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福泉(quan)城墻
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票數:0 #人文景觀建筑#
福泉城墻位于貴州省福泉市城區內,史建于明朝洪武年間,是本地民族用于抵御外侵的人工屏障。以后歷代由于缺乏有效的保護,城墻逐漸損毀。“文革”以后城墻更是損毀嚴重,除東西南北四個城門外,其余殘存偶見蹤跡。上世紀八十年代,福泉縣人民政府對西門進行簡單維修,并將古城墻劃為縣級文物保護單位加以保護。以后隨著國家對文物古跡的重視,福泉城墻先后被劃定為貴州省重點文物保護單位和全國重點文物保護單位加強保護,政府出資逐步恢復古城墻原始風貌。
  • 別名: 平越衛城
  • 門票參考: 免費參觀
  • 所在地/隸屬: 貴(gui)州省黔南(nan)布依族苗(miao)族自治州福泉市城(cheng)廂鎮
  • 開放時間: 全(quan)天
  • 文物保護單位: 國(guo)家(jia)級第五批(明(ming))
介紹攻略

福(fu)泉(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)貴州(zhou)省福(fu)泉(quan)市城(cheng)(cheng)廂鎮。原為平越(yue)(yue)衛城(cheng)(cheng),元(yuan)代曾在(zai)此設平月長官司。明洪武十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(1381年(nian)(nian))置(zhi)平越(yue)(yue)千戶(hu)所,十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1382年(nian)(nian))改置(zhi)平越(yue)(yue)衛。據(ju)(光緒)《平越(yue)(yue)直隸州(zhou)志(zhi)》卷(juan)九及卷(juan)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)記載,洪武二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(1391年(nian)(nian))指揮李福(fu)“創建土城(cheng)(cheng)”,“三十(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)改甃以石,周(zhou)一千四(si)(si)百(bai)丈,高(gao)二(er)丈二(er)尺(chi),廣一丈五尺(chi),門四(si)(si)、月城(cheng)(cheng)三、城(cheng)(cheng)樓四(si)(si)、警鋪四(si)(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五。”因城(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)水,至(zhi)正統末(mo)年(nian)(nian),苗(miao)族農民起義軍圍城(cheng)(cheng),人馬渴死。

概述

“成化間,指揮張能建(jian)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)西隅,另(ling)開一門曰(yue)小西門。”萬歷二十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1601年(nian)(nian)(nian))置平越(yue)軍(jun)民府(fu),府(fu)衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1603年(nian)(nian)(nian))知府(fu)楊可陶(tao)、指揮奚國柱(zhu)于(yu)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外增(zeng)建(jian)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈(zhang),使水(shui)經城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內,汲者便之。”“崇(chong)禎十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)),知府(fu)陳紹英于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)隅建(jian)臺,上有(you)樓,名(ming)雄(xiong)鎮(zhen),復周(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造望(wang)樓十(shi)(shi)(shi)二。”清順治十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1661年(nian)(nian)(nian))守道徐(xu)宏業、知府(fu)喻全昱先后(hou)增(zeng)修。咸豐、同治間,為(wei)苗族(zu)起義(yi)軍(jun)攻(gong)破(po),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)“頗有(you)殘毀”。同治十(shi)(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1872年(nian)(nian)(nian))州(zhou)(zhou)牧王繼先請款營修。后(hou)東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻多處坍塌,至(zhi)光緒(xu)(xu)初年(nian)(nian)(nian),州(zhou)(zhou)牧鄧在鏞等先后(hou)補修。光緒(xu)(xu)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)六、二十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1900~1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)),州(zhou)(zhou)牧瞿(ju)鴻錫又先后(hou)重修北(bei)門及東(dong)(dong)門兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓,“于(yu)是崇(chong)閎雄(xiong)麗,稱此(ci)金湯(tang),論貴(gui)東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭,固不能不以平越(yue)為(wei)冠也(ye)。”

內容

1967年前后,古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)被拆毀(hui),現僅存外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門(men)(men)旁的一(yi)段殘垣(yuan)。五座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)除西門(men)(men)已(yi)傾圮外(wai),其余四門(men)(men)的劵洞尚存,但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已(yi)毀(hui)。小西門(men)(men)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一(yi)座(zuo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿(wan)蜒于(yu)山腰,水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山麓之河畔;外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫(heng)臥沙河之上,用兩(liang)層石拱橋(qiao)相連(lian)接,圍河水(shui)(shui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei),又稱(cheng)橋(qiao)上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋(qiao)下皆設鐵欄(lan)閘門(men)(men),切斷水(shui)(shui)上通道(dao),以防(fang)外(wai)部由水(shui)(shui)道(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),這是(shi)(shi)該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的特點。而(er)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)側皆依(yi)坡而(er)筑,巍然聳(song)立,并有上百級石階可登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭,使內(nei)(nei)外(wai)三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連(lian),上下貫通,氣勢雄偉(wei)。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)(shi)古代軍事戰爭(zheng)防(fang)御與進(jin)攻的產物,是(shi)(shi)智慧的結晶,具有很高的歷史、藝(yi)術和科研價值。

歷史

明代(dai)是(shi)貴州開(kai)(kai)發的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)時期,興起了數千座衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和府、州、縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),還建(jian)起數以千計的(de)(de)(de)屯堡(bao)(bao)(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)聳立(li)在(zai)萬山(shan)(shan)(shan)叢中,巍然峨然。由(you)于軍事(shi)防御的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)多建(jian)在(zai)地(di)勢險要(yao)、易(yi)守難攻的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,或負山(shan)(shan)(shan)面水,或夾(jia)河而建(jian),講究山(shan)(shan)(shan)川形勝(sheng)。貴州喀斯特地(di)貌發育(yu),石(shi)(shi)料極其(qi)豐富(fu),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大都用石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)構筑(zhu),與平原、丘陵地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)土筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大不相同,有鮮明的(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特征(zheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)龐大的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)群,包(bao)括高大的(de)(de)(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)體、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、串樓(lou)、垛(duo)口、窩鋪,還有月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河、水關等。在(zai)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)中修建(jian)眾多的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),需要(yao)開(kai)(kai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鑿(zao)石(shi)(shi),比其(qi)他(ta)地(di)方要(yao)艱難得多。倘(tang)若把貴州大大小(xiao)(xiao)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)連接起來,工程的(de)(de)(de)艱巨,恐(kong)怕(pa)不亞于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時間的(de)(de)(de)推移,在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)浪潮中,古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)堡(bao)(bao)(bao)大都消失,僥幸保存下來的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)已是(shi)寥若星(xing)辰。而在(zai)被譽(yu)為“磷都”的(de)(de)(de)福(fu)泉市(shi),至今(jin)還保留著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)段別(bie)具一(yi)(yi)格的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),的(de)(de)(de)確難能可貴。

福泉,古稱平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。這里原(yuan)是少數民族聚居區,屬于播州(zhou)宣慰(wei)司管轄。洪武十(shi)五年(1382年),在此(ci)設平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei),把衛(wei)所(suo)插入土(tu)(tu)司地(di)(di)區。萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(1611年)廢除(chu)播州(zhou)楊氏土(tu)(tu)司,以其(qi)地(di)(di)分設遵義、平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)二軍民府,平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)府與(yu)平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)。平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)戰略(lve)地(di)(di)位(wei)重要(yao),控扼(e)湘(xiang)廣通(tong)往貴州(zhou)、云(yun)南的大驛(yi)道,將(jiang)黔東(dong)(dong)八府與(yu)省會及(ji)貴州(zhou)宣慰(wei)司連接起來,又可溝通(tong)川(chuan)、黔兩省,故設衛(wei)后便建城(cheng)(cheng)池。平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)坐(zuo)落在群山環抱(bao)之(zhi)中(zhong),“馬(ma)鬃(zong)嶺扼(e)其(qi)喉襟,羊腸河設其(qi)險(xian)阻”,實為(wei)沖(chong)要(yao)之(zhi)地(di)(di)。初建時為(wei)土(tu)(tu)城(cheng)(cheng),洪武三(san)(san)十(shi)四年(1401年)改筑石城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)周長一(yi)千四百丈(zhang),折合(he)4666米,城(cheng)(cheng)墻高一(yi)丈(zhang)二尺(chi),寬一(yi)丈(zhang)五尺(chi),呈正方(fang)形,有東(dong)(dong)、南、西、北(bei)四門(men)(men),上(shang)有城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)4座,串樓(lou)1540間,垛口840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)(wu)水,城(cheng)(cheng)被(bei)圍時,人馬(ma)常(chang)被(bei)渴死。成化年間,平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)指揮張能認為(wei)無(wu)(wu)水不利于防守,便在城(cheng)(cheng)西增(zeng)設小西門(men)(men),將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)墻延伸至河邊(bian),筑堰(yan)引水入城(cheng)(cheng)。萬(wan)歷(li)三(san)(san)十(shi)一(yi)年(1603年),總兵(bing)安大朝、指揮奚(xi)國(guo)柱、知府楊右(you)陶等(deng)計議,在其(qi)外增(zeng)筑一(yi)段城(cheng)(cheng)墻,將(jiang)河段包(bao)入城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),形成內城(cheng)(cheng),水城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)的格局。在此(ci),平越(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄(xiong)麗,固(gu)若金湯,為(wei)貴東(dong)(dong)之(zhi)首”。

平越古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng),在上(shang)世紀(ji)60年代(dai)大都拆毀,只剩下(xia)幾座券孔(kong)城(cheng)(cheng)門和一(yi)(yi)些斷(duan)垣(yuan)殘壁,訴(su)說(shuo)歷(li)史的(de)滄桑。唯有小(xiao)西門外,內城(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存。站(zhan)在高山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)巔俯瞰,內城(cheng)(cheng)聳立(li)在山(shan)(shan)間平地,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山(shan)(shan)麓河畔(pan),而(er)外城(cheng)(cheng)則跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu)、田野,里外三層(ceng)構成一(yi)(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)而(er)筑,蜿蜒山(shan)(shan)間,氣(qi)勢雄(xiong)偉(wei),有百級石(shi)階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)頭。這座城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)最(zui)大的(de)特點,就是將河流(liu)的(de)一(yi)(yi)段包入城(cheng)(cheng)中,居民可到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)汲(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。為防備發(fa)生戰(zhan)事(shi)時水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源被截斷(duan),在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)外修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了一(yi)(yi)道長(chang)五(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu)丈的(de)外城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)。外城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在兩(liang)處跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu),墻(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在兩(liang)座三孔(kong)石(shi)橋(qiao)之(zhi)上(shang),故被稱為“橋(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)”。為了讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能(neng)夠流(liu)動(dong),又便于(yu)防守(shou),便在橋(qiao)下(xia)設有鐵柵閘門,實為兩(liang)座水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)關。出小(xiao)西門,有道路通往水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng),因(yin)道路要穿過(guo)河道,在路下(xia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)有五(wu)(wu)個泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)橋(qiao)涵,側邊建(jian)(jian)(jian)有吱啞作(zuo)聲的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)碾,頗有“小(xiao)橋(qiao)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)家(jia)”的(de)風韻。這種城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)結構,是古(gu)(gu)代(dai)軍事(shi)防御(yu)體系的(de)杰作(zuo),凝(ning)結著中國古(gu)(gu)代(dai)科技(ji)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑藝術(shu),在國內其他(ta)地方不曾見過(guo),其別具一(yi)(yi)格,令古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑專家(jia)嘆為觀止。2001年經國務院(yuan)批(pi)準(zhun),福泉(quan)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)被列為全國重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。

福(fu)泉古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)首創,顯示出貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人民的(de)(de)(de)智慧與創造精神。來到這里,可(ke)以感(gan)受到城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)大變遷,平越古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由(you)(you)軍事據點演(yan)變為(wei)地(di)方行政(zheng)中(zhong)心,如(ru)(ru)今變成了(le)一(yi)(yi)個以磷(lin)化工為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)工業城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。在(zai)福(fu)泉城(cheng)(cheng)內,有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)座稱為(wei)“大夫第(di)”的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建筑,它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個古(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)四合院,占地(di)400平方米,現辟為(wei)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)博物館。這里陳列著兩百多(duo)幅照片,濃縮了(le)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自明以來的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)、營(ying)盤、碉(diao)樓、戰(zhan)壕(hao)、關(guan)隘、烽(feng)火臺(tai)。貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)現存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多(duo),如(ru)(ru)貴陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)東門城(cheng)(cheng)墻和(he)(he)武勝門,明代的(de)(de)(de)真安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、赤水(shui)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、鎮寧(ning)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),鎮遠(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)和(he)(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan),還有(you)(you)(you)(you)畢節層臺(tai)衛(wei)、盤縣普安(an)衛(wei)、晴隆安(an)南衛(wei)等城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)。土司城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao),最(zui)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)遵(zun)義海龍屯(tun)和(he)(he)大方“九層衙門”遺(yi)址,此(ci)(ci)外有(you)(you)(you)(you)黃平巖門司城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)德(de)江水(shui)特姜司城(cheng)(cheng)。營(ying)盤以松桃存(cun)留最(zui)多(duo),清(qing)(qing)代在(zai)此(ci)(ci)設有(you)(you)(you)(you)48個營(ying)汛,構筑營(ying)盤、屯(tun)堡(bao)(bao)、炮樓、碉(diao)卡逾千座,形(xing)成了(le)一(yi)(yi)條條斷(duan)斷(duan)續(xu)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)“邊墻”,現存(cun)480公里,規模較大的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)正大營(ying)和(he)(he)盤石營(ying)。關(guan)隘頗多(duo),著名的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)黔北的(de)(de)(de)婁(lou)山關(guan),黔中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)圖云關(guan)、雅關(guan),晴隆的(de)(de)(de)海馬關(guan)等。由(you)(you)此(ci)(ci)可(ke)窺貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)明清(qing)(qing)時期的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)貌,反映貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)六百年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)滄桑。

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