概述
磁灶(zao)一帶多低山(shan)(shan)丘陵,盛產瓷土,長期(qi)歷經采掘,遺跡累(lei)累(lei)。有梅溪自西(xi)北向(xiang)東(dong)流至晉江入泉州(zhou)灣(wan),逶延曲(qu)折,構(gou)成“五塢十八曲(qu)”的地(di)勢,南(nan)(nan)朝窯址1處,位(wei)于(yu)下官路村雙溪口小(xiao)山(shan)(shan)坡上,遺物散(san)布(bu)范(fan)圍約3600平方米,遺址破壞嚴(yan)重(zhong)。該(gai)窯年(nian)代早到南(nan)(nan)朝晚期(qi),至唐代仍延續燒制。唐、五代窯址6處,分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)下灶(zao)村虎(hu)仔山(shan)(shan)、后(hou)山(shan)(shan)、老鼠(shu)石,下官路村后(hou)壁山(shan)(shan)、狗(gou)仔山(shan)(shan),嶺畔村童子山(shan)(shan)(2號窯)。范(fan)圍都不(bu)大,破壞較(jiao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。
宋、元窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)12處,分(fen)布于(yu)嶺畔村(cun)蜘蛛山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、土尾(wei)(wei)庵、童子山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(1號窯(yao)(yao))、山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)坪,磁(ci)灶村(cun)許山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、宮仔山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、頂(ding)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)尾(wei)(wei)、大樹威(wei),前埔村(cun)曾竹山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、金交椅山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪(xi)墘(qi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及現(xian)屬南安市官橋鎮下洋村(cun)的斗溫山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)傍溪(xi),堆積層較(jiao)厚(hou)(最厚(hou)達4.5米(mi)),屬多(duo)(duo)次堆積,窯(yao)(yao)床互(hu)有疊壓(ya)。窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)范圍都較(jiao)大,遺(yi)物較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),如曾竹山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)有8條窯(yao)(yao)床露于(yu)地表,遺(yi)物散布范圍約1.6萬平方米(mi)。清(qing)代(dai)窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)7處,分(fen)布于(yu)下官路村(cun)銅(tong)鑼山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),洋宅村(cun)路山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)尾(wei)(wei),下灶村(cun)宮后(hou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、寨邊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、窯(yao)(yao)尾(wei)(wei)草埔,磁(ci)灶村(cun)下尾(wei)(wei)湖、甕灶崎(qi)。窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)范圍不大,破(po)壞嚴(yan)重。
歷史
南(nan)朝至唐五(wu)代時(shi)(shi)期(qi),產(chan)(chan)品(pin)為灰(hui)白胎(tai),質地粗松厚(hou)重,施青(qing)綠(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)褐(he)釉(you),器(qi)(qi)形(xing)有(you)盤口(kou)壺(hu)、雙系或(huo)四(si)系罐(guan)、盤、缽、甕、燈(deng)盞(zhan)、缸、釜(fu)等,采用(yong)托座(zuo)疊(die)燒(shao)工藝燒(shao)成(cheng)。宋元(yuan)是磁灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)鼎盛時(shi)(shi)期(qi),產(chan)(chan)品(pin)種類(lei)繁多(duo),胎(tai)骨灰(hui)白而薄,不(bu)甚細(xi)密,若瓷(ci)(ci)若陶,器(qi)(qi)形(xing)有(you)軍(jun)持、瓶、碗(wan)、執壺(hu)、壺(hu)、罐(guan)、盤、碟、燈(deng)盞(zhan)、注子、硯滴、爐、薰爐、盆、洗、盒(he)以(yi)及(ji)雕塑人物等。釉(you)色主要(yao)有(you)青(qing)、綠(lv)(lv)、黃(huang)、黑,部分(fen)器(qi)(qi)物在(zai)上釉(you)前,先敷(fu)一(yi)層化妝(zhuang)土。裝飾技法有(you)模(mo)(mo)印(yin)、堆貼、剔刻、刻劃(hua)、彩(cai)繪(hui)等。花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)有(you)折枝花(hua)(hua)、梅花(hua)(hua)、菊花(hua)(hua)、纏枝花(hua)(hua)、蓮花(hua)(hua)、牡丹、鳳凰、麒麟、孔雀(que)、龍(long)、魚藻、卷云等。其中綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)和釉(you)下彩(cai)器(qi)(qi)物極富特色:綠(lv)(lv)釉(you)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)系淋色釉(you)二次(ci)焙燒(shao)而成(cheng),常(chang)見“返(fan)銀”現象(xiang),且銹(xiu)入釉(you);釉(you)下彩(cai)系在(zai)胚胎(tai)上彩(cai)繪(hui)鐵銹(xiu)褐(he)色花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)后(hou),再(zai)罩以(yi)青(qing)釉(you)或(huo)黃(huang)釉(you),不(bu)少瓷(ci)(ci)盆內題寫詩(shi)句,如(ru)“三(san)月當濂禁火神,滿(man)頭風碎踏青(qing)人。桃花(hua)(hua)也笑風塵客,不(bu)插一(yi)枝空過春。”“七十有(you)叁春,年來尚當先。山(shan)河無寸(cun)草,天地是何人。”器(qi)(qi)物的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作,一(yi)般采用(yong)輪(lun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),也有(you)相當部分(fen)模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其中瓶、軍(jun)持、執壺(hu)均(jun)分(fen)段模(mo)(mo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)粘(zhan)接(jie)而成(cheng)。從發掘(jue)清理的(de)窯(yao)(yao)跡看(kan),宋元(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)爐是龍(long)窯(yao)(yao)結構(gou),采用(yong)匣缽、托座(zuo)等窯(yao)(yao)具裝燒(shao)。為了(le)追(zhui)求(qiu)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)質量和數量,當時(shi)(shi)磁灶(zao)窯(yao)(yao)場進行一(yi)定分(fen)工,不(bu)同作坊(fang)分(fen)別生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)某一(yi)專(zhuan)門品(pin)種,如(ru)金交椅窯(yao)(yao)主要(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)執壺(hu),溪(xi)墘山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)碗(wan),童子山(shan)1號窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)碟,曾竹山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)口(kou)瓶,斗溫山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)口(kou)罐(guan)。這從一(yi)個側面反(fan)映當時(shi)(shi)商(shang)品(pin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)分(fen)工和競爭意識。
清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)產(chan)品有(you)(you)青釉(you)缸、瓷(ci)(ci)缽(bo)、壺(hu)(hu)等(deng)瓷(ci)(ci)器和(he)甕、缸之類(lei)粗(cu)陶(tao)器。最有(you)(you)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表性(xing)的(de)是金交(jiao)椅山窯址(zhi),2002年、2003年進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)發掘,面(mian)積約1550平方米(mi),揭露、清(qing)理龍窯遺跡4座,作坊遺跡1處,根據(ju)地層和(he)遺跡的(de)相互關系以及出土陶(tao)瓷(ci)(ci)器分析,年代(dai)(dai)(dai)為五代(dai)(dai)(dai)至南宋時期,出土有(you)(you)青瓷(ci)(ci)和(he)醬(jiang)黑器,器形有(you)(you)碗(wan)、盤、碟(die)、瓶、壺(hu)(hu)、罐、爐、燈、水注、執壺(hu)(hu)等(deng)。
出土
磁灶窯(yao)(yao)(yao)于1956年發(fa)現,以后(hou)歷(li)經多次調查。1973年2至3月,福建省博(bo)物館(guan)等單位對窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)局部試(shi)掘(jue):蜘(zhi)蛛山(shan)(shan)宋、元(yuan)(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)試(shi)掘(jue)面積(ji)35平方米;童(tong)子(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)五代(dai)、宋初窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)試(shi)掘(jue)面積(ji)15平方米。1980年,泉州海(hai)外交通史(shi)博(bo)物館(guan)對窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)全面調查,并(bing)對其中的(de)溪口山(shan)(shan)、蜘(zhi)蛛山(shan)(shan)、土(tu)尾庵(an)(an)、童(tong)子(zi)(zi)山(shan)(shan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)局部試(shi)掘(jue)。1995年10月,福建省博(bo)物館(guan)對土(tu)尾庵(an)(an)宋、元(yuan)(yuan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)又進行(xing)(xing)(xing)搶救性發(fa)掘(jue),揭露龍窯(yao)(yao)(yao)基址(zhi)(zhi)一段,出土(tu)大批瓷器(qi)和窯(yao)(yao)(yao)具。歷(li)次調查和發(fa)掘(jue)材料,揭示了磁灶窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)發(fa)展歷(li)史(shi)狀況(kuang)。
磁灶(zao)生產(chan)的瓷器(qi)在日(ri)本和(he)東南(nan)亞各地均有發(fa)現:日(ri)本的橫濱(bin)、長野、福岡、京都(dou)等地出土有磁灶(zao)童子山(shan)所(suo)產(chan)黃釉(you)下(xia)鐵繪花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)盆(pen),蜘(zhi)蛛山(shan)窯所(suo)產(chan)綠釉(you)剔花(hua)器(qi)、龜(gui)(gui)形硯滴等。菲律賓(bin)曾發(fa)現磁灶(zao)土尾(wei)庵(an)所(suo)燒制的雙龍(long)搶珠(zhu)、纏(chan)枝牡丹(dan)花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)、綠釉(you)軍持和(he)黑(hei)釉(you)軍持、印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)碟(die)(die)、黑(hei)釉(you)碟(die)(die)、黑(hei)釉(you)刻(ke)花(hua)爐(lu)、燈盞等,蜘(zhi)蛛山(shan)窯的印(yin)紋(wen)(wen)碟(die)(die)、軍持、綠釉(you)龜(gui)(gui)形硯滴等。
榮耀
1961年,福建(jian)省人(ren)民(min)委員會(hui)公布為省級文物保護單位。