福(fu)泉(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)貴州(zhou)省福(fu)泉(quan)市城(cheng)(cheng)廂鎮。原為平越(yue)(yue)衛城(cheng)(cheng),元(yuan)代曾在(zai)此設平月長官司。明洪武十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(1381年(nian)(nian))置(zhi)平越(yue)(yue)千戶(hu)所,十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1382年(nian)(nian))改置(zhi)平越(yue)(yue)衛。據(ju)(光緒)《平越(yue)(yue)直隸州(zhou)志(zhi)》卷(juan)九及卷(juan)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)記載,洪武二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(1391年(nian)(nian))指揮李福(fu)“創建土城(cheng)(cheng)”,“三十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)改甃以石,周(zhou)一千四(si)(si)百(bai)丈,高(gao)二(er)丈二(er)尺(chi),廣一丈五尺(chi),門四(si)(si)、月城(cheng)(cheng)三、城(cheng)(cheng)樓四(si)(si)、警鋪四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五。”因城(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)水,至(zhi)正統末(mo)年(nian)(nian),苗(miao)族農民起義軍圍城(cheng)(cheng),人馬渴死。
概述
“成化間,指揮張能建(jian)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)西隅,另(ling)開一門曰(yue)小西門。”萬歷二十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1601年(nian)(nian)(nian))置平越(yue)軍(jun)民府(fu),府(fu)衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1603年(nian)(nian)(nian))知府(fu)楊可陶(tao)、指揮奚國柱(zhu)于(yu)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外增(zeng)建(jian)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈(zhang),使水(shui)經城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內,汲者便之。”“崇(chong)禎十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)),知府(fu)陳紹英于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)隅建(jian)臺,上有(you)樓,名(ming)雄(xiong)鎮(zhen),復周(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造望(wang)樓十(shi)(shi)(shi)二。”清順治十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1661年(nian)(nian)(nian))守道徐(xu)宏業、知府(fu)喻全昱先后(hou)增(zeng)修。咸豐、同治間,為(wei)苗族(zu)起義(yi)軍(jun)攻(gong)破(po),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)“頗有(you)殘毀”。同治十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1872年(nian)(nian)(nian))州(zhou)(zhou)牧王繼先請款營修。后(hou)東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻多處坍塌,至(zhi)光緒(xu)(xu)初年(nian)(nian)(nian),州(zhou)(zhou)牧鄧在鏞等先后(hou)補修。光緒(xu)(xu)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)六、二十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1900~1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)),州(zhou)(zhou)牧瞿(ju)鴻錫又先后(hou)重修北(bei)門及東(dong)(dong)門兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓,“于(yu)是崇(chong)閎雄(xiong)麗,稱此(ci)金湯(tang),論貴(gui)東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭,固不能不以平越(yue)為(wei)冠也(ye)。”
內容
1967年前后,古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)被拆毀(hui),現僅存外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門(men)(men)旁的一(yi)段殘垣(yuan)。五座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)除西門(men)(men)已(yi)傾圮外(wai),其余四門(men)(men)的劵洞尚存,但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已(yi)毀(hui)。小西門(men)(men)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一(yi)座(zuo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿(wan)蜒于(yu)山腰,水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山麓之河畔;外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫(heng)臥沙河之上,用兩(liang)層石拱橋(qiao)相連(lian)接,圍河水(shui)(shui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei),又稱(cheng)橋(qiao)上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋(qiao)下皆設鐵欄(lan)閘門(men)(men),切斷水(shui)(shui)上通道(dao),以防(fang)外(wai)部由水(shui)(shui)道(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),這是(shi)(shi)該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的特點。而(er)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)側皆依(yi)坡而(er)筑,巍然聳(song)立,并有上百級石階可登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭,使內(nei)(nei)外(wai)三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連(lian),上下貫通,氣勢雄偉(wei)。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)古代軍事戰爭(zheng)防(fang)御與進(jin)攻的產物,是(shi)(shi)智慧的結晶,具有很高的歷史、藝(yi)術和科研價值。
歷史
明代(dai)是(shi)貴州開(kai)(kai)發的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)時期,興起了數千座衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和府、州、縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),還建(jian)起數以千計的(de)(de)(de)屯堡(bao)(bao)(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)聳立(li)在(zai)萬山(shan)(shan)(shan)叢中,巍然峨然。由(you)于軍事(shi)防御的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)多建(jian)在(zai)地(di)勢險要(yao)、易(yi)守難攻的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,或負山(shan)(shan)(shan)面水,或夾(jia)河而建(jian),講究山(shan)(shan)(shan)川形勝(sheng)。貴州喀斯特地(di)貌發育(yu),石(shi)(shi)料極其(qi)豐富(fu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大都用石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)構筑(zhu),與平原、丘陵地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)土筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大不相同,有鮮明的(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特征(zheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)龐大的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)群,包(bao)括高大的(de)(de)(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)體、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、串樓(lou)、垛(duo)口、窩鋪,還有月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河、水關等。在(zai)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)中修建(jian)眾多的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),需要(yao)開(kai)(kai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鑿(zao)石(shi)(shi),比其(qi)他(ta)地(di)方要(yao)艱難得多。倘(tang)若把貴州大大小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)連接起來,工程的(de)(de)(de)艱巨,恐(kong)怕(pa)不亞于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時間的(de)(de)(de)推移,在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)浪潮中,古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)大都消失,僥幸保存下來的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)已是(shi)寥若星(xing)辰。而在(zai)被譽(yu)為“磷都”的(de)(de)(de)福(fu)泉市(shi),至今(jin)還保留著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)段別(bie)具一(yi)(yi)格的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),的(de)(de)(de)確難能可貴。
福泉,古稱平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。這里原(yuan)是少數民族聚居區,屬于播州(zhou)宣慰(wei)司管轄。洪武十(shi)五年(1382年),在此(ci)設平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei),把衛(wei)所(suo)插入土(tu)(tu)司地(di)(di)區。萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(1611年)廢除(chu)播州(zhou)楊氏土(tu)(tu)司,以其(qi)地(di)(di)分設遵義、平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二軍民府,平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)府與(yu)平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)。平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)戰略(lve)地(di)(di)位(wei)重要(yao),控扼(e)湘(xiang)廣通(tong)往貴州(zhou)、云(yun)南的大驛(yi)道,將(jiang)黔東(dong)(dong)八府與(yu)省會及(ji)貴州(zhou)宣慰(wei)司連接起來,又可溝通(tong)川(chuan)、黔兩省,故設衛(wei)后便建城(cheng)(cheng)池。平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)坐(zuo)落在群山環抱(bao)之(zhi)中(zhong),“馬(ma)鬃(zong)嶺扼(e)其(qi)喉襟,羊腸河設其(qi)險(xian)阻”,實為(wei)沖(chong)要(yao)之(zhi)地(di)(di)。初建時為(wei)土(tu)(tu)城(cheng)(cheng),洪武三(san)(san)十(shi)四年(1401年)改筑石城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)周長一(yi)千四百丈(zhang),折合(he)4666米,城(cheng)(cheng)墻高一(yi)丈(zhang)二尺(chi),寬一(yi)丈(zhang)五尺(chi),呈正方(fang)形,有東(dong)(dong)、南、西、北(bei)四門(men)(men),上(shang)有城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)4座,串樓(lou)1540間,垛口840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)(wu)水,城(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)圍時,人馬(ma)常(chang)被(bei)渴死。成化年間,平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)指揮張能認為(wei)無(wu)(wu)水不利于防守,便在城(cheng)(cheng)西增(zeng)設小西門(men)(men),將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)墻延伸至河邊(bian),筑堰(yan)引水入城(cheng)(cheng)。萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)(san)十(shi)一(yi)年(1603年),總兵(bing)安大朝、指揮奚(xi)國(guo)柱、知府楊右(you)陶等(deng)計議,在其(qi)外增(zeng)筑一(yi)段城(cheng)(cheng)墻,將(jiang)河段包(bao)入城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),形成內城(cheng)(cheng),水城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)的格局。在此(ci),平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄(xiong)麗,固(gu)若金湯,為(wei)貴東(dong)(dong)之(zhi)首”。
平越古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng),在上(shang)世紀(ji)60年代(dai)大都拆毀,只剩下(xia)幾座券孔(kong)城(cheng)(cheng)門和一(yi)(yi)些斷(duan)垣(yuan)殘壁,訴(su)說(shuo)歷(li)史的(de)滄桑。唯有小(xiao)西門外,內城(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存。站(zhan)在高山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)巔俯瞰,內城(cheng)(cheng)聳立(li)在山(shan)(shan)間平地,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山(shan)(shan)麓河畔(pan),而(er)外城(cheng)(cheng)則跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu)、田野,里外三層(ceng)構成一(yi)(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)而(er)筑,蜿蜒山(shan)(shan)間,氣(qi)勢雄(xiong)偉(wei),有百級石(shi)階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)頭。這座城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)最(zui)大的(de)特點,就是將河流(liu)的(de)一(yi)(yi)段包入城(cheng)(cheng)中,居民可到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。為防備發(fa)生戰(zhan)事(shi)時水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源被截斷(duan),在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)外修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了一(yi)(yi)道長(chang)五(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu)丈的(de)外城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)。外城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在兩(liang)處跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu),墻(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在兩(liang)座三孔(kong)石(shi)橋(qiao)之(zhi)上(shang),故被稱為“橋(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)”。為了讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)夠流(liu)動(dong),又便于(yu)防守(shou),便在橋(qiao)下(xia)設有鐵柵閘門,實為兩(liang)座水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)關。出小(xiao)西門,有道路通往水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)道路要穿過(guo)河道,在路下(xia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)有五(wu)(wu)個泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)橋(qiao)涵,側邊建(jian)(jian)(jian)有吱啞作(zuo)聲的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)碾,頗有“小(xiao)橋(qiao)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)家(jia)”的(de)風韻。這種城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)結構,是古(gu)(gu)代(dai)軍事(shi)防御(yu)體系的(de)杰作(zuo),凝(ning)結著中國古(gu)(gu)代(dai)科技(ji)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑藝術(shu),在國內其他(ta)地方不曾見過(guo),其別具一(yi)(yi)格,令古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑專家(jia)嘆為觀止。2001年經國務院(yuan)批(pi)準(zhun),福泉(quan)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)被列為全國重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。
福(fu)泉古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)首創,顯示出貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人民的(de)(de)(de)智慧與創造精神。來到這里,可(ke)以感(gan)受到城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)大變遷,平越古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由(you)(you)軍事據點演(yan)變為(wei)地(di)方行政(zheng)中(zhong)心,如(ru)(ru)今變成了(le)一(yi)(yi)個以磷(lin)化工為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)工業城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。在(zai)福(fu)泉城(cheng)(cheng)內,有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座稱為(wei)“大夫第(di)”的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建筑,它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個古(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)四合院,占地(di)400平方米,現辟為(wei)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)博物館。這里陳列著兩百多(duo)幅照片,濃縮了(le)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自明以來的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)、營(ying)盤、碉(diao)樓、戰(zhan)壕(hao)、關(guan)隘、烽(feng)火臺(tai)。貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)現存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多(duo),如(ru)(ru)貴陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)東門城(cheng)(cheng)墻和(he)(he)武勝門,明代的(de)(de)(de)真安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、赤水(shui)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、鎮寧(ning)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),鎮遠(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)和(he)(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),還有(you)(you)(you)(you)畢節層臺(tai)衛(wei)、盤縣普安(an)衛(wei)、晴隆安(an)南衛(wei)等城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)。土司城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao),最(zui)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)遵(zun)義海龍屯(tun)和(he)(he)大方“九層衙門”遺(yi)址,此(ci)(ci)外有(you)(you)(you)(you)黃平巖門司城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)德(de)江水(shui)特姜司城(cheng)(cheng)。營(ying)盤以松桃存(cun)留最(zui)多(duo),清(qing)(qing)代在(zai)此(ci)(ci)設有(you)(you)(you)(you)48個營(ying)汛,構筑營(ying)盤、屯(tun)堡(bao)(bao)、炮樓、碉(diao)卡逾千座,形(xing)成了(le)一(yi)(yi)條條斷(duan)斷(duan)續(xu)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)“邊墻”,現存(cun)480公里,規模較大的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)正大營(ying)和(he)(he)盤石營(ying)。關(guan)隘頗多(duo),著名的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)黔北的(de)(de)(de)婁(lou)山關(guan),黔中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)圖云關(guan)、雅關(guan),晴隆的(de)(de)(de)海馬關(guan)等。由(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)窺貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)明清(qing)(qing)時期的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)貌,反映貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)六百年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)滄桑。