簡要介紹
新安櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao),又名(ming)珠桃(tao)(tao)、含桃(tao)(tao),具有(you)早熟、高(gao)產(chan)、優質(zhi)、色艷(yan)等(deng)特點。它先百果而熟,立夏(xia)前后即(ji)可(ke)成(cheng)熟上(shang)市;產(chan)量高(gao),樹齡長(chang),成(cheng)樹每株(zhu)產(chan)400公斤(jin)以(yi)上(shang);果味(wei)酸(suan)甜可(ke)口,既能生(sheng)食,又可(ke)釀造,營養豐富(fu),且有(you)調中、益脾等(deng)醫療保健功能;果形珠圓(yuan)紅艷(yan),有(you)“如珠未穿孔(kong),似火不(bu)燒人”的美譽。洛陽盆(pen)地四周,溝壑縱橫,清(qing)溪環繞(rao),向陽背風處最宜櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)生(sheng)長(chang)。洛陽櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)產(chan)量豐富(fu),味(wei)道極(ji)佳(jia)。古(gu)人曾贊曰:“雨飛新綠(lv)嫩,風動(dong)野花香,赤玉(yu)妝盈村,紅珠摘(zhai)滿(man)筐”。每年公歷四月份,是洛陽櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的上(shang)市季節。
特色
唐(tang)太宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃》詩云:"華林滿芳(fang)景,洛陽(yang)(yang)遍(bian)陽(yang)(yang)春。朱(zhu)顏(yan)含遠(yuan)日,翠色影長津。喬柯囀(zhuan)嬌鳥,低枝映(ying)美(mei)(mei)人。昔作園中實(shi),今(jin)為(wei)席上珍。"洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃,個大肉肥、色紅潤(run)、味甘美(mei)(mei)。洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃,歷史悠久,歷代(dai)人民都(dou)很(hen)重(zhong)視(shi)栽(zai)培。秦(qin)漢以來,又被移植(zhi)在御道旁、皇宮內、花園中。北(bei)邙櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃溝,是洛陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃盛產之地。每當(dang)開花季節,又形成(cheng)洛陽(yang)(yang)一(yi)大景觀。
史料記載
古(gu)代(dai)不少人寫(xie)下了(le)(le)歌(ge)頌(song)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的名篇佳句。唐太宗《賦得櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)》詩(shi)云(yun):"畢林滿芳景(jing),洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)遍陽(yang)(yang)春。朱(zhu)顏含遠(yuan)目,翠色(se)影長(chang)津。喬柯囀嬌身,低枝映美人。昔作園中實,今為席上珍。"清代(dai)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)知縣(xian)龔松林一(yi)次來到了(le)(le)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou),感興而作《訪櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)》一(yi)詩(shi):"為訪櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou),登(deng)臨向(xiang)北(bei)邙(mang)。雨飛新(xin)綠嫩,風動野(ye)花香。赤玉妝盈村,紅珠摘滿筐(kuang)。衷腸原自熱(re),那(nei)用大(da)宮漿!"寫(xie)出了(le)(le)迷人的景(jing)色(se)。人們常說:小曲(qu)好(hao)唱口戲開,櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)好(hao)吃樹難栽(zai)。要(yao)栽(zai)好(hao)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)樹,除(chu)了(le)(le)栽(zai)培(pei)技(ji)術(shu)外(wai),還要(yao)選(xuan)好(hao)地(di)方(fang)。櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)樹生(sheng)長(chang)的環境要(yao)在向(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)背風、溝(gou)壑縱橫的地(di)方(fang),櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)溝(gou)這種環境正適合了(le)(le)櫻(ying)(ying)(ying)桃(tao)的生(sheng)長(chang)。
洛陽櫻桃歷史
洛陽盆地四周(zhou),溝壑縱(zong)橫,清溪(xi)曲繞(rao),向陽背風處最宜櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)生長,故歷(li)代人(ren)民多有栽植(zhi)。自(zi)秦漢以來,櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)又(you)被(bei)移植(zhi)到(dao)皇宮御園里和達官雅(ya)士的花(hua)園之中(zhong),使得櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)栽植(zhi)較(jiao)為(wei)廣(guang)泛(fan)。但象櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝村這(zhe)樣廣(guang)泛(fan)集中(zhong)種植(zhi)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的,鳳(feng)毛麟角。
洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)櫻桃,個大肉(rou)厚(hou),味純甘美,并有(you)調(diao)中益脾、去寒(han)止泄的(de)藥物作(zuo)用,素有(you)佳(jia)名。西周時(shi)代,國都在長(chang)安,皇(huang)帝春薦寢廟采用華(hua)山腳下上蘭出(chu)產(chan)的(de)櫻桃。平王東遷洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)后,派臣仆們四(si)出(chu)尋工,最(zui)后選定邙山深(shen)處(chu)櫻桃溝所產(chan)的(de)櫻桃為祭祀珍品(pin)。
據清《洛(luo)陽縣志》載:“櫻桃(tao)溝(gou),一在縣東(dong)(dong)北五里瀍水東(dong)(dong),名(ming)(ming)小溝(gou);一在縣西北三十里,名(ming)(ming)大溝(gou)。……大溝(gou)尤佳(jia),延十余里。”櫻桃(tao)溝(gou)的(de)櫻桃(tao)不僅(jin)品種(zhong)多,據周(zhou)師厚《洛(luo)陽花(hua)木記》載:有紫櫻、臘櫻、滑臺櫻、朱皮櫻、旱櫻、吳櫻、甜果(guo)子(zi)、急溜子(zi)、千葉櫻等11種(zhong),而(er)且紅亮耐看,特別惹人喜愛。
春天(tian)一到,櫻(ying)(ying)桃溝(gou)里溝(gou)溝(gou)岔(cha)(cha)岔(cha)(cha),開滿(man)(man)一簇簇潔白(bai)的(de)櫻(ying)(ying)花(hua),迎風搖曳(ye),鮮艷(yan)嬌麗(li),馥郁的(de)芳香撲面(mian)而來。幾天(tian)工夫,萬樹銀花(hua)突然變(bian)成了滿(man)(man)溝(gou)金果,紅艷(yan)艷(yan),亮晶晶,似珍珠(zhu),像(xiang)瑪瑙,令游(you)人(ren)(ren)心醉。看一眼便讓人(ren)(ren)滿(man)(man)口生津(jin)。因而被賦予(yu)“如珠(zhu)未穿孔,似火不燒人(ren)(ren)”的(de)美(mei)譽。所以,“瀍壑(he)朱櫻(ying)(ying)”被列為(wei)洛陽(yang)八小景之(zhi)一。
洛陽(yang)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)歷(li)(li)史悠久,如一枚深(shen)藏于貝殼(ke)里(li)的(de)珍珠,經歷(li)(li)著朝代(dai)的(de)盛(sheng)衰。洛陽(yang)作為九朝古都,自古以來海(hai)納自然人(ren)文美景。歷(li)(li)代(dai)文人(ren)墨(mo)客都寫下了許多詠贊(zan)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的(de)詩(shi)篇。唐太宗李世民不僅(jin)愛吃(chi)櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao),而(er)且寫下一首(shou)《賦得櫻(ying)桃(tao)(tao)》的(de)詩(shi):
“華林(lin)滿芳景(jing),洛陽(yang)遍陽(yang)春(chun)。朱(zhu)顏含遠日,翠色影長(chang)津。喬柯(ke)囀嬌鳥,低枝映(ying)美人。昔(xi)作園中(zhong)實,今為席上珍。”
久(jiu)居(ju)洛陽(yang)的白居(ju)易、梅(mei)堯(yao)臣都有(you)歌頌洛陽(yang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)的名篇(pian)佳(jia)句。清(qing)高宗乾隆七年,洛陽(yang)知縣龔松林,一次在櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)成熟季節興致勃勃地游覽了(le)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou),情(qing)不(bu)自禁地即興寫下一首(shou)《游櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)詩》,詩中有(you):“為訪(fang)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou),登臨向北邙(mang)。雨飛(fei)新綠嫩(nen),風動野(ye)花香。赤(chi)玉妝盈村,紅珠摘滿筐。”的句子,描繪了(le)櫻(ying)(ying)桃(tao)(tao)溝(gou)迷人的景色。
清高宗乾隆七(qi)年,洛陽知縣龔松林(lin)在(zai)櫻桃成熟季節(jie)游(you)覽了(le)櫻桃溝,喜不自(zi)禁地作(zuo)詩《游(you)櫻桃溝》,描寫贊美了(le)那里(li)的(de)迷(mi)人景(jing)色:"雨飛新綠嫩,風動野花香(xiang)。赤(chi)玉妝盈村,紅珠摘滿筐。"
現在(zai)人(ren)們賞櫻桃,多在(zai)陰歷四月初,到“櫻桃溝”即洛陽(yang)郊區紅山鄉王坑村(cun)和新安縣五頭鎮獨樹村(cun)、大(da)凹村(cun)一帶。
洛陽櫻桃功效
櫻(ying)桃全(quan)身(shen)皆可人(ren)藥,鮮果具有(you)發(fa)汗(han)、益氣、祛風、透疹的功(gong)效,適用于貧血、四(si)肢麻木和風濕性腰(yao)腿病的食療。櫻(ying)桃的葉、枝、根有(you)溫胃、止血、解毒之功(gong)。古書記(ji)載和民間流傳均有(you)許多(duo)用櫻(ying)桃治療疾病的驗方。
特定生產方式
3.1 產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)與特(te)(te)殊內容規定(ding)(ding): 3.1.1 氣(qi)候(hou)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) ①溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du):新(xin)安櫻(ying)(ying)桃適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)年(nian)平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)10℃~12℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu),萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)10℃,開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)15℃,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟期(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)20℃。休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)需冷量(liang)(liang)(7℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)800~1500小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。 ②水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen):新(xin)安櫻(ying)(ying)桃適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)于(yu)(yu)年(nian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)600~800mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。 ③土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang):新(xin)安櫻(ying)(ying)桃適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)于(yu)(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質疏(shu)(shu)松(song)、透(tou)氣(qi)良好(hao)、保(bao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)礫質土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)上(shang)(shang)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)培。適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)微(wei)酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),PH值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)6.0~7.5,含鹽量(liang)(liang)不高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)0.1%。 ④光照(zhao):新(xin)安櫻(ying)(ying)桃為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喜光樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),全(quan)年(nian)日照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2600小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。 3.1.2 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)環境條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian) 新(xin)安櫻(ying)(ying)桃對土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)、氣(qi)候(hou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求比較(jiao)(jiao)嚴格,既(ji)怕(pa)旱又怕(pa)澇,因此要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)比較(jiao)(jiao)肥(fei)(fei)沃,透(tou)氣(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)偏酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)輕黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)塊建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)高(gao)(gao),雨季(ji)不易(yi)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)區(qu)有(you)灌(guan)(guan)溉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan),干(gan)(gan)(gan)旱時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)能及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。最好(hao)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)背風向(xiang)陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)半坡,不能選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)山(shan)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壩頭地(di)(di)(di),雖然(ran)壩頭地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質好(hao),但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)早春容易(yi)遭到(dao)(dao)霜(shuang)凍。 3.2 品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)與特(te)(te)定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求: 選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)豐產(chan)、優質、高(gao)(gao)效、抗(kang)逆(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)1.3m以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang),嫁接(jie)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)5cm處(chu)(chu)直徑達到(dao)(dao)1㎝,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)側芽(ya)(ya)飽滿,無損傷。側根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)3~5條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao),須根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)。嫁接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砧(zhen)木(mu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)親合(he)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),不帶(dai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒或(huo)抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing),根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)發達,抗(kang)逆(ni)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),如(ru)大(da)青葉(xie)(xie)(xie)、考脫(tuo)(Colt)、吉塞拉(Gisela)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 主栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)授(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)好(hao)搭配(pei),保(bao)證(zheng)授(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與主栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)授(shou)粉親和(he)(he)(he)(he)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)相遇。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)應(ying)有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)授(shou)粉品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),授(shou)粉樹(shu)(shu)比例20%~30%。 3.3 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)管理(li)(li)(li)。包括(kuo)農業投入品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)規定(ding)(ding)。 3.4 建園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 3.4.1 整地(di)(di)(di)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei) 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)平(ping)整土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di),山(shan)丘地(di)(di)(di)外(wai)高(gao)(gao)內低,坡地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)(he)寬(kuan)幅梯田(tian)地(di)(di)(di)起壟栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。全(quan)面(mian)深(shen)翻(fan)(fan)或(huo)按(an)(an)行距(ju)挖寬(kuan)1m、深(shen)0.8m的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou)(gou)(gou),或(huo)長(chang)、寬(kuan)、深(shen)各0.8m 的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)。將溝(gou)(gou)(gou)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)與肥(fei)(fei)料拌勻(yun)后(hou)(hou)回(hui)填(tian)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)(穴(xue))內,并灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沉實(shi)(shi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)備(bei)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)每(mei)畝施(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)(fei)3000㎏左(zuo)(zuo)右。 3.4.2 適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春季(ji)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)芽(ya)(ya)子(zi)萌(meng)(meng)動時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 3.4.3 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du) 根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據立(li)地(di)(di)(di)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)肥(fei)(fei)力(li)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)類型、品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)確定(ding)(ding)栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)喬化砧(zhen)木(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株行距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4~3m×5~4m,每(mei)畝定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)33~56株;采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)矮化砧(zhen)木(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)株行距(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)3~2×4m,每(mei)畝定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)56~84株。 3.4.4 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)(fang)法(fa) 栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),把苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)內,使(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)自然(ran)舒(shu)展,填(tian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)將苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)略微(wei)上(shang)(shang)提(ti)(ti)使(shi)(shi)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)伸直并與土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)密(mi)(mi)(mi)接(jie),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)踏(ta)實(shi)(shi)。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)與苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木(mu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)圃(pu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)來生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)相同或(huo)略深(shen)。最后(hou)(hou)將余(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)填(tian)平(ping),澆(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)封穴(xue),并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)干(gan)(gan)(gan)周圍(wei)培成(cheng)30cm左(zuo)(zuo)右高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)堆。栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)15天內如(ru)天氣(qi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)旱要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)澆(jiao)(jiao)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.5 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)(li)(li) 3.5.1 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)改(gai)良與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕覆蓋(gai) 土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)瘠(ji)薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)深(shen)翻(fan)(fan)擴穴(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa),使(shi)(shi)活土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層達到(dao)(dao)60cm以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang);沙(sha)地(di)(di)(di)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)抽沙(sha)換土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)或(huo)客(ke)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),黏土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)客(ke)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)參沙(sha)等(deng)(deng)(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),改(gai)良土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)。實(shi)(shi)行清耕制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)節(jie)降雨或(huo)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕松(song)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),保(bao)持(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)疏(shu)(shu)松(song)無雜草,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)耕深(shen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)5~10cm。實(shi)(shi)行覆蓋(gai)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)春夏(xia)季(ji)節(jie)每(mei)畝覆蓋(gai)作物秸稈或(huo)雜草1000~1500kg,覆蓋(gai)厚度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)10~15cm,上(shang)(shang)面(mian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)(liang)壓土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),連(lian)覆2~3年(nian)后(hou)(hou)深(shen)翻(fan)(fan)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。 3.5.2 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥(fei)(fei)管理(li)(li)(li) 要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)澆(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、硬核水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)前(qian)(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。當(dang)天氣(qi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)旱、土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)降到(dao)(dao)田(tian)間(jian)最大(da)持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60%以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)畦灌(guan)(guan)、穴(xue)灌(guan)(guan)、溝(gou)(gou)(gou)灌(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,有(you)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)滴灌(guan)(guan)或(huo)微(wei)噴(pen)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雨季(ji),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)挖好(hao)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溝(gou)(gou)(gou),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)排出(chu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內積水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 施(shi)足基(ji)肥(fei)(fei),追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)前(qian)(qian)期(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主。 ①基(ji)肥(fei)(fei):秋季(ji)落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)前(qian)(qian)(9月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)到(dao)(dao)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)份)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)(yi)農家(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,混加(jia)少量(liang)(liang)氮(dan)素(su)化肥(fei)(fei)。施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)按(an)(an)1kg鮮果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)施(shi)2~3kg優質農家(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)計算(suan),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)盛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)每(mei)畝施(shi)2000~3000kg優質腐熟農家(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei),以(yi)(yi)(yi)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)或(huo)撒施(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)冠投影范圍(wei)內。 ②追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei):每(mei)年(nian)三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)(hou),以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主;第二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)膨大(da)期(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)磷鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,氮(dan)磷鉀(jia)混合(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong);第三次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主。施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)特(te)(te)點確定(ding)(ding),結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)每(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)100kg大(da)櫻(ying)(ying)桃需追(zhui)施(shi)純氮(dan)1kg、五氧化二(er)磷0.5kg、氧化鉀(jia)1kg。方(fang)(fang)法(fa)是(shi)樹(shu)(shu)冠下(xia)(xia)開(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)(gou)深(shen)15~20cm,追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。 3.6 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管理(li)(li)(li) 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)行人(ren)(ren)工授(shou)粉提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)坐(zuo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率(lv),推廣(guang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)放蜂輔(fu)助授(shou)粉,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)初(chu)(chu)期(qi)(qi)(qi),每(mei)畝果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)釋放壁蜂100頭左(zuo)(zuo)右。盛花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疏(shu)(shu)去弱質花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、畸形(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理(li)(li)(li)落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)結(jie)束后(hou)(hou),疏(shu)(shu)去小(xiao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)畸形(xing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)前(qian)(qian)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)摘(zhai)除果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遮(zhe)光葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian),促(cu)使(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)全(quan)面(mian)均勻(yun)著色,還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)前(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)冠下(xia)(xia)鋪反(fan)光膜(mo)。 3.7 整形(xing)修剪(jian)(jian) 根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據栽(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、干(gan)(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)弱和(he)(he)(he)(he)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)狀況(kuang)(kuang)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)形(xing)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)密(mi)(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)4~3m×4.5~4m、干(gan)(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)弱、根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)淺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)自然(ran)形(xing)。密(mi)(mi)(mi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3~2m×3.5~3m、干(gan)(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)系(xi)(xi)較(jiao)(jiao)深(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)改(gai)良主干(gan)(gan)(gan)形(xing)。做(zuo)好(hao)夏(xia)、冬(dong)兩(liang)季(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)。 夏(xia)季(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)4~8月(yue)(yue)(yue)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian),應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)抹(mo)芽(ya)(ya)、刻芽(ya)(ya)、拉枝(zhi)、摘(zhai)心(xin)、扭梢、剪(jian)(jian)梢等(deng)(deng)(deng)技術,主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)調控樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)勢(shi),改(gai)善光照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian),促(cu)進(jin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)。 冬(dong)季(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)進(jin)行,根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)發育狀況(kuang)(kuang),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)疏(shu)(shu)枝(zhi)、緩放、短截、回(hui)縮等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。剪(jian)(jian)口用(yong)(yong)(yong)愈(yu)傷防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)腐膜(mo)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)封閉,保(bao)護(hu)傷口愈(yu)合(he)組織生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。冬(dong)季(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)注意剪(jian)(jian)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枝(zhi),清除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵(jiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。 3.8 病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi): 3.8.1 防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則 按(an)(an)照(zhao)“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,綜(zong)合(he)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)方(fang)(fang)針(zhen),堅持(chi)“農業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),物理(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主,化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔(fu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無害(hai)(hai)(hai)化防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原(yuan)則。 3.8.2 農業防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 合(he)理(li)(li)(li)輪作、加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)肥(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管理(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),調整果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)(shu)營(ying)養狀況(kuang)(kuang),提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)樹(shu)(shu)體(ti)(ti)抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)能力(li),抑制病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.8.3 物理(li)(li)(li)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物學特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)人(ren)(ren)工撲殺(sha)、樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)纏草把和(he)(he)(he)(he)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈誘殺(sha)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。 3.8.4 化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據各時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類、程(cheng)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng),科(ke)學合(he)理(li)(li)(li)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預測預報(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang),做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)有(you)針(zhen)對性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),未(wei)達到(dao)(dao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)指(zhi)標或(huo)益、害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)比合(he)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)不用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。允許使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)年(nian)最多(duo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。最后(hou)(hou)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)距(ju)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)間(jian)隔應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20天以(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)。限制使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),每(mei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)年(nian)最多(duo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。 ①休眠期(qi)(qi)(qi)(1月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu)至(zhi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)):結(jie)合(he)冬(dong)季(ji)修剪(jian)(jian)涂刷30~50石硫(liu)(liu)合(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)前(qian)(qian)15~20天,用(yong)(yong)(yong)30%機油石硫(liu)(liu)微(wei)乳劑(ji)(ji)(ji)800倍液(ye)(ye)加(jia)10%蚜(ya)虱凈可(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑(ji)(ji)(ji)3000倍液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧清園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)越冬(dong)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)部(bu)(bu)(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ②萌(meng)(meng)芽(ya)(ya)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(2月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)至(zhi)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)初(chu)(chu)):全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍(bian)30~50石硫(liu)(liu)合(he)劑(ji)(ji)(ji),防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)越冬(dong)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、介殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)和(he)(he)(he)(he)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)部(bu)(bu)(bu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ③開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(3月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)至(zhi)4月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)):花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)10%高(gao)(gao)效氯氰菊(ju)酯1500倍液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)。 ④花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)芽(ya)(ya)形(xing)成(cheng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)新(xin)梢旺長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(7月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)至(zhi)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)):雨后(hou)(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)噴(pen)一(yi)(yi)遍(bian)10%多(duo)菌靈800~1000倍液(ye)(ye),或(huo)75%百菌清500~600倍液(ye)(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穿(chuan)孔(kong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑(ban)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing);用(yong)(yong)(yong)10%溴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)腈(jing)懸浮劑(ji)(ji)(ji)1500倍液(ye)(ye)或(huo)阿(a)維菌素(su)3000~4000倍液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)霧,防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)螨類、黃(huang)刺蛾等(deng)(deng)(deng)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。 ⑤新(xin)梢緩慢生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(8月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)(xia)旬(xun)(xun)(xun)至(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)末(mo)):用(yong)(yong)(yong)菊(ju)酯類農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)噴(pen)霧防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)青葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟬成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)波爾多(duo)液(ye)(ye)、代(dai)森錳(meng)鋅、農用(yong)(yong)(yong)鏈(lian)霉(mei)素(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)面(mian)噴(pen)霧保(bao)護(hu)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)片(pian)。 3.9 產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)獲(huo)及(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li) 3.9.1 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi) 根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)據果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)成(cheng)熟度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)途和(he)(he)(he)(he)市(shi)場需求綜(zong)合(he)確定(ding)(ding)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)。就地(di)(di)(di)銷售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)成(cheng)熟時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou);長(chang)途運輸或(huo)貯藏保(bao)鮮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)八、九分(fen)(fen)(fen)熟時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)。成(cheng)熟不一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),應(ying)分(fen)(fen)(fen)期(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)。 3.9.2 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)方(fang)(fang)法(fa) 采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)工采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)晴天傍(bang)晚采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)收(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好(hao)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)摘(zhai)下(xia)(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi),存放于(yu)(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)凈陰涼(liang)處(chu)(chu),及(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剔(ti)除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、僵(jiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、爛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)級。 3.10 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)錄(lu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)整個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),設專人(ren)(ren)做(zuo)好(hao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)記(ji)錄(lu):生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)點、農產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)名稱,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)耕作,施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))名稱、方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)、時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)、施(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang),產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)收(shou)獲(huo)、倉儲、銷售等(deng)(deng)(deng)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日期(qi)(qi)(qi)、方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)、數量(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。