石城子遺址
漢疏勒城(cheng)位于奇臺縣城(cheng)東南(nan),直線距(ju)離50公(gong)里,地處(chu)天山(shan)北坡(po)的山(shan)區,隸(li)屬半截溝(gou)鎮麻(ma)溝(gou)梁(liang)村(cun)。該遺址地處(chu)前山(shan)丘(qiu)陵地帶,坐落在麻(ma)溝(gou)河沿(yan)上,其城(cheng)址東依懸崖峭(qiao)壁(bi),南(nan)有(you)麻(ma)溝(gou)河向東繞北澤黑溝(gou)流(liu)向新戶梁(liang),北為南(nan)高北低(di)的坡(po)地,西面是(shi)低(di)緩的丘(qiu)陵與麻(ma)溝(gou)河、新戶河相接,地勢險要是(shi)該城(cheng)的地理(li)環境特色。因城(cheng)內有(you)露出地表的巖石,俗稱(cheng)“石城(cheng)子(zi)”。
該城(cheng)(cheng)呈不規則(ze)狀,并(bing)不見一般概(gai)念上(shang)的(de)(de)完整的(de)(de)封閉(bi)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)依(yi)自然地勢而因地制宜(yi)建(jian)造。古城(cheng)(cheng)位于山坡上(shang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)高南(nan)(nan)低(di),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)240米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)200米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),古城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)麻溝河(he)絕壁深淵,古城(cheng)(cheng)三(san)面(mian)(mian)(mian)筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)依(yi)絕壁為(wei)天(tian)然屏障,城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)寬一丈,有角樓、馬(ma)面(mian)(mian)(mian),城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)有一洼地,據(ju)考證是(shi)人工(gong)挖掘的(de)(de)類似(si)于“井(jing)”的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)。該城(cheng)(cheng)只(zhi)(zhi)有西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)(qiang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)段有一條南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)、西(xi)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)相對高度不過三(san)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其中(zhong)(zhong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)殘高1.5-2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)端最高處(chu)約3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)有一圓形凹地,直徑約6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),實際測量,北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)280米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),西(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)(chang)155米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)偏(pian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)(chang)140米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)基(ji)(ji)寬約10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。由(you)于墻(qiang)(qiang)內(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)外均(jun)已(yi)成麥(mai)地,當年建(jian)筑(zhu)布局或建(jian)筑(zhu)基(ji)(ji)址相對集中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)處(chu)所已(yi)難(nan)辨別。但城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)外,尤其是(shi)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)隨處(chu)都可發(fa)現不少具有明顯漢代文物特征的(de)(de)灰陶(tao)片(pian)(pian)(pian)、板瓦、云紋瓦當、筒(tong)瓦殘片(pian)(pian)(pian)。城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)散布的(de)(de)殘片(pian)(pian)(pian)以(yi)灰陶(tao)為(wei)主,紅陶(tao)較少,陶(tao)器多褶,底小、平,有耳(er),磚(zhuan)瓦殘片(pian)(pian)(pian)較多。古城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)五公里是(shi)奇臺著名(ming)的(de)(de)旅游(you)風景區-江布拉克(ke)風景區。
據(ju)(ju)考證,《漢(han)(han)書耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)傳(chuan)》記載,漢(han)(han)代派往西域鎮守邊關(guan)的名將耿(geng)恭(gong)(gong)駐守疏勒(le)城(cheng),屯田固(gu)邊。恭(gong)(gong)以(yi)(yi)疏勒(le)城(cheng)傍有澗(jian)水可固(gu),五月(yue),乃(nai)引兵(bing)據(ju)(ju)之。七月(yue),匈(xiong)奴(nu)復(fu)來(lai)攻恭(gong)(gong),恭(gong)(gong)募先登(deng)(敢死隊員)數千(qian)人(ren)直馳之,胡(hu)騎散走,匈(xiong)奴(nu)遂(sui)于城(cheng)下擁絕澗(jian)水。恭(gong)(gong)于城(cheng)中穿井(jing)十(shi)五丈不得水,吏(li)(li)士(shi)(shi)渴(ke)乏,笮(同“榨”)馬糞汁(zhi)而飲之。恭(gong)(gong)仰嘆曰:“聞昔貳師將軍(jun)(jun)(指西漢(han)(han)李廣利)拔佩刀刺山,飛泉涌(yong)出(chu);今漢(han)(han)德神(shen)明,豈(qi)有窮哉。”乃(nai)整衣服向(xiang)井(jing)再拜,為(wei)(wei)吏(li)(li)士(shi)(shi)禱(dao)。有頃,水泉奔出(chu),眾皆稱萬歲。乃(nai)令吏(li)(li)士(shi)(shi)揚(yang)水以(yi)(yi)示虜(lu)(lu)(lu)(據(ju)(ju)《東(dong)觀(guan)漢(han)(han)記》載:“恭(gong)(gong)親自挽籠,于是令士(shi)(shi)且勿飲,先和泥(ni)涂城(cheng),并揚(yang)示之。”)。虜(lu)(lu)(lu)出(chu)不意(yi),以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)明,遂(sui)引去。此間,范(fan)羌(qiang)率漢(han)(han)兵(bing)2000,由(you)交河(he)古城(cheng)越(yue)天山趕到,城(cheng)中夜聞兵(bing)馬聲,以(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)虜(lu)(lu)(lu)來(lai),大驚。羌(qiang)乃(nai)遙呼曰:“我范(fan)羌(qiang)也(ye)。漢(han)(han)遣軍(jun)(jun)迎校尉耳。”城(cheng)中皆稱萬歲。開門(men)(men),共相持涕泣(qi)。明日,遂(sui)相隨俱(ju)歸。虜(lu)(lu)(lu)兵(bing)追(zhui)之,且戰(zhan)且行(xing)。吏(li)(li)士(shi)(shi)素饑困,發疏勒(le)時尚有二十(shi)六人(ren),隨路死歿,三月(yue)至玉門(men)(men),唯余十(shi)三人(ren)。
據(ju)《漢書》記載(zai),疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)邊有澗水,城(cheng)(cheng)中有井,四周宜農(nong)耕,依山通(tong)交(jiao)河(he)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng),及(ji)石城(cheng)(cheng)子出(chu)土繩紋板(ban)瓦、云(yun)紋瓦當等(deng)典型漢代文(wen)物。為(wei)此,史學界斷定石城(cheng)(cheng)子為(wei)漢疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)。疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)樓蘭(lan)同等(deng)重要,是新(xin)疆遺(yi)存兩處漢代古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址,是樓蘭(lan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的姊妹城(cheng)(cheng)。
1972年(nian)8月29日(ri),奇臺縣人民(min)政府批(pi)準為(wei)第一批(pi)縣級重(zhong)點文物保護單位(wei)。1999年(nian)新政辦發〔1999〕91號文件(jian)定為(wei)自(zi)治區級文物保護單位(wei)。
記者近日從新疆(jiang)文(wen)(wen)物考古(gu)研究所(suo)獲(huo)悉,在(zai)2014年9—10月(yue)間(jian),該所(suo)的(de)考古(gu)人員來到距(ju)現在(zai)疏(shu)勒縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)2000公里以外(wai)的(de)昌(chang)吉回族自治(zhi)州奇臺(tai)縣(xian)半截(jie)溝鎮麻(ma)(ma)溝梁(liang)村東北,一座被當地(di)人稱作(zuo)(zuo)“石城(cheng)(cheng)子”的(de)地(di)方進行考古(gu)挖掘。參與考古(gu)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)新疆(jiang)文(wen)(wen)物考古(gu)研究所(suo)文(wen)(wen)物館員胡望林(lin)﹑田(tian)小紅十(shi)分(fen)肯(ken)定(ding)地(di)說:“通(tong)過(guo)考古(gu)挖掘出的(de)遺(yi)跡遺(yi)物,證實奇臺(tai)縣(xian)半截(jie)溝鎮麻(ma)(ma)溝梁(liang)村東北的(de)石城(cheng)(cheng)子就是漢代的(de)疏(shu)勒城(cheng)(cheng)。”
疏勒(le)城在歷(li)史上(shang)之(zhi)所以著名,是因為耿恭(gong)率(lv)軍(jun)在抗(kang)擊(ji)匈奴的(de)(de)戰(zhan)斗中曾在這里立(li)下過不朽功績,以極少(shao)的(de)(de)兵力抗(kang)擊(ji)百倍于(yu)己的(de)(de)匈奴,擊(ji)敗了(le)敵方長達7個(ge)多 月的(de)(de)圍攻(gong)。漢代將士之(zhi)英勇,戰(zhan)斗之(zhi)慘烈,讓后(hou)人銘記。最(zui)終,創造了(le)我國歷(li)史上(shang)以弱勝強、孤軍(jun)獲(huo)勝的(de)(de)戰(zhan)例(li)奇跡。為疏勒(le)城在平定西域的(de)(de)歷(li)史長河中寫下了(le)濃墨重 彩的(de)(de)一筆。
史料顯示,疏勒城歷經漢、魏、晉、隋、唐諸(zhu)朝代(dai)。考古人員曾在城內地表(biao)采集到筒瓦、板瓦、方磚及大(da)量的(de)(de)夾砂灰陶片,器(qi)形有(you)罐、盆(pen)、甕(weng)、缽(bo)等,并且(qie)還有(you)炭精虎飾和完(wan)整陶器(qi),這些器(qi)物都(dou)具(ju)有(you)較為典型的(de)(de)漢代(dai)風格。
2014年9月(yue)19日至10月(yue)9日,新疆文(wen)物考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研究所考(kao)(kao)古(gu)人(ren)員在(zai)傳統考(kao)(kao)古(gu)學方法的基礎上結合航拍、RTK測量(liang)等科(ke)技手(shou)段(duan)對石城(cheng)子有重點的進行(xing) 了清(qing)理發掘,包(bao)括古(gu)城(cheng)西墻南段(duan)遺(yi)存以及城(cheng)內西北(bei)部區域。清(qing)理出(chu)城(cheng)墻、壕溝、房址、灰坑、柱洞(dong)、車轍、夯窩等遺(yi)跡(ji),出(chu)土了包(bao)括板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)、筒瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)、瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)當(dang)、釉陶器(qi)等一 批文(wen)物,以板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)和筒瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)殘片(pian)居(ju)多(duo)(duo)。這(zhe)些板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)和筒瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)殘片(pian)相(xiang)當(dang)堅硬。筒瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)舌經陶輪旋轉(zhuan),器(qi)表多(duo)(duo)為繩紋(wen),內壁為布(bu)紋(wen)。另外還出(chu)土了大量(liang)動(dong)物骨(gu)骼。