簡介
汝州(zhou)文(wen)廟位(wei)于河南省汝州(zhou)市區望嵩路中段,原稱孔廟,明代以后被稱作文(wen)廟。
汝(ru)州文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟初建于(yu)明洪武三年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1370年(nian)(nian)),它坐北(bei)(bei)面南,南北(bei)(bei)長300余米(mi),東西(xi)寬50多米(mi),總面積20870平方米(mi)。明清時期(qi),文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟一直是汝(ru)州的高學府。民國時期(qi),汝(ru)陽中(zhong)學曾在此成立(li)(li),后改為省立(li)(li)臨汝(ru)中(zhong)學。文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟于(yu)1986年(nian)(nian)被公布為河南省重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei),2006年(nian)(nian),被國務(wu)院確定為第六批全國重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位(wei)。
建筑
汝(ru)州文(wen)廟(miao)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)明(ming)代中(zhong)晚(wan)期(qi),其特點為(wei)中(zhong)軸線明(ming)顯,建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)排(pai)列有序。大(da)(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)居南(nan)端,面(mian)向中(zhong)大(da)(da)街,系(xi)單檐硬(ying)山(shan)式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),面(mian)闊3間(jian),進(jin)深(shen)兩間(jian)。殿臺(tai)高筑(zhu),柱礎作(zuo)圓(yuan)鼓型,高檐柱,細小昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿頂(ding)施青(qing)(qing)瓦。大(da)(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang),文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang)后為(wei)明(ming)倫堂,再后是(shi)名宦祠和鄉(xiang)賢祠,分列兩邊,為(wei)出檐廊(lang)房式(shi)。之后正中(zhong)是(shi)大(da)(da)成(cheng)殿,后為(wei)啟圣(sheng)宮。廟(miao)中(zhong)殿字均居高臺(tai)之上。 大(da)(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)位于(yu)文(wen)廟(miao)南(nan)端,系(xi)單檐硬(ying)山(shan)式(shi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),面(mian)闊3間(jian),進(jin)深(shen)兩間(jian)。殿臺(tai)高筑(zhu),柱基呈(cheng)圓(yuan)鼓狀(zhuang),高檐柱,細小昂頭(tou)作(zuo)卷云(yun)狀(zhuang),殿頂(ding)施青(qing)(qing)瓦。大(da)(da)成(cheng)坊(fang)后為(wei)文(wen)明(ming)坊(fang),這里(li)是(shi)古代儒家(jia)學子讀書的地(di)方。
大成殿是(shi)(shi)文廟中高大的建筑,屬(shu)單檐殿式,面闊5間,進(jin)深兩間,綠(lv)瓦獸吻,氣勢雄偉,莊(zhuang)嚴肅穆。這里(li)是(shi)(shi)過去祭祀大成至圣(sheng)先師(shi)孔(kong)子的地方。殿門上曾懸掛過清朝多(duo)位皇帝(di)書寫(xie)的匾額,為(wei)康熙二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1684年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)(ban)“萬世(shi)師(shi)表(biao)”、雍正三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1725年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)(ban)“生民(min)未(wei)有(you)”、乾(qian)隆三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1738年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)(ban)“與天地參”、嘉慶四年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1799年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)(ban)“圣(sheng)集大成”、道光元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1821年(nian)(nian))頒(ban)(ban)(ban)“圣(sheng)協(xie)時中”等5塊(kuai)。
大(da)成殿兩側的(de)(de)廊坊,原來分別是鄉賢祠(ci)和名宦祠(ci),后為汝瓷博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館。該(gai)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館是汝州市的(de)(de)市(縣)級博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館,也(ye)是全國的(de)(de)以收藏、展覽汝瓷為主的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業性場館。