歷史
德陽(yang)文廟始建(jian)于(yu)1206年(nian)(nian)(南(nan)(nan)宋寧宗開禧(xi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)),當時在城東(dong),后因年(nian)(nian)久失(shi)修塌毀。1368年(nian)(nian)(明洪武元年(nian)(nian))又重(zhong)建(jian)于(yu)城南(nan)(nan)東(dong)隅及德陽(yang)城區南(nan)(nan)街現有位置。經成(cheng)化(hua)、弘(hong)治(zhi)(zhi)、萬(wan)歷年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)多次(ci)修葺(qi)(qi),已有宮墻(qiang)、欞(ling)星門、大成(cheng)門、大成(cheng)殿(dian)(三(san)楹(ying))、崇圣祠(ci)(三(san)楹(ying))、東(dong)西(xi)廡(各三(san)楹(ying))、節(jie)孝祠(ci)、孝子祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)、名宦祠(ci)、名倫堂等建(jian)筑,明未又毀于(yu)兵燹。1661年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)順治(zhi)(zhi)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian))又重(zhong)建(jian),康(kang)熙、乾隆、嘉慶年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)又進行過多次(ci)修建(jian)和修葺(qi)(qi)。1848年(nian)(nian)~1855年(nian)(nian)(清(qing)道光二(er)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)至咸豐五年(nian)(nian))又進行了大規模的(de)修葺(qi)(qi),現存建(jian)筑為清(qing)道光年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)基本格(ge)局。
建筑
德陽文廟(miao)(miao)占地面積20800平方(fang)米,有古建筑(zhu)20余(yu)處。文廟(miao)(miao)坐北(bei)朝南(nan)(nan),三進四(si)合院中軸(zhou)對稱布局,建筑(zhu)布局以大成(cheng)(cheng)殿為(wei)中心(xin),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)條(tiao)中軸(zhou)線(xian),左右對稱排列,由南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)北(bei)中軸(zhou)線(xian)依(yi)次為(wei):萬(wan)仞(ren)宮墻(照壁)、欞(ling)星門、泮池、泮橋、戟門(大成(cheng)(cheng)門)、禮樂亭(ting)、大成(cheng)(cheng)殿、啟圣殿。兩側(ce)有:“道(dao)冠古今”、“德配天地”、東(dong)(dong)西廡、東(dong)(dong)西御(yu)碑亭(ting)、東(dong)(dong)西配殿等。廟(miao)(miao)前為(wei)文廟(miao)(miao)廣場,廟(miao)(miao)北(bei)有后花園。
德陽文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)大成殿坐落在文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)中院,整(zheng)個建(jian)筑(zhu)雄偉、莊嚴、華麗(li),是文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)庭院中建(jian)筑(zhu)高(gao)、體(ti)量大、保(bao)存(cun)較為(wei)完(wan)好的(de)(de)一座古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu),它建(jian)于1850年(清道光三十(shi)(shi)年),是文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)的(de)(de)主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu),面闊七間(jian)33.97米,進深四(si)間(jian)14.78米,通高(gao)21米,為(wei)重(zhong)檐歇山式屋頂,屋面系黃色琉璃(li)瓦覆蓋,正(zheng)脊飾以(yi)飛龍,中間(jian)置寶頂。殿內有孔(kong)子(zi)、四(si)配(pei)、十(shi)(shi)二哲塑(su)像和祭孔(kong)祭器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi)、樂(le)器(qi)陳列,有燭臺(tai)、爵、鐙(deng)、籩、簋、豆、硎(xing)等祭器(qi)、禮(li)器(qi),牛(niu)、羊、豕三牲俎,以(yi)及祭孔(kong)時演奏(zou)中和韶樂(le)的(de)(de)編(bian)鐘、搏鐘、編(bian)磬(qing)、特(te)磬(qing)、琴(qin)、瑟、簫(xiao)、笛、塤(xun)、鼓、祝(zhu)(起樂(le)之器(qi))、敵(終(zhong)樂(le)之器(qi))等樂(le)器(qi)及指揮樂(le)舞場(chang)面的(de)(de)麾、節等。殿前(qian)有寬闊的(de)(de)拜臺(tai),可觀(guan)賞場(chang)面盛大、古(gu)樸典(dian)雅(ya)的(de)(de)仿古(gu)祭孔(kong)樂(le)舞。清代以(yi)來,大型祭孔(kong)活(huo)動(dong),每年兩次,時間(jian)為(wei)每年仲(zhong)(zhong)春上(shang)旬丁(ding)日(ri)和仲(zhong)(zhong)秋上(shang)旬丁(ding)日(ri)。1990年以(yi)后,德陽文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)按照清代格局和禮(li)制恢復了祭孔(kong)樂(le)舞表(biao)演。
德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)以其宏大(da)的(de)規(gui)模,完整的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,嚴謹的(de)布局,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)我國(guo)西部地(di)(di)區文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)代表(biao)性建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)梁思成(cheng)(cheng)先生在(zai)(zai)考察了德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后指(zhi)出:“德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)具(ju)有(you)(you)濃郁的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)特色(se)。”古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)羅哲文(wen)先生認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei):“德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)規(gui)模大(da),保(bao)存完整,特點非(fei)常突出,這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)也(ye)不多(duo)見(jian)。”德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)占有(you)(you)重(zhong)要地(di)(di)位(wei)。四個(ge)禮(li)樂亭(ting)位(wei)于大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門與(yu)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿之間(jian)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線(xian)兩(liang)側,排列在(zai)(zai)一條線(xian)上,內側兩(liang)座為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐(yan)六角亭(ting),外側兩(liang)座為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雙(shuang)檐(yan)四方(fang)六角亭(ting),造型(xing)各(ge)異,別(bie)具(ju)一格(ge)(ge)。1949年(nian)冬(dong)月,賀(he)龍元帥在(zai)(zai)德(de)(de)陽文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)參加德(de)(de)陽解放儀式(shi)后,指(zhi)著禮(li)樂亭(ting)說:“這(zhe)樣的(de)禮(li)樂亭(ting)在(zai)(zai)全國(guo)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)實屬少見(jian),要好好地(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)”。萬(wan)仞宮墻(照壁(bi)(bi))長30米(mi),高(gao)(gao)11.64米(mi),比北(bei)京孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)照壁(bi)(bi)高(gao)(gao)大(da),屬國(guo)內地(di)(di)縣(xian)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)(gao)大(da)的(de)萬(wan)仞宮墻。欞(ling)星門為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)八(ba)柱五間(jian)五樓沖天柱式(shi)石牌坊(fang),造型(xing)別(bie)致,雕(diao)刻精美,是(shi)南方(fang)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)石刻欞(ling)星門中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)精品(pin)。泮池中(zhong)(zhong)置三(san)座單(dan)跨石拱(gong)橋(qiao)(qiao),橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)梯步拱(gong)面形,中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)橋(qiao)(qiao)跨度為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)14.9米(mi),左(zuo)右兩(liang)邊橋(qiao)(qiao)跨度為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)13.8米(mi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其他孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)所少見(jian)。“德(de)(de)配天地(di)(di)”、“道冠古今”坊(fang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)式(shi)重(zhong)檐(yan)枋,具(ju)有(you)(you)南方(fang)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge),這(zhe)與(yu)國(guo)內地(di)(di)縣(xian)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)普通(tong)的(de)木坊(fang)比較,獨具(ju)地(di)(di)方(fang)特色(se)。文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)后花園保(bao)存完好,這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)文(wen)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)中(zhong)(zhong)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)罕見(jian)。