鄭韓故城,第一(yi)批全國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文物保護單位(wei),春秋戰國(guo)時代鄭國(guo)與韓國(guo)的(de)國(guo)都遺址,位(wei)于河南省(sheng)新鄭市市區周圍(wei),出土了大量文物與建筑遺址。具有很(hen)高的(de)考古價值。
鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于新鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)市城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)關附近的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙洎河(he)與黃水河(he)交(jiao)匯的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)。春秋戰國時期(qi)(qi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國和韓(han)(han)(han)國在(zai)此建都539年(nian)(nian),因此稱鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長約(yue)45華里,其平(ping)面形狀象一(yi)只牛角,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分東(dong)西兩區(qu)。西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和貴族居住(zhu)(zhu)區(qu),東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)手工業和平(ping)民居住(zhu)(zhu)區(qu)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)均是(shi)用(yong)土夯筑而成,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高一(yi)般為(wei)10米左右,最(zui)高可達16米、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)基寬40—60米,頂寬2.5米。2100多(duo)年(nian)(nian)過去,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)地(di)至今仍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)逶邐,巍巍壯(zhuang)觀(guan),它是(shi)世界上同期(qi)(qi)保(bao)存最(zui)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)之一(yi)。它不僅是(shi)研究歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要資料,而且是(shi)供人們游覽(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要古跡。2017年(nian)(nian)2月(yue),河(he)南“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”首(shou)次發現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門和甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。 經過近9個月(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)清(qing)理(li),距今2400多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國3號車(che)馬(ma)坑(keng)已基本挖(wa)掘(jue)完畢(bi)。截至2017年(nian)(nian)11月(yue),已清(qing)理(li)出(chu)4輛(liang)馬(ma)車(che),90匹(pi)陪(pei)葬馬(ma)匹(pi),是(shi)“鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)韓(han)(han)(han)故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”內挖(wa)掘(jue)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大車(che)馬(ma)坑(keng)。
2018年4月10日,鄭韓(han)故城遺址入選“2017年度全國(guo)十(shi)大考古(gu)新發現”。
鄭(zheng)韓(han)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于(yu)今(jin)新鄭(zheng)市區(qu)周圍,雙洎(ji)河(he)(古洧水)與黃(huang)水河(he)(古溱水)交匯處(chu)。平(ping)面呈(cheng)不規則(ze)三角形。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣周長20公(gong)里(li)(li),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)面積16平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li),鄭(zheng)韓(han)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)文物遺(yi)(yi)跡星羅(luo)棋(qi)布,目(mu)前發現城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)遺(yi)(yi)址4處(chu),在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)走向有(you)一(yi)隔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻,把故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。西(xi)(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)分布有(you)韓(han)國(guo)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)宮殿區(qu)、繅絲作(zuo)坊遺(yi)(yi)址。東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)分布有(you)鄭(zheng)國(guo)宮廟遺(yi)(yi)址、祭祀(si)遺(yi)(yi)址、鑄銅遺(yi)(yi)址和(he)韓(han)國(guo)鑄鐵(tie)、制(zhi)骨(gu)、制(zhi)玉、制(zhi)陶等多(duo)(duo)處(chu)遺(yi)(yi)址。故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)外(wai)有(you)鄭(zheng)韓(han)兩(liang)國(guo)貴族墓地多(duo)(duo)處(chu),其中大型韓(han)王陵墓群12處(chu)。平(ping)民墓葬(zang)區(qu)主要(yao)分布在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)黃(huang)水河(he)東(dong)岸、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)雙洎(ji)河(he)西(xi)(xi)岸一(yi)帶,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)墓葬(zang)極(ji)少。
鄭(zheng)(zheng)韓故城(cheng)位(wei)于今河(he)南省(sheng)新鄭(zheng)(zheng)市區周圍,雙洎河(he)(古洧水(shui)(shui))與黃水(shui)(shui)河(he)(古溱水(shui)(shui))交匯處。平面(mian)呈不規(gui)則三(san)角形。城(cheng)垣周長20公里,城(cheng)內面(mian)積16平方(fang)公里,城(cheng)墻用(yong)五(wu)花土分層(ceng)夯筑而成,基寬(kuan)40—60米,高15—18米。北(bei)墻外側有(you)數處馬面(mian)建筑,是全(quan)國最早(zao)的新型(xing)城(cheng)墻防御設施。
公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)770年(nian),周平(ping)王將國都東(dong)遷(qian)至洛陽(yang)(今河南省洛陽(yang)市),史稱東(dong)周。鄭國隨著(zhu)周朝東(dong)遷(qian),也(ye)從陜(shan)西棫林遷(qian)到洛陽(yang)以東(dong),滅虢國、鄶國,在(zai)此建都,為了區別在(zai)陜(shan)西的舊鄭國,取名新鄭。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)375年(nian),韓(han)滅鄭,從陜(shan)西遷(qian)都新鄭。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)230年(nian)秦滅韓(han),鄭韓(han)兩國先(xian)后在(zai)此建都達(da)539年(nian)之久(jiu)。
1997年,中(zhong)行鄭國(guo)(guo)祭(ji)祀遺址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)出土348件青銅禮(li)樂(le)器(qi)和45座殉馬(ma)坑,震驚世(shi)人,榮獲當年全國(guo)(guo)十大(da)考(kao)古新發(fa)(fa)現之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。鄭韓故城(cheng)的布局體現了當時東周(zhou)列(lie)(lie)國(guo)(guo)都城(cheng)的典型模式,交通便利,商業發(fa)(fa)達,是(shi)當時天下名(ming)都;是(shi)目前世(shi)界上同一(yi)(yi)時期保(bao)存(cun)最(zui)完整、城(cheng)墻最(zui)高、面積(ji)最(zui)大(da)的古城(cheng)。1961年3月4日(ri),國(guo)(guo)務院公布為全國(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)(yi)批(pi)重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單位。被(bei)列(lie)(lie)入二十世(shi)紀(ji)全國(guo)(guo)100項重(zhong)大(da)考(kao)古發(fa)(fa)現之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。
中國什么時候開始有碑?這一考古學界一直爭論不休(xiu)的(de)問題(ti)終(zhong)于有了(le)定論:河南省(sheng)新鄭市的(de)鄭韓(han)故城出土的(de)"無字(zi)碑",為"中華第一碑"。
"中華第一(yi)碑"整(zheng)體呈圭形,像匕首一(yi)樣尖尖的,上(shang)半身一(yi)邊一(yi)個耳朵,下半部中間有一(yi)穿孔(kong),質地是灰色沙巖,正反兩面上(shang)部都磨(mo)得光光的。它全長(chang)3.25米(mi),寬0.45米(mi),厚0.25米(mi)。
據考古工作者介紹,這(zhe)通古碑是于1997年8月(yue)在(zai)新鄭市區鄭韓(han)故(gu)城宮殿區內發現的。當時他(ta)們在(zai)這(zhe)里(li)開了10x10米的探(tan)方29個,大小(xiao)深溝(gou)21條,發掘面積(ji)3238平(ping)方米,發現了古代(dai)墓葬、儲水井(jing)、下水道、宮殿、道路等文(wen)物(wu)遺跡,并在(zai)一處古代(dai)宮殿的夯(hang)土層發現了一通"無字碑"。
"無(wu)字(zi)碑"的發現,立即在歷(li)史(shi)學(xue)(xue)界、考古學(xue)(xue)界引起了巨大轟動。我國(guo)著(zhu)名的歷(li)史(shi)學(xue)(xue)家、考古學(xue)(xue)家俞(yu)偉超、李伯(bo)謙、安金(jin)槐(huai)等親臨現場進行鑒定。但由于碑上(shang)沒(mei)有(you)刻字(zi),專家們各(ge)抒己見,爭論不休。
我國有關(guan)專家(jia)和學者對(dui)"無字碑(bei)(bei)"進行了大量考證研(yan)究(jiu),他們(men)從石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)的(de)形(xing)制、現場發現的(de)祭品、青銅壺,結合"禮(li)記(ji)"、"儀(yi)禮(li)"等古代文獻關(guan)于太廟(miao)(miao)大碑(bei)(bei)的(de)記(ji)載(zai)判斷,此碑(bei)(bei)應(ying)是戰國時期韓國太廟(miao)(miao)所立之(zhi)碑(bei)(bei),這比目前(qian)我國發現最早的(de)漢代石(shi)碑(bei)(bei)要早數百年。因(yin)此,絕(jue)大多數專家(jia)學者對(dui)此碑(bei)(bei)認識基(ji)本一致,認為入(ru)這通"無字碑(bei)(bei)"就(jiu)是"中華第一碑(bei)(bei)"。
河(he)南省一(yi)(yi)些考古學家、旅(lv)游專家認為,"中華第一(yi)(yi)碑"的發(fa)現(xian),必將像"中華第一(yi)(yi)龍(long)"在河(he)南發(fa)現(xian)一(yi)(yi)樣,給(gei)河(he)南旅(lv)游業(ye)的發(fa)展帶來新的巨(ju)大推動力。