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歷史

德陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)廟始建(jian)(jian)于1206年(nian)（南(nan)宋寧宗(zong)開(kai)禧二年(nian)），當時在城東(dong)(dong)，后因年(nian)久失修塌毀(hui)。1368年(nian)（明(ming)洪(hong)武元(yuan)年(nian)）又(you)重建(jian)(jian)于城南(nan)東(dong)(dong)隅及德陽(yang)(yang)城區(qu)南(nan)街現有(you)位(wei)置。經成(cheng)化(hua)、弘治、萬歷(li)年(nian)間(jian)的多次(ci)修葺(qi)，已有(you)宮墻、欞星門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)門(men)、大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)（三楹(ying)）、崇圣祠(ci)（三楹(ying)）、東(dong)(dong)西(xi)廡(wu)（各(ge)三楹(ying)）、節孝(xiao)祠(ci)、孝(xiao)子祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)、名宦祠(ci)、名倫堂等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，明(ming)未又(you)毀(hui)于兵(bing)燹(xian)。1661年(nian)（清(qing)順治十八年(nian)）又(you)重建(jian)(jian)，康熙、乾隆、嘉(jia)慶年(nian)間(jian)又(you)進行過多次(ci)修建(jian)(jian)和修葺(qi)。1848年(nian)～1855年(nian)（清(qing)道(dao)光二十八年(nian)至咸豐(feng)五年(nian)）又(you)進行了大(da)規(gui)模的修葺(qi)，現存建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)清(qing)道(dao)光年(nian)間(jian)的基本格局。

建筑

德陽(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)占地面積20800平(ping)方米，有(you)古(gu)建筑(zhu)20余(yu)處。文(wen)廟(miao)坐北(bei)朝南(nan)，三進(jin)四(si)合院中(zhong)軸對稱(cheng)(cheng)布局，建筑(zhu)布局以(yi)大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)心，南(nan)北(bei)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)條(tiao)中(zhong)軸線(xian)，左(zuo)右對稱(cheng)(cheng)排列，由南(nan)向(xiang)北(bei)中(zhong)軸線(xian)依次為(wei)：萬仞宮墻（照(zhao)壁）、欞星門(men)(men)、泮(pan)池、泮(pan)橋、戟門(men)(men)（大成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)）、禮樂亭(ting)、大成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)、啟圣殿(dian)。兩(liang)側有(you)：“道冠(guan)古(gu)今(jin)”、“德配天地”、東西(xi)廡、東西(xi)御碑(bei)亭(ting)、東西(xi)配殿(dian)等。廟(miao)前為(wei)文(wen)廟(miao)廣(guang)場(chang)，廟(miao)北(bei)有(you)后花園。

德(de)陽文廟主(zhu)(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑大(da)成殿坐落在文廟中院，整個建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑雄偉、莊嚴、華麗，是(shi)文廟庭院中建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑高、體量大(da)、保(bao)存較為完好的(de)(de)(de)一座古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑，它建(jian)(jian)(jian)于1850年(nian)（清道(dao)光三(san)十年(nian)），是(shi)文廟的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑，面(mian)闊(kuo)七間(jian)33.97米，進深四(si)間(jian)14.78米，通高21米，為重檐歇山式屋頂，屋面(mian)系黃色(se)琉璃瓦覆(fu)蓋，正脊飾以飛龍(long)，中間(jian)置(zhi)寶頂。殿內有(you)孔(kong)子、四(si)配(pei)、十二哲塑像(xiang)和祭(ji)孔(kong)祭(ji)器(qi)(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)(qi)、樂器(qi)(qi)陳(chen)列，有(you)燭臺(tai)、爵、鐙(deng)、籩、簋、豆、硎等(deng)祭(ji)器(qi)(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)(qi)，牛、羊、豕(shi)三(san)牲俎，以及祭(ji)孔(kong)時演奏中和韶(shao)樂的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)鐘(zhong)、搏鐘(zhong)、編(bian)磬(qing)、特(te)磬(qing)、琴、瑟、簫(xiao)、笛(di)、塤、鼓、祝(zhu)(起樂之(zhi)器(qi)(qi))、敵(終樂之(zhi)器(qi)(qi))等(deng)樂器(qi)(qi)及指揮樂舞場面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)麾、節等(deng)。殿前有(you)寬闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)拜臺(tai)，可(ke)觀賞場面(mian)盛大(da)、古樸典雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)仿古祭(ji)孔(kong)樂舞。清代以來，大(da)型祭(ji)孔(kong)活動，每年(nian)兩次，時間(jian)為每年(nian)仲(zhong)春上旬丁日(ri)和仲(zhong)秋(qiu)上旬丁日(ri)。1990年(nian)以后，德(de)陽文廟按照清代格局(ju)和禮(li)制(zhi)恢復了祭(ji)孔(kong)樂舞表(biao)演。

德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)以(yi)其(qi)宏大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規模，完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群，嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)(de)布局，成為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)西部地(di)區文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表性(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專(zhuan)家梁思成先生在(zai)考察了德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后指出：“德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)具(ju)有濃郁(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方特色。”古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專(zhuan)家羅(luo)哲文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)先生認為(wei)：“德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)規模大(da)，保存完(wan)整(zheng)，特點非常突出，這(zhe)在(zai)全國(guo)也不(bu)多見(jian)(jian)(jian)。”德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)在(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)有重(zhong)要地(di)位(wei)。四(si)個禮(li)樂亭位(wei)于(yu)大(da)成門(men)與(yu)大(da)成殿(dian)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)(xian)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側，排列在(zai)一條線(xian)(xian)上，內(nei)(nei)側兩(liang)(liang)(liang)座(zuo)為(wei)雙檐(yan)六角(jiao)亭，外側兩(liang)(liang)(liang)座(zuo)為(wei)雙檐(yan)四(si)方六角(jiao)亭，造(zao)型(xing)各異，別具(ju)一格。1949年冬(dong)月(yue)，賀龍(long)元帥(shuai)在(zai)德陽文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)參加德陽解(jie)放儀式后，指著禮(li)樂亭說(shuo)：“這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)樂亭在(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實屬少(shao)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，要好好地(di)保護”。萬仞宮墻(qiang)(qiang)(照壁(bi)(bi))長30米，高(gao)11.64米，比北京(jing)孔廟(miao)(miao)(miao)照壁(bi)(bi)高(gao)大(da)，屬國(guo)內(nei)(nei)地(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)萬仞宮墻(qiang)(qiang)。欞星(xing)門(men)為(wei)八柱五間(jian)(jian)(jian)五樓(lou)沖天柱式石牌坊，造(zao)型(xing)別致，雕(diao)刻(ke)精美(mei)，是(shi)南(nan)方文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)石刻(ke)欞星(xing)門(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精品。泮池中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置(zhi)三座(zuo)單(dan)跨(kua)石拱橋，橋為(wei)梯步拱面形，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)橋跨(kua)度(du)為(wei)14.9米，左右兩(liang)(liang)(liang)邊(bian)橋跨(kua)度(du)為(wei)13.8米，為(wei)其(qi)他孔廟(miao)(miao)(miao)所少(shao)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。“德配(pei)天地(di)”、“道冠古(gu)今”坊為(wei)磚式重(zhong)檐(yan)枋，具(ju)有南(nan)方建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格，這(zhe)與(yu)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)地(di)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)木坊比較，獨具(ju)地(di)方特色。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后花園保存完(wan)好，這(zhe)在(zai)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極為(wei)罕見(jian)(jian)(jian)。