(zhang)閣,欲(yu)興文治(zhi)。但是文宗在位期間(jian)(jian),丞相燕(yan)帖木兒自持有功(gong),玩(wan)弄朝廷,元朝朝政更加腐敗,國勢更加衰(shuai)落。文宗在位期間(jian)(jian)國內多爆發農民(min)起義,大(da)動亂(luan)正在醞釀之(zhi)中。
至順三年(1332年)八月,文(wen)宗病死,終年29歲,死前自悔謀害兄(xiong)長之事(shi),吐露真情,遺(yi)詔立明宗之子以自贖(shu)。死后(hou)葬起輦谷,廟(miao)號(hao)(hao)文(wen)宗,謚(shi)號(hao)(hao)圣明元孝(xiao)皇帝(di),尊號(hao)(hao)(汗號(hao)(hao))札(zha)牙篤汗。
文宗(zong)臨(lin)終前(qian)囑(zhu)咐道:“昔者晃忽(hu)叉(即旺(wang)忽(hu)察都)之事,為朕平生(sheng)大錯。朕嘗中(zhong)夜思之,悔之無及”。他(ta)決(jue)意傳(chuan)位給明(ming)(ming)(ming)宗(zong)長子(zi)妥歡(huan)貼(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)。當時權傾(qing)天下的(de)(de)燕(yan)鐵木(mu)(mu)(mu)兒(er)(er)擔心事情敗(bai)露,決(jue)定封鎖文宗(zong)遺詔,傳(chuan)位給明(ming)(ming)(ming)宗(zong)次子(zi)懿磷質班,是為寧宗(zong)。年(nian)僅(jin)7歲(sui)的(de)(de)寧宗(zong)在(zai)位53天后得病而死。燕(yan)鐵木(mu)(mu)(mu)兒(er)(er)千方百計(ji)阻擾妥歡(huan)貼(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)繼位,直到燕(yan)鐵木(mu)(mu)(mu)兒(er)(er)病死,妥歡(huan)貼(tie)(tie)睦爾(er)才(cai)登基稱帝(di)。當年(nian)翊戴明(ming)(ming)(ming)宗(zong)、文宗(zong)奪位的(de)(de)伯(bo)顏起而代之,拜中(zhong)書右丞(cheng)相,進封秦王,在(zai)與燕(yan)鐵木(mu)(mu)(mu)兒(er)(er)子(zi)、左丞(cheng)相唐其勢爭奪權勢的(de)(de)斗爭中(zhong)取勝。此后,伯(bo)顏“獨秉國鈞,專權自(zi)恣(zi),變亂祖宗(zong)成憲,虐害天下,漸(jian)有(you)奸謀(mou)”。
為政舉措
在文(wen)化(hua)方面(mian), 文(wen)宗作出了(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)貢獻, 他(ta)重視文(wen)治,為(wei)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發展作出了(le)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)貢獻。他(ta)在位期間,創建奎章(zhang)閣,編修《經世(shi)大(da)典》,為(wei)研究元(yuan)朝(chao)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)提供了(le)一筆寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)財(cai)富,但元(yuan)文(wen)宗崇尚佛教,走向極(ji)端,一是帝師(shi)的(de)(de)(de)規格太高,二是某些徒屬依權(quan)恃(shi)勢,為(wei)非(fei)作歹,三(san)是濫做佛事,耗資巨大(da),四是佛教徒干預朝(chao)政,五是創立廣教總管府,以掌僧尼之(zhi)政,全國共設置16所(suo),“秩正三(san)品(pin)”。僧尼可免(mian)一切差徭(yao),而其它宗教則(ze)奉行(xing)祖(zu)制。當時色目人在朝(chao)廷上的(de)(de)(de)政治勢力被削(xue)弱,而欽察(cha)官僚集(ji)團則(ze)權(quan)勢大(da)增,燕鐵木兒擅權(quan)恣縱,政事一決于(yu)他(ta),導致貴(gui)族統治集(ji)團內部尖銳(rui)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。
歷史評價
清朝(chao)史學(xue)家邵遠(yuan)平《元史類編》的評價(jia)是:“冊曰:應變戡(kan)亂,莫(mo)匪(fei)爾勞(lao);璽綬雖去(qu),太阿已操;前(qian)車(che)所(suo)鑒,燭影(ying)斧聲(sheng);從(cong)來疑(yi)案,多在弟(di)兄。”
清朝史(shi)學(xue)家(jia)魏(wei)源(yuan)《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)史(shi)新編》的(de)(de)評(ping)價是:“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)諸帝(di)不(bu)(bu)習漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),凡有(you)(you)(you)章(zhang)奏,皆由翻(fan)譯(yi)。其(qi)(qi)讀漢(han)(han)(han)書而不(bu)(bu)用翻(fan)譯(yi)者,前惟(wei)(wei)太子(zi)真金(jin),從王(wang)惲、王(wang)恂受(shou)學(xue)。后惟(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)潛(qian)(qian)邸(di)(di),自通漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)而已。《書畫譜》言,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)在潛(qian)(qian)邸(di)(di)時(shi),召畫師房(fang)大年(nian),俾圖京(jing)師萬歲山。大年(nian)以未至(zhi)其(qi)(qi)地(di)辭,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)遂取筆布畫位(wei)置,頃(qing)刻立(li)就,命大年(nian)按(an)稿(gao)(gao)圖上。大年(nian)得(de)稿(gao)(gao)敬藏之(zhi)(zhi),意(yi)匠經(jing)營,雖積學(xue)專工,有(you)(you)(you)所未及(ji)。始知文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)材(cai)多(duo)藝(yi)也。及(ji)踐(jian)阼(zuo)后,開奎章(zhang)閣,招集儒臣(chen),撰備《經(jing)世大典》數百卷,宏綱巨目,禮樂兵農,燦(can)然開一(yi)代(dai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)治。即其(qi)(qi)聲色儉澹,亦遠(yuan)勝武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong),此豈庸主所希及(ji)哉(zai)!使(shi)其(qi)(qi)迎立(li)明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)日,亦如仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)退處東宮,他(ta)日明(ming)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)復如武(wu)(wu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)傳(chuan)仁(ren)廟(miao),則一(yi)代(dai)而勝事(shi)再見,雖殷(yin)人弟兄(xiong)世及(ji),何(he)以過此!《易(yi)》曰:‘開國承家(jia),小人勿用。’文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)得(de)大位(wei)也,以燕(yan)(yan)帖木(mu)兒;其(qi)(qi)得(de)罪(zui)萬世也,亦以燕(yan)(yan)帖木(mu)兒。語曰:‘治世之(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)臣(chen),亂世之(zhi)(zhi)奸雄。’文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)隕于太平王(wang)手者,亦幸矣(yi)哉(zai)!”(魏(wei)源(yuan)說“元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)諸帝(di)不(bu)(bu)習漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),凡有(you)(you)(you)章(zhang)奏,皆由翻(fan)譯(yi)。”此事(shi)并不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合歷史(shi)事(shi)實,這和他(ta)了解的(de)(de)相關書籍不(bu)(bu)多(duo)有(you)(you)(you)關。事(shi)實上,真金(jin)太子(zi)和元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)修養的(de)(de)確很(hen)高(gao),除此之(zhi)(zhi)外,還有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)位(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)朝帝(di)王(wang)有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)修養。根據史(shi)料, 元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)惠(hui)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)昭宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong),均有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化修養,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)世祖、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)惠(hui)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)昭宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)這四位(wei)帝(di)王(wang)有(you)(you)(you)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)詩傳(chuan)世。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)仁(ren)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)英宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)都受(shou)到過良好的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)學(xue)教育(yu),都有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)學(xue)修養。
清朝史學家曾廉(lian)《元書》的評價是:“論(lun)曰:元自文(wen)(wen)宗(zong),始親(qin)郊(jiao)祀,禮彬彬焉。尊崇圣賢之(zhi)(zhi)典,至是益隆,而開奎章(zhang)閣(ge)以(yi)致儒臣,考文(wen)(wen)章(zhang),論(lun)治道(dao),勤于(yu)延訪(fang),可(ke)以(yi)為文(wen)(wen)矣。然幾沉(chen)而氣銳,抑亦吳閭庭(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)流也(ye)。其(qi)(qi)言泰定帝通賊臣,陰謀(mou)冒干寶位,嗚呼!文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)將毋其(qi)(qi)自道(dao)之(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)!興且晉邸,日有盟書,周王可(ke)必其(qi)(qi)終為泰伯(bo)乎?文(wen)(wen)宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)心(xin)乃以(yi)讓,濟(ji)其(qi)(qi)忍,然后足固其(qi)(qi)威福(fu)也(ye),豈不(bu)險哉!生則欺人,死而猶飾(shi),故地碎其(qi)(qi)主,春秋震夷伯(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)廟,所謂有隱(yin)慝者乎?”
清末民初史學家屠寄《蒙兀(wu)兒史記》的評(ping)價是:“汗舊勞于外,多藝好文(wen)。在建康潛邸時(shi),忽(hu)憶京師萬歲山,召畫師房大年圖之(zhi)(zhi),大年以未至其(qi)地辭,汗自取(qu)筆,布畫位置,頃刻(ke)立就,命(ming)大年按(an)稿(gao)圖上。大年得(de)稿(gao)敬藏之(zhi)(zhi),意匠(jiang)經營,雖積(ji)學專(zhuan)工,有(you)所(suo)未及(ji)。即位后首建奎(kui)章(zhang)閣,御制(zhi)記文(wen),集儒臣(chen)閣中備顧問(wen),敕編《經世(shi)大典》,保存一代制(zhi)度。性愛典禮,欲(yu)革蒙兀(wu)腥(xing)膻本(ben)俗,則躬服(fu)袞冕,虔祀郊廟(miao)。又(you)慎于用(yong)(yong)刑,行(xing)樞密院嘗當云南逃(tao)軍(jun)二人死罪(zui),汗謂:‘臨(lin)陣而逃(tao),死宜也(ye)。彼非逃(tao)戰(zhan),輒當以死,何視人命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)易耶?’杖而流之(zhi)(zhi)。天歷初抗命(ming)諸(zhu)(zhu)王大臣(chen),臨(lin)事故(gu)多誅(zhu)殺,其(qi)它竄(cuan)黜(chu)者,事后多蒙召還,或仍錄用(yong)(yong)。至于嚴懲贓吏,尊信(xin)老成(cheng),節諸(zhu)(zhu)王駙馬朝會芻粟賞賜之(zhi)(zhi)財,汰宿衛鷹坊饔人僧徒冗食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)。諸(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)設施,實(shi)一代恭(gong)儉(jian)守文(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)令主也(ye)。惟(wei)得(de)國(guo)不正,隱虧天倫,且(qie)授權燕鐵木兒太甚,未能大有(you)為。”
民國官修正史《新(xin)元(yuan)史》柯劭(shao)忞的評價是:“燕鐵木兒挾震主之(zhi)威,專權用事。文宗垂拱于上,無所可否,日與文字之(zhi)士從容翰墨而已。昔漢靈(ling)帝好詞(ci)賦,召樂松等待詔鴻都門(men),蔡邕(yong)露章極諫,斥(chi)為俳優。況(kuang)區區書畫之(zhi)玩乎?君子以(yi)是知元(yuan)祚(zuo)之(zhi)哀也。
個人作品
《七律·自(zi)集慶路(lu)入正大統(tong)途(tu)中(zhong)偶吟》
《七(qi)律·登金山(shan)》
《七律·題九華》
《青梅詩》
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