(1)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)(di)貌情(qing)運城(cheng)古稱“河(he)東”,擁有1.4萬平方(fang)公里(li)國土(tu)面積,地(di)(di)(di)處晉陜(shan)豫黃河(he)金(jin)三(san)角地(di)(di)(di)區,與河(he)南省三(san)門(men)峽市、陜(shan)西(xi)省渭南市隔河(he)相望,是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)族的重要發(fa)祥地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)一。運城(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)理氣候獨特(te),地(di)(di)(di)處北緯(wei)35°,屬黃土(tu)高原區,土(tu)層深厚,光照充足(zu),雨量適中(zhong)(zhong),無霜期長,海拔高,溫差大,是(shi)世界上公認的最佳蘋果生產帶;
(2)水文情(qing)況運(yun)城蘋果的種(zhong)植區(qu)域水資源比較豐富(fu),地(di)下水為淡水,配套深(shen)井,可以(yi)將黃河水引來用于灌溉,符(fu)合國家農用水標準。
(3)氣候情況運(yun)城(cheng)蘋果(guo)種植(zhi)區(qu)域的(de)氣候屬暖溫帶大陸性(xing)半濕潤氣候,年平(ping)均氣溫13.8℃。年平(ping)均日照為2366.2小時(shi),≥10℃的(de)有效積(ji)溫在(zai)3900~4600℃之間,全年無霜期平(ping)均在(zai)188~238天(tian)之間,年均降雨(yu)量535~625毫(hao)米之間,完(wan)全符合優質蘋果(guo)的(de)獨特生長氣候條件(jian)。
運城(cheng)蘋(pin)果農(nong)產品地理(li)標志(zhi)地域保(bao)護(hu)范(fan)(fan)圍為(wei)鹽湖區三路里(li)(li)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、金井鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、馮村(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、王(wang)范(fan)(fan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、上郭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、上王(wang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);萬(wan)榮(rong)縣(xian)(xian)解店鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、通化鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、漢薛鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、榮(rong)河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、萬(wan)泉鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);里(li)(li)望鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、西(xi)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南張(zhang)(zhang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、高村(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、皇甫(fu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、賈(jia)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、王(wang)顯鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、裴(pei)(pei)莊(zhuang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、光華鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);臨(lin)猗縣(xian)(xian)卓(zhuo)里(li)(li)工貿區、閆家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)工貿區、猗氏鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、嵋陽鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、臨(lin)晉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、七級鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東張(zhang)(zhang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、孫吉鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、三管鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、耽子鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、牛(niu)杜鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、楚(chu)侯鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、廟(miao)上鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、角杯鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、北辛鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、北景鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);永濟(ji)市(shi)開張(zhang)(zhang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、栲栳鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、蒲州(zhou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、張(zhang)(zhang)營鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);河(he)(he)津市(shi)小梁鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、柴家(jia)(jia)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、趙家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);聞喜縣(xian)(xian)桐城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、郭家(jia)(jia)莊(zhuang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、凹底(di)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、薛店鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、李元鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、河(he)(he)底(di)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、陽隅鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、裴(pei)(pei)社鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);稷山(shan)縣(xian)(xian)化峪(yu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、翟店鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、清河(he)(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、太陽鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、柴村(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);新(xin)絳縣(xian)(xian)北張(zhang)(zhang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、澤掌鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);絳縣(xian)(xian)古絳鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、橫水(shui)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、陳(chen)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、衛莊(zhuang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、么里(li)(li)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、南凡鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、安峪(yu)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大交鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen);垣曲縣(xian)(xian)古城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、英言鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、華峰(feng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);夏縣(xian)(xian)瑤峰(feng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、水(shui)頭鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、裴(pei)(pei)介鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、尉(wei)郭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、禹王(wang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、胡張(zhang)(zhang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南大里(li)(li)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);平陸縣(xian)(xian)圣人澗鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、常樂鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、張(zhang)(zhang)店鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、張(zhang)(zhang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、洪池鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、杜馬鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、部官鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang);芮(rui)城(cheng)縣(xian)(xian)古魏鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、風(feng)陵渡鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、陌南鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、西(xi)陌鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、、永樂鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大王(wang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、陽城(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、東壚(lu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南衛鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、學張(zhang)(zhang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)涉及十(shi)(shi)三個(ge)縣(xian)(xian)市(shi)區共(gong)九十(shi)(shi)四個(ge)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),地標為(wei)東經110°15′~112°04′,北緯34°35′~35°50′之間。東西(xi)長約(yue)201.87公里(li)(li),南北寬約(yue)127.47公里(li)(li),生產面積(ji)13.7萬(wan)公頃,年(nian)產量400萬(wan)噸。
(1)外在感官特征:85mm蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)為(wei)大(da)型果(guo)(guo)(guo),平(ping)均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重220-350克,最(zui)大(da)單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重500克。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)多為(wei)圓形(xing),果(guo)(guo)(guo)形(xing)指數0.8左右,果(guo)(guo)(guo)型端正高樁、果(guo)(guo)(guo)色(se)鮮艷(yan)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉白色(se)、口感香(xiang)脆甜(tian)爽、汁液多、酸甜(tian)可(ke)口、芳香(xiang)味濃,無澀(se)感,果(guo)(guo)(guo)面光潔細膩、耐儲存。果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)大(da)小一等(deng)品(pin)率80%以上,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)表面顏色(se)一等(deng)品(pin)率90%以上。
(2)內在品質(zhi)(zhi):運城(cheng)蘋果(guo)含(han)有豐富的營養成分,蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)達(da)(da)0.41%-0.61%,碳水化(hua)合物含(han)量達(da)(da)12.7-14.9g/100g,水分含(han)量達(da)(da)80.4-88.5g/100g,灰分含(han)量達(da)(da)0.18-0.27g/100g,維(wei)(wei)生(sheng)素(su)E0.065-0.090mg/100g,維(wei)(wei)生(sheng)素(su)B10.008-0.015mg/100g,可溶性(xing)固形物含(han)量達(da)(da)12.4-17.1%以(yi)上,含(han)鈣3.00-3.34mg/100g;含(han)磷達(da)(da)12-16mg/100g,含(han)鉀達(da)(da)82.6-91.1mg/100g,含(han)鎂(mei)達(da)(da)1.40-1.60mg/100g,含(han)銅0.012-1.020mg/100g。
(3)安全要(yao)求:符合有關國家要(yao)求。
(1)產地選擇與(yu)特殊內容(rong)規定選擇地勢(shi)較平(ping)坦、灌溉方便、土層深厚、土質(zhi)疏松、富含有機質(zhi)壤土或沙壤土。
(2)品種(zhong)選擇與特定要(yao)求(qiu)品種(zhong)為紅富士、嘎啦等品種(zhong),要(yao)求(qiu)果面光(guang)滑、蠟質(zhi)多(duo)、果粉少、干凈無果銹。肉質(zhi)細(xi)密,硬度大,果汁多(duo),味香,含糖(tang)高,酸甜適度,耐(nai)儲運的(de)(de)品種(zhong)。苗木要(yao)求(qiu)脫毒無傷無凍(dong)害(hai)的(de)(de)良種(zhong)苗木中,一般嫁接以上10㎝處粗度達(da)到1cm,高度達(da)到100cm以上,有少量(liang)分枝(zhi),毛細(xi)根數量(liang)多(duo)≥20㎝的(de)(de)根系3-5條(tiao)。。
(3)生(sheng)(sheng)產過(guo)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)理a.間(jian)(jian)(jian)伐(fa)(fa)。對(dui)(dui)樹(shu)齡在(zai)(zai)(zai)15年(nian)以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老(lao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)隔(ge)(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)隔(ge)(ge)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法,對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)喬化(hua)大樹(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),可進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)隔(ge)(ge)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)伐(fa)(fa);對(dui)(dui)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),實(shi)施隔(ge)(ge)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)伐(fa)(fa)。間(jian)(jian)(jian)伐(fa)(fa)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),畝留(liu)(liu)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)控制在(zai)(zai)(zai)30株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)左(zuo)右,并(bing)對(dui)(dui)間(jian)(jian)(jian)伐(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)造傷口進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)護(hu)。b.改(gai)(gai)形(xing)(xing)。抓好(hao)(hao)樹(shu)體結構(gou),配(pei)置好(hao)(hao)骨干枝和結果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝組(zu),使(shi)大、小(xiao)(xiao)枝組(zu)搭配(pei)合理、分(fen)布(bu)均勻、勢力平(ping)衡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。改(gai)(gai)形(xing)(xing)因(yin)樹(shu)齡而定,10年(nian)以(yi)下采用(yong)(yong)(yong)細長(chang)紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)圓柱(zhu)形(xing)(xing);11-15年(nian)樹(shu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)由(you)紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)改(gai)(gai)良紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing);16-20年(nian)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)新改(gai)(gai)良紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)小(xiao)(xiao)冠(guan)(guan)開(kai)心(xin)形(xing)(xing);20年(nian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)開(kai)心(xin)形(xing)(xing);因(yin)樹(shu)木的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同密(mi)度(du)而定,株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距(ju)3×4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)--以(yi)自(zi)由(you)紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing)為主,4×6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)--以(yi)新改(gai)(gai)良紡(fang)(fang)綞(duo)(duo)形(xing)(xing)為主,6×8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)--以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)冠(guan)(guan)開(kai)心(xin)形(xing)(xing)為主。d.果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)土肥(fei)水管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。首先是(shi)(shi)(shi)深(shen)翻改(gai)(gai)土。深(shen)翻要在(zai)(zai)(zai)8月(yue)(yue)下旬到9月(yue)(yue)上旬進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),要結合施有機肥(fei)或(huo)(huo)秸稈(gan)還(huan)田時(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)或(huo)(huo)覆(fu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)分(fen)為果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)然生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)或(huo)(huo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao);果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)覆(fu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)即(ji)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)農作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈(gan)或(huo)(huo)雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)地面(mian)覆(fu)蓋(gai)。再(zai)次是(shi)(shi)(shi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)施肥(fei)。增施有機肥(fei),株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施20-30公(gong)斤;最(zui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)澆(jiao)水。果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)應在(zai)(zai)(zai)發芽前(qian)、幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)膨大期(qi)(qi)、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)土壤封凍前(qian)3個(ge)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)分(fen)別(bie)灌水一(yi)次。灌水量(liang)以(yi)浸(jin)透根系分(fen)布(bu)層(ceng)(40-60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))為準。其(qi)(qi)它時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)如果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)干旱(han)可在(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)小(xiao)(xiao)水溝灌,旱(han)地果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)穴貯肥(fei)水法。e.花(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)精細管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。首先是(shi)(shi)(shi)疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。要抓好(hao)(hao)三疏(shu)(shu),即(ji)“疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)芽、疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵、疏(shu)(shu)幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”。疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)芽應從冬春(chun)季(ji)修(xiu)剪開(kai)始(shi),剪去過(guo)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)芽。疏(shu)(shu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)朵應在(zai)(zai)(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)序分(fen)離期(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。疏(shu)(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)10天開(kai)始(shi),1個(ge)月(yue)(yue)內(nei)完(wan)成(cheng);其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)(shi)(shi)人工(gong)授粉。待開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)毛筆或(huo)(huo)鉛筆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橡皮(pi)頭(tou)(tou)等(deng)工(gong)具進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)點授初開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)頭(tou)(tou),每蘸一(yi)次花(hua)(hua)(hua)粉可授5-10朵花(hua)(hua)(hua),亦可在(zai)(zai)(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)釋(shi)放授粉昆蟲(chong)(chong)--壁蜂,每畝80-100頭(tou)(tou),可取(qu)代(dai)人工(gong)授粉。f.果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)套(tao)(tao)(tao)袋(dai)。蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早中(zhong)(zhong)熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(如嘎啦(la)、紅星、涼(liang)香等(deng))套(tao)(tao)(tao)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)內(nei)黑紙袋(dai),晚(wan)熟品種(zhong)(zhong)套(tao)(tao)(tao)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)紙袋(dai)或(huo)(huo)“膜(mo)(mo)+紙”雙(shuang)(shuang)套(tao)(tao)(tao)袋(dai)。蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)套(tao)(tao)(tao)袋(dai)一(yi)般最(zui)好(hao)(hao)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)層(ceng)紙袋(dai)。膜(mo)(mo)袋(dai)套(tao)(tao)(tao)袋(dai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)為謝花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)20天開(kai)始(shi),10天套(tao)(tao)(tao)完(wan)。紙袋(dai)在(zai)(zai)(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)30天開(kai)始(shi),10天內(nei)套(tao)(tao)(tao)完(wan)。g.無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。堅持貫徹“預(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)為主,綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方針,采用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)、物(wu)理和化(hua)學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),按照病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展規(gui)律,全面(mian)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)無(wu)殘留(liu)(liu)、無(wu)毒(du)害(hai),對(dui)(dui)環境安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)源(yuan)、植物(wu)源(yuan)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)源(yuan)等(deng)農藥,有效控制病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)危害(hai);在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置頻振式(shi)殺蟲(chong)(chong)燈,懸掛性誘(you)(you)劑、糖醋液(ye)、粘蟲(chong)(chong)板、樹(shu)木捆綁、誘(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)帶(集蟲(chong)(chong)板)組(zu)建病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)專業(ye)隊,統一(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)連片(pian)(pian)集中(zhong)(zhong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。有水澆(jiao)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可以(yi)采取(qu)地面(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)間(jian)(jian)(jian)種(zhong)(zhong)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)清耕,種(zhong)(zhong)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)選(xuan)擇秋季(ji)最(zui)好(hao)(hao)。生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)節適時(shi)(shi)(shi)給草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)追肥(fei),并(bing)要控制高(gao)度(du),超過(guo)30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)就(jiu)刈(yi)割(ge),覆(fu)蓋(gai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)樹(shu)盤(pan)下;無(wu)澆(jiao)水條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)可以(yi)采取(qu)天澇生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)、天旱(han)除草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法。將(jiang)自(zi)然雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)中(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)高(gao)過(guo)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)惡性雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)拔除,留(liu)(liu)下針葉小(xiao)(xiao)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),高(gao)度(du)控制在(zai)(zai)(zai)30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)下;在(zai)(zai)(zai)夏季(ji)灌水后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),將(jiang)麥(mai)秸、麥(mai)糠、玉米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)秸、雜草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)等(deng)覆(fu)蓋(gai)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)下,覆(fu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)厚(hou)度(du)為25厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)上,上面(mian)壓(ya)少量(liang)土,以(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)火災。h.鋪設反光膜(mo)(mo)。鋪設反光膜(mo)(mo)宜在(zai)(zai)(zai)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)著色期(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),在(zai)(zai)(zai)樹(shu)下先將(jiang)地面(mian)硬(ying)枝、石塊等(deng)雜物(wu)清除,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)下袋(dai)、摘葉等(deng)工(gong)序完(wan)成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),將(jiang)反光膜(mo)(mo)沿樹(shu)冠(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)邊行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)向展開(kai)鋪好(hao)(hao),并(bing)用(yong)(yong)(yong)瓦(wa)片(pian)(pian)壓(ya)實(shi),每幅兩(liang)邊每間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔(ge)(ge)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)各壓(ya)一(yi)塊瓦(wa),防(fang)(fang)(fang)止刮(gua)風卷起(qi)。
(4)產品收(shou)獲及(ji)產后處理規定a適時(shi)(shi)采(cai)收(shou),采(cai)摘時(shi)(shi)輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,避(bi)免(mian)碰壓刺傷。采(cai)收(shou)后分級:指標(biao)(biao)參照GB/T10651。包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang):選用鈣塑瓦楞(leng)箱和(he)(he)瓦楞(leng)紙箱為包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)容(rong)器,其技術要求應(ying)符合GB/T13607的規定。貯(zhu)(zhu)存:采(cai)收(shou)后及(ji)時(shi)(shi)入庫保(bao)存,“運(yun)城(cheng)蘋果(guo)(guo)”的冷藏按(an)(an)GB/T8559規定執行;氣(qi)調貯(zhu)(zhu)藏按(an)(an)ISO 8682規定執行。庫房無異(yi)味。并(bing)觀察庫內溫度(du)、濕(shi)度(du),保(bao)證儲存安全(quan)。不與有(you)毒、有(you)害(hai)物品混(hun)合存放。不得使(shi)用有(you)損“運(yun)城(cheng)蘋果(guo)(guo)”質(zhi)量的保(bao)鮮(xian)試劑(ji)和(he)(he)材料。b銷售和(he)(he)運(yun)輸(shu)包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)物應(ying)標(biao)(biao)有(you)“運(yun)城(cheng)蘋果(guo)(guo)”地理標(biao)(biao)志及(ji)地理標(biao)(biao)志圖案,并(bing)標(biao)(biao)明產品名稱、數量、產地、包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)日(ri)期(qi)、生產單(dan)位(wei)、保(bao)質(zhi)期(qi)、產品質(zhi)量以及(ji)執行標(biao)(biao)準等內容(rong)。運(yun)輸(shu)工具(ju)清(qing)潔(jie)衛生,裝(zhuang)(zhuang)卸時(shi)(shi)輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,待運(yun)時(shi)(shi),應(ying)批次(ci)分明、堆碼(ma)整齊、環(huan)境清(qing)潔(jie)、通風良(liang)好。嚴禁烈(lie)日(ri)暴曬,注意防(fang)凍、防(fang)熱,縮短待運(yun)時(shi)(shi)間。
(5)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)記(ji)(ji)錄要求建立(li)(li)運城蘋果農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品地理(li)標志生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)檔(dang)案,建立(li)(li)果品安全質量(liang)追溯(su)系(xi)統,詳細記(ji)(ji)錄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)操作日期(qi),病蟲害情況(kuang),技術措施,建立(li)(li)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程記(ji)(ji)錄檔(dang)案,記(ji)(ji)載投入品的名(ming)稱(cheng)、使(shi)用(yong)時間、使(shi)用(yong)目的、使(shi)用(yong)方法(fa)、使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠家等(deng)
明確表述地域范圍地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)蘋果生產經(jing)營者,在產品(pin)或包裝上使用已獲(huo)登記(ji)(ji)保(bao)護的(de)農產品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),須向登記(ji)(ji)證書持有人提出(chu)申請。并(bing)按照相關要求規范生產和(he)使用標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),統一采用產品(pin)名(ming)稱(cheng)和(he)農產品(pin)地理標(biao)(biao)(biao)志(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公共標(biao)(biao)(biao)識相結(jie)合的(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)識標(biao)(biao)(biao)注方法(fa)。