石城子遺址
漢疏勒(le)城(cheng)位于奇臺縣城(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南,直線距(ju)離50公里,地(di)(di)處天山北(bei)坡的山區(qu),隸屬半截溝鎮麻溝梁村(cun)。該(gai)遺址地(di)(di)處前山丘陵(ling)地(di)(di)帶,坐落在麻溝河沿上,其城(cheng)址東(dong)(dong)(dong)依懸(xuan)崖峭壁,南有(you)麻溝河向東(dong)(dong)(dong)繞北(bei)澤黑溝流(liu)向新(xin)戶(hu)梁,北(bei)為南高北(bei)低(di)的坡地(di)(di),西面是(shi)低(di)緩的丘陵(ling)與麻溝河、新(xin)戶(hu)河相接,地(di)(di)勢險要是(shi)該(gai)城(cheng)的地(di)(di)理環境(jing)特色。因城(cheng)內有(you)露出地(di)(di)表(biao)的巖石,俗稱“石城(cheng)子”。
該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈不(bu)規則(ze)狀(zhuang),并不(bu)見一般概念上的(de)(de)完(wan)整的(de)(de)封閉的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),只是依自然地(di)勢而因地(di)制宜建造(zao)。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位于山坡上,北(bei)(bei)(bei)高(gao)南(nan)低,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)240米(mi)(mi),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)200米(mi)(mi),古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)麻溝河絕壁深淵,古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)面(mian)(mian)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)(mian)依絕壁為(wei)天然屏障(zhang),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)寬一丈,有(you)(you)(you)角樓、馬面(mian)(mian),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)(you)(you)一洼地(di),據(ju)考證是人工挖掘(jue)的(de)(de)類(lei)似于“井”的(de)(de)工程。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)只有(you)(you)(you)西(xi)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)(qiang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)中段(duan)有(you)(you)(you)一條南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)向土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)、西(xi)兩(liang)面(mian)(mian)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)相(xiang)對高(gao)度(du)不(bu)過三(san)米(mi)(mi),其中北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)殘(can)高(gao)1.5-2米(mi)(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)端最高(gao)處約3.5米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中西(xi)南(nan)有(you)(you)(you)一圓形凹(ao)地(di),直徑約6米(mi)(mi),實際測量(liang),北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)280米(mi)(mi),西(xi)墻(qiang)(qiang)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)長(chang)155米(mi)(mi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)墻(qiang)(qiang)中部偏東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)土(tu)墻(qiang)(qiang)長(chang)140米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)基寬約10米(mi)(mi)。由于墻(qiang)(qiang)內墻(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)均已(yi)(yi)成麥地(di),當(dang)年(nian)建筑布(bu)局或建筑基址相(xiang)對集中的(de)(de)處所已(yi)(yi)難辨別。但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內外(wai),尤其是西(xi)南(nan)隨處都可(ke)發現不(bu)少(shao)(shao)具有(you)(you)(you)明顯漢代(dai)文物特(te)征的(de)(de)灰陶(tao)片(pian)、板瓦(wa)、云紋瓦(wa)當(dang)、筒瓦(wa)殘(can)片(pian)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布(bu)的(de)(de)殘(can)片(pian)以灰陶(tao)為(wei)主,紅陶(tao)較少(shao)(shao),陶(tao)器多褶,底小、平,有(you)(you)(you)耳,磚瓦(wa)殘(can)片(pian)較多。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)五公里是奇(qi)臺著名的(de)(de)旅(lv)游(you)風(feng)景區-江布(bu)拉克風(feng)景區。
據考(kao)證,《漢(han)(han)(han)書耿恭(gong)(gong)傳(chuan)》記(ji)載,漢(han)(han)(han)代派往西域鎮守(shou)邊(bian)關的名將(jiang)耿恭(gong)(gong)駐(zhu)守(shou)疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)城(cheng),屯田固(gu)邊(bian)。恭(gong)(gong)以疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)城(cheng)傍有澗水(shui)(shui)可固(gu),五月(yue)(yue),乃(nai)(nai)引兵據之(zhi)。七(qi)月(yue)(yue),匈奴復來攻(gong)恭(gong)(gong),恭(gong)(gong)募先登(敢死(si)隊員)數千人直馳之(zhi),胡騎(qi)散走,匈奴遂(sui)于城(cheng)下擁絕澗水(shui)(shui)。恭(gong)(gong)于城(cheng)中穿(chuan)井(jing)十(shi)(shi)五丈不得水(shui)(shui),吏士(shi)渴乏(fa),笮(同“榨”)馬糞汁(zhi)而飲(yin)之(zhi)。恭(gong)(gong)仰嘆(tan)曰:“聞昔貳師將(jiang)軍(指西漢(han)(han)(han)李廣利)拔(ba)佩刀刺山(shan),飛泉(quan)涌出(chu);今(jin)漢(han)(han)(han)德神明,豈有窮哉。”乃(nai)(nai)整衣服向(xiang)井(jing)再(zai)拜,為(wei)吏士(shi)禱(dao)。有頃,水(shui)(shui)泉(quan)奔(ben)出(chu),眾皆稱萬(wan)歲。乃(nai)(nai)令(ling)吏士(shi)揚(yang)(yang)水(shui)(shui)以示虜(據《東觀漢(han)(han)(han)記(ji)》載:“恭(gong)(gong)親自挽籠,于是令(ling)士(shi)且(qie)勿飲(yin),先和泥涂城(cheng),并(bing)揚(yang)(yang)示之(zhi)。”)。虜出(chu)不意,以為(wei)神明,遂(sui)引去。此間,范(fan)羌率(lv)漢(han)(han)(han)兵2000,由交河古城(cheng)越天山(shan)趕到(dao),城(cheng)中夜聞兵馬聲,以為(wei)虜來,大(da)驚。羌乃(nai)(nai)遙(yao)呼(hu)曰:“我范(fan)羌也。漢(han)(han)(han)遣軍迎校尉耳。”城(cheng)中皆稱萬(wan)歲。開門,共(gong)相(xiang)持涕泣(qi)。明日(ri),遂(sui)相(xiang)隨俱歸。虜兵追之(zhi),且(qie)戰且(qie)行。吏士(shi)素饑困,發疏(shu)(shu)勒(le)(le)(le)時尚有二(er)十(shi)(shi)六人,隨路死(si)歿,三(san)月(yue)(yue)至玉門,唯余(yu)十(shi)(shi)三(san)人。
據(ju)《漢書》記(ji)載,疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邊有澗水,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中有井,四周宜(yi)農耕,依山(shan)通交河(he)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),及(ji)石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)出土繩紋板瓦(wa)、云紋瓦(wa)當等(deng)典(dian)型漢代文物。為(wei)(wei)此,史(shi)學界(jie)斷定石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)為(wei)(wei)漢疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。疏勒城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與樓(lou)蘭(lan)同等(deng)重(zhong)要,是新疆遺(yi)存兩處漢代古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址,是樓(lou)蘭(lan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)姊妹城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
1972年(nian)8月(yue)29日,奇臺縣人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)批(pi)(pi)準(zhun)為第一批(pi)(pi)縣級重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單位(wei)。1999年(nian)新政辦發〔1999〕91號文(wen)件(jian)定為自(zi)治區級文(wen)物保(bao)護單位(wei)。
記者近日(ri)從新(xin)疆文物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所獲悉,在(zai)(zai)2014年9—10月間,該所的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)人員來到(dao)距現在(zai)(zai)疏勒縣城(cheng)2000公里以外的(de)(de)昌吉(ji)回族自(zi)治州奇臺(tai)縣半(ban)截溝鎮(zhen)麻溝梁村(cun)東北,一(yi)座被當地人稱作(zuo)“石城(cheng)子(zi)”的(de)(de)地方(fang)進(jin)行考(kao)(kao)古(gu)挖(wa)掘。參與(yu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)新(xin)疆文物(wu)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究所文物(wu)館員胡望林﹑田小紅十分肯(ken)定(ding)地說:“通(tong)過考(kao)(kao)古(gu)挖(wa)掘出的(de)(de)遺跡遺物(wu),證實奇臺(tai)縣半(ban)截溝鎮(zhen)麻溝梁村(cun)東北的(de)(de)石城(cheng)子(zi)就是漢代的(de)(de)疏勒城(cheng)。”
疏(shu)勒(le)城在歷史(shi)(shi)上之所以(yi)著名(ming),是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)耿恭率軍在抗(kang)擊匈(xiong)奴的(de)戰(zhan)斗中曾在這里立下過不朽功(gong)績(ji),以(yi)極少的(de)兵(bing)力(li)抗(kang)擊百(bai)倍于己的(de)匈(xiong)奴,擊敗了敵方長(chang)達7個(ge)多 月的(de)圍攻。漢代將士之英勇(yong),戰(zhan)斗之慘烈,讓后人銘記。最終,創造了我國(guo)歷史(shi)(shi)上以(yi)弱勝(sheng)強、孤軍獲勝(sheng)的(de)戰(zhan)例奇跡。為(wei)(wei)疏(shu)勒(le)城在平定西域的(de)歷史(shi)(shi)長(chang)河(he)中寫下了濃墨重 彩的(de)一筆。
史料顯示,疏勒城歷經漢、魏、晉、隋、唐諸(zhu)朝代(dai)。考古人員曾(ceng)在城內地表采集到筒(tong)瓦、板瓦、方磚(zhuan)及大(da)量的夾(jia)砂灰陶(tao)片,器形(xing)有(you)(you)罐、盆、甕、缽(bo)等(deng),并且還有(you)(you)炭精虎飾(shi)和完(wan)整陶(tao)器,這(zhe)些(xie)器物(wu)都具(ju)有(you)(you)較為典型的漢代(dai)風格(ge)。
2014年9月19日(ri)至(zhi)10月9日(ri),新疆文物考(kao)古研究所考(kao)古人(ren)員在傳統考(kao)古學方法的(de)基礎上結合(he)航拍(pai)、RTK測量等科(ke)技手段對(dui)石城子有(you)重點的(de)進行 了清理發掘,包括古城西墻南段遺(yi)存以(yi)及城內(nei)西北部(bu)區域。清理出城墻、壕溝、房址、灰(hui)坑、柱洞、車轍、夯窩等遺(yi)跡,出土了包括板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)、筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)、瓦(wa)(wa)當(dang)、釉陶(tao)器(qi)等一(yi) 批(pi)文物,以(yi)板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)和(he)筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)殘片居多。這些板(ban)瓦(wa)(wa)和(he)筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)殘片相(xiang)當(dang)堅硬。筒(tong)瓦(wa)(wa)的(de)瓦(wa)(wa)舌經陶(tao)輪旋轉,器(qi)表多為(wei)繩紋(wen),內(nei)壁為(wei)布紋(wen)。另外還出土了大量動物骨骼。