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龍山文化特征

陽谷景陽崗遺(yi)址出土的(de)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)物具有明(ming)顯的(de)地(di)方(fang)性。在(zai)陶(tao)器中，以灰(hui)陶(tao)為主，黑陶(tao)較少(shao)，紅褐陶(tao)占有一(yi)定比例。紋(wen)(wen)飾以素(su)面為主，有較多的(de)籃紋(wen)(wen)、繩紋(wen)(wen)、方(fang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)。器類以盆、罐、豆、盒、甕為常(chang)見，鼎、鬲(li)較少(shao)，以罐作(zuo)為主要炊器之一(yi)，鬲(li)部飾繩紋(wen)(wen)，具有許(xu)多異于典型(xing)(xing)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)特點。上述特征顯示這個(ge)地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化面貌即與(yu)魯北地(di)區(qu)(qu)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化城(cheng)子崖類型(xing)(xing)有一(yi)定差異，更與(yu)中原龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化不同，但與(yu)它們(men)存在(zai)密切的(de)聯系，似乎代表海(hai)(hai)岱地(di)區(qu)(qu)龍山(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)一(yi)個(ge)地(di)方(fang)類型(xing)(xing)，也為中原與(yu)海(hai)(hai)岱文(wen)(wen)化區(qu)(qu)的(de)關系研究提供了新資料。

遺址地點情況

在(zai)遺址(zhi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)清(qing)理(li)出(chu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)1 個、春秋(qiu)墓1座。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)剖面有(you)清(qing)晰的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，堆積(ji)厚約(yue)(yue)1.5米(mi)(mi)。上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)耕(geng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)，呈灰(hui)褐色，陶片、獸骨遍布；耕(geng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)(xia)為(wei)(wei)漢代、商周(zhou)(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)；最(zui)下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)堆積(ji)。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)了大(da)量龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)遺物(wu)，多為(wei)(wei)生活(huo)器(qi)皿。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)底部(bu)(bu)發現一(yi)完(wan)整牛骨架(jia)，似為(wei)(wei)祭品，對古代家(jia)畜(chu)(chu)飼養的(de)(de)起源、馴用、牲畜(chu)(chu)祭祀(si)的(de)(de)研究具有(you)重要(yao)意義。另外，還采集有(you)小骨針、蚌刀、石刀、石斧等。春秋(qiu)墓為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)豎穴墓。東(dong)西長(chang)3.5米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)2米(mi)(mi)，殘(can)(can)深(shen)3.2米(mi)(mi)。墓底中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)有(you)一(yi)長(chang)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)腰坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)殉(xun)狗一(yi)只，頭向(xiang)東(dong)。墓內(nei)(nei)(nei)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)遺物(wu)有(you)陶、銅、骨器(qi)等共(gong)1770余件。1994年，聊城(cheng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)文(wen)物(wu)管理(li)委員(yuan)會組織文(wen)物(wu)勘探(tan)隊在(zai)配合陽谷(gu)縣景陽岡公園開發建(jian)設工程中(zhong)又(you)發現一(yi)座龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)址(zhi)。城(cheng)址(zhi)平(ping)面近似橢圓形(xing)，東(dong)北(bei)——西南(nan)走(zou)向(xiang)，西端(duan)較窄，中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)弧形(xing)凸出(chu)，南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)約(yue)(yue)1150米(mi)(mi)，北(bei)端(duan)寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)230米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)端(duan)寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)330米(mi)(mi)，中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬(kuan)處(chu)約(yue)(yue)400米(mi)(mi)，總面積(ji)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)35萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。同年底至1996年冬，山(shan)東(dong)省(sheng)文(wen)物(wu)考古研究所與聊城(cheng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)文(wen)物(wu)管理(li)委員(yuan)會又(you)聯(lian)合對其(qi)進行了鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)、試(shi)掘工作，發掘面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)1200平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)。經挖掘發現，地(di)面已無城(cheng)垣(yuan)遺跡，地(di)下(xia)(xia)城(cheng)垣(yuan)保存(cun)完(wan)好。古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)東(dong)北(bei)角現有(you)南(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)水(shui)(shui)渠穿過，從水(shui)(shui)渠西壁(bi)可(ke)見(jian)耕(geng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)下(xia)(xia)即有(you)岳石文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)垣(yuan)殘(can)(can)基(ji)，其(qi)外側(ce)被東(dong)周(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)垣(yuan)殘(can)(can)基(ji)打破。岳石文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)殘(can)(can)垣(yuan)下(xia)(xia)壓龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)城(cheng)垣(yuan)，其(qi)頂部(bu)(bu)到水(shui)(shui)渠底高1米(mi)(mi)余，渠底見(jian)水(shui)(shui)，無法(fa)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)，估(gu)計渠底以下(xia)(xia)還會有(you)數類(lei)以上(shang)的(de)(de)城(cheng)垣(yuan)。水(shui)(shui)渠壁(bi)上(shang)暴(bao)露(lu)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)城(cheng)垣(yuan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)側(ce)夯(hang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)向(xiang)里傾(qing)斜，夯(hang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)較厚，不規整，城(cheng)垣(yuan)外壁(bi)陡直，打破內(nei)(nei)(nei)側(ce)城(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)(de)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)(keng)，屬(shu)于(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)晚期(qi)。城(cheng)址(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)處(chu)并存(cun)大(da)小兩個利用原自然(ran)岡丘經部(bu)(bu)分(fen)加工而(er)成的(de)(de)臺(tai)址(zhi)。大(da)、小臺(tai)址(zhi)分(fen)上(shang)、下(xia)(xia)兩層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)主要(yao)用純凈黃褐面沙土(tu)(tu)(tu)夯(hang)筑(zhu)，上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)(wei)灰(hui)花土(tu)(tu)(tu)筑(zhu)成。夯(hang)具分(fen)圓棍夯(hang)與石器(qi)夯(hang)，夯(hang)窩明(ming)顯，夯(hang)面清(qing)楚。

現狀

陽(yang)谷景陽(yang)崗遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)魯西(xi)北(bei)地區發(fa)現(xian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化城址(zhi)，其(qi)規(gui)模大、規(gui)格高，在(zai)全國(guo)亦屬罕見。城內(nei)大、小臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基布(bu)局清(qing)楚，又在(zai)小臺(tai)(tai)(tai)基上發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)祭祀遺(yi)(yi)存，這些都為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)城市(shi)結構、功能(neng)及社(she)(she)會(hui)形態提出了(le)(le)新的課題(ti)和(he)線(xian)索。有部分專家認為(wei)(wei)這里可(ke)能(neng)是(shi)“舜(shun)都”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化，因發(fa)現(xian)于山(shan)(shan)東章丘(qiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)鎮而得名，距今約4350-3950年。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化陶(tao)(tao)器以(yi)灰陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)(wei)主，并燒出了(le)(le)薄如(ru)蛋殼的黑陶(tao)(tao)器物，表面光亮如(ru)漆，是(shi)中國(guo)制陶(tao)(tao)史上的頂峰時(shi)(shi)期(qi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中開始(shi)出現(xian)長方形土臺(tai)(tai)(tai)式建(jian)筑(zhu)，而且城址(zhi)開始(shi)大量(liang)出現(xian)，近年在(zai)聊城境內(nei)古濟水沿岸先后發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)以(yi)景陽(yang)崗、教(jiao)場鋪(pu)為(wei)(wei)核心的八座龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化城址(zhi)，形成(cheng)了(le)(le)一個城址(zhi)群，這表明當時(shi)(shi)已經(jing)開始(shi)跨入文(wen)明社(she)(she)會(hui)門檻。

省級重點文物

該城址(zhi)1977年(nian)(nian)12月被(bei)山東省人(ren)民政(zheng)府列為(wei)省級重點文(wen)(wen)物保護單位，1995年(nian)(nian)被(bei)評為(wei)“中國(guo)十大(da)考古新(xin)發現”提(ti)名(ming)獎(jiang)，2001年(nian)(nian)6月被(bei)國(guo)務院批(pi)準為(wei)全國(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)物保護單位。