芒果视频下载

介紹

中(zhong)國(guo)隋(sui)(sui)至明代石(shi)(shi)刻(ke)佛經(jing)(jing)及唐遼(liao)佛塔。位(wei)于(yu)北京市(shi)西南75公(gong)里房山(shan)區水頭村白帶山(shan)麓。寺(si)創(chuang)建于(yu)隋(sui)(sui)唐，歷代屢有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)擴建。“云(yun)居”2字(zi)最早見(jian)于(yu)唐總章二年(669)玄(xuan)導題刻(ke)。遼(liao)金時代以刻(ke)經(jing)(jing)著稱，名(ming)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)寺(si)。現存寺(si)坐西朝東，依山(shan)勢而建，分中(zhong)、北、南三路。中(zhong)路有(you)院(yuan)落五層，殿宇(yu)六進(jin)，南北二塔。抗(kang)日戰(zhan)爭時期，寺(si)院(yuan)和(he)南塔毀于(yu)炮火，現僅存遺址。寺(si)東北 1.5公(gong)里處石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山(shan)上，有(you)藏經(jing)(jing)洞 9座，寺(si)院(yuan)南端有(you)藏經(jing)(jing)穴，保存了(le)自隋(sui)(sui)至明代刻(ke)制的(de)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)板 1.5萬余石(shi)(shi)。云(yun)居寺(si)和(he)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山(shan)附(fu)近還保留著唐遼(liao)時代磚石(shi)(shi)塔10多座。1956～1958年中(zhong)國(guo)佛教協會和(he)有(you)關(guan)單位(wei)對(dui)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)進(jin)行了(le)全面的(de)調查(cha)、發掘和(he)整理拓印(yin)工(gong)作(zuo)。房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)是中(zhong)國(guo)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)的(de)寶庫，對(dui)研究中(zhong)國(guo)古代政(zheng)治(zhi)、經(jing)(jing)濟、宗教、文(wen)化藝術都具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)大價值(zhi)。1961年中(zhong)華人民共和(he)國(guo)國(guo)務院(yuan)公(gong)布(bu)為全國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單位(wei)。

云居寺(si)及石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)附近有(you)唐(tang)代(dai)小(xiao)石(shi)(shi)塔 7座，遼塔 4座。唐(tang)塔中有(you)5座有(you)紀年(nian)(nian)，最早為景云二年(nian)(nian)(711)，其(qi)次為太極(ji)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian) (712)、開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(722)、開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(727)和開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(730)。云居寺(si)北塔四隅各置一座唐(tang)代(dai)小(xiao)塔,塔方形，通高 4米余(yu)，七層(ceng)(ceng)密檐(yan)式，漢白玉(yu)質地。尤(you)以東(dong)北隅開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)塔為其(qi)中精品。塔門(men)(men)兩(liang)旁(pang)雕(diao)(diao) 2尊力(li)士，門(men)(men)內正面(mian)為一佛二脅侍(shi)。兩(liang)側(ce)壁(bi)雕(diao)(diao)供養(yang)人(ren)像，有(you)深(shen)目豐髭的(de)胡(hu)人(ren)形象，反(fan)映幽(you)州(zhou)地區民族團結的(de)史實。檐(yan)間線雕(diao)(diao)奔象、馳鹿等，堪稱一代(dai)佳作。石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)原有(you) 5臺(tai)(tai)，每(mei)臺(tai)(tai)均(jun)建(jian)石(shi)(shi)塔1座，現(xian)僅存南、東(dong)2臺(tai)(tai)石(shi)(shi)塔。南臺(tai)(tai)上為著(zhu)名的(de)金仙(xian)公主塔，九層(ceng)(ceng)密檐(yan)，造型酷似西安(an)小(xiao)雁塔，后(hou)壁(bi)鐫《山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)石(shi)(shi)浮圖后(hou)記》，記述賜(si)大(da)唐(tang)新(xin)舊譯(yi)經(jing)充石(shi)(shi)經(jing)本及施舍(she)該寺(si)廟產事(shi)，這(zhe)是房山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)刊刻史上的(de)一件大(da)事(shi)。東(dong)塔為單層(ceng)(ceng)石(shi)(shi)塔，造型獨特。

現存(cun)遼(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)中有磚(zhuan)石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)各(ge) 2座，磚(zhuan)塔(ta)(ta)一(yi)為立于(yu)(yu)西北山(shan)頂處保護寺廟(miao)平安的吉祥(xiang)塔(ta)(ta)，俗(su)稱老虎塔(ta)(ta)；一(yi)即(ji)云居(ju)寺北塔(ta)(ta),又稱舍利(li)塔(ta)(ta)、羅漢塔(ta)(ta)，俗(su)稱紅塔(ta)(ta)。北塔(ta)(ta)高(gao)(gao)30.46米(mi)，建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)遼(liao)(liao)天(tian)慶(qing)年(nian)間(1111～1120)，下部(bu)為八角(jiao)形基(ji)座，上建(jian)(jian)樓閣式塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen)兩層(ceng)，其(qi)上置覆缽和“十三(san)天(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)剎，是(shi)樓閣、覆缽和金(jin)剛寶座 3種形式相結(jie)合的塔(ta)(ta)，造型特(te)殊。從其(qi)形制布局分析(xi)，該塔(ta)(ta)是(shi)在唐塔(ta)(ta)基(ji)礎(chu)上改建(jian)(jian)，塔(ta)(ta)剎部(bu)分為明清時(shi)重修。石(shi)塔(ta)(ta)一(yi)為“開山(shan)琬公之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)”,高(gao)(gao)5.7米(mi)，下部(bu)為雕刻海(hai)葡萄(tao)等(deng)圖案的須彌座，其(qi)上為八角(jiao)形塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen)，正面鐫(juan)刻 “開山(shan)琬公之(zhi)塔(ta)(ta)” 6 字，上有三(san)層(ceng)檐(yan)及蓮座、剎頂,每層(ceng)檐(yan)刻出瓦垅、滴水(shui)、雀網(wang)、斗栱等(deng),據“靜琬法師塔(ta)(ta)銘”，可確定其(qi)年(nian)代為遼(liao)(liao)大安九(jiu)年(nian)。另一(yi)為“涿(zhuo)州涿(zhuo)鹿山(shan)云居(ju)寺續秘藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)”,即(ji)壓經(jing)塔(ta)(ta),建(jian)(jian)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)慶(qing)八年(nian)(1118),高(gao)(gao)約(yue)5 米(mi)余,下部(bu)為雙層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)座，浮(fu)雕伎樂、飛天(tian)、花卉(hui)等(deng)精美(mei)圖案,塔(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen)鐫(juan)“續秘藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)塔(ta)(ta)記”,上承托十一(yi)層(ceng)密檐(yan)，造型優(you)美(mei)。

房山(shan)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于隋代(dai)而(er)終于明末，以盛唐、遼(liao)(liao)、金時期(qi)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量最多。隋代(dai)幽(you)州智(zhi)泉寺僧(seng)靜琬自(zi)隋大(da)(da)業年間(jian)(jian)發愿刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)(zhi)唐貞觀十三(san)年入寂，刊刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)法華經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金剛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。其(qi)(qi)間(jian)(jian)有(you)幾則題記，內容反映(ying)了刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目的，如“冀于曠劫(jie)，濟度蒼(cang)生”，“此經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為未來(lai)佛(fo)法難時，擬充(chong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本”等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。他死后(hou)，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業由其(qi)(qi)弟子(zi)繼承(cheng)，得(de)到(dao)皇(huang)室和(he)地(di)方(fang)(fang)官吏(li)的資助(zhu)。唐開(kai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十八(ba)年玄宗八(ba)妹金仙公(gong)主(zhu)奏請皇(huang)帝(di)同意(yi)，送佛(fo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余(yu)(yu)(yu)卷充(chong)作石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底(di)本。至(zhi)(zhi)天寶十三(san)載刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就許多大(da)(da)部(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)，如 《摩(mo)訶般(ban)(ban)(ban)若波羅密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)大(da)(da)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)方(fang)(fang)廣(guang)佛(fo)華嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)般(ban)(ban)(ban)涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正(zheng)法念處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史之亂時刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業并未停(ting)頓。至(zhi)(zhi)貞元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(785～820)間(jian)(jian)，幽(you)州節(jie)度使刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟崇信佛(fo)教(jiao)，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事(shi)業得(de)以發展(zhan)，中間(jian)(jian)雖有(you)唐武(wu)宗會昌滅佛(fo)運動，但(dan)很快得(de)以恢復，共(gong)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余(yu)(yu)(yu)部(bu)， 400多萬言。五(wu)代(dai)戰(zhan)亂，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停(ting)頓。遼(liao)(liao)圣(sheng)宗時由政府資助(zhu)主(zhu)要(yao)補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了大(da)(da)般(ban)(ban)(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興宗賜(si)(si)錢(qian)析利，以契丹藏(zang)為底(di)本刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)寶積經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放(fang)光(guang)般(ban)(ban)(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅尼集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)87帙、161部(bu)、656卷、1000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)。道(dao)宗前(qian)期(qi)繼續賜(si)(si)錢(qian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)安時已(yi)主(zhu)要(yao)靠僧(seng)徒募捐，如通理(li)大(da)(da)師放(fang)戒募化刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了首(shou)楞嚴經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地(di)持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)(da)智(zhi)度論等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)69部(bu) 443卷，小碑4000余(yu)(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)。金代(dai)前(qian)期(qi)除繼續前(qian)代(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外，刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了《鐫葬藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題字號目錄》，后(hou)期(qi)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了宋遼(liao)(liao)兩代(dai)新譯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)(liao)金兩代(dai)所刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)抵是已(yi)佚的“契丹藏(zang)”復刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本和(he)大(da)(da)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未收的藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)至(zhi)(zhi)正(zheng)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(1341)高麗僧(seng)慧(hui)月游石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)，向朝(chao)野募化修補(bu)門窗，補(bu)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五(wu)石(shi)(shi)，并留(liu)下題記。明代(dai)佛(fo)教(jiao)日(ri)漸衰微，萬歷、天啟(qi)、崇禎間(jian)(jian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過(guo)少量經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，如《四十華嚴》等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng) 10余(yu)(yu)(yu)部(bu)，儲于董其(qi)(qi)昌書 “寶藏(zang)” 2字的寶藏(zang)洞(第六(liu)洞)。清康熙以后(hou)雖曾刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就一些經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑立(li)于寺中，但(dan)已(yi)失去錮藏(zang)石(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以備(bei)法滅的原意(yi)了。

云(yun)居寺現存刻經(jing)總計15061石(shi)(shi)(shi)，其(qi)中完好的14621石(shi)(shi)(shi)，山上九(jiu)室(shi)藏4978石(shi)(shi)(shi)，山下藏經(jing)穴(xue)中藏100082石(shi)(shi)(shi)。共刻佛(fo)經(jing)約1025種、900多(duo)部、3000多(duo)卷。石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)中還有(you)大量題(ti)記(ji),共約6051則(ze)，其(qi)中有(you)明確紀年者1467則(ze)，唐代354則(ze)、遼代 919則(ze)。這些題(ti)記(ji)反(fan)映了幽(you)州(zhou)范陽(yang)郡、涿(zhuo)州(zhou)等地(di)經(jing)濟和行業組織情況，也(ye)涉及(ji)官爵的升遷(qian)、各州(zhou)郡文武(wu)官員升降、郡邑省等方面的情況，以(yi)及(ji)刻工(gong)和書寫者姓名。

九洞(dong)位(wei)(wei)于白帶山山腰，南北(bei)向，除雷(lei)音洞(dong)為開放式外，其余 8洞(dong)均以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門錮戶，內(nei)(nei)疊藏經(jing)(jing)版。雷(lei)音洞(dong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)最大，作不規則(ze)方(fang)形，正面(mian)(mian)開門辟破(po)子欞(ling)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)窗，洞(dong)內(nei)(nei)以(yi)4根八角(jiao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱支撐洞(dong)頂巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)柱各(ge)面(mian)(mian)雕像(xiang)，共 1056軀，故稱千佛柱，為隋(sui)代遺物。靜琬初刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing) 146塊砌于四壁，四柱中(zhong)間(jian)原供石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)。1981年11月曾于該洞(dong)內(nei)(nei)發現隋(sui)、明兩代瘞藏的佛舍利、隋(sui)大業十(shi)二年石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)函(han)(han)、銀函(han)(han)、明萬歷(li)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)函(han)(han)、玉函(han)(han)等。藏經(jing)(jing)穴位(wei)(wei)于云(yun)居寺南塔(ta)前，南北(bei)長(chang)19米(mi)，東西寬10米(mi)，深 5米(mi)，面(mian)(mian)層以(yi)方(fang)磚鋪墁，周圍(wei)砌磚墻，東墻中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)有一石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)門。穴分(fen)南北(bei)兩部(bu)(bu)分(fen)，中(zhong)間(jian)隔 1米(mi)寬的土墻，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)順序(xu)排列，南部(bu)(bu)經(jing)(jing)版縱橫交錯排列，共瘞藏經(jing)(jing)版 6層。其上建石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)，刻文標記石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)所在。

1958年(nian)成(cheng)立(li)云(yun)(yun)居寺(si)文物(wu)保(bao)管(guan)所，1989年(nian)改名為云(yun)(yun)居寺(si)文物(wu)管(guan)理(li)處(chu)。1971 年(nian)開(kai)始(shi)對(dui)部(bu)分(fen)被損壞的石(shi)(shi)經洞門、北塔多(duo)次進(jin)行維修加(jia)固(gu),安(an)裝避(bi)雷(lei)設施,并建立(li)碑廊(lang)，把散(san)存于附近(jin)的碑刻、經幢、小石(shi)(shi)塔移(yi)入碑廊(lang)或寺(si)內保(bao)存。1981年(nian)新建石(shi)(shi)經庫和展室，將部(bu)分(fen)石(shi)(shi)經上(shang)架(jia)保(bao)管(guan)和展出。1984年(nian)開(kai)始(shi)對(dui)云(yun)(yun)居寺(si)遺址進(jin)行清理(li)，1985年(nian)開(kai)始(shi)在原基址上(shang)復建殿堂，并將石(shi)(shi)經移(yi)入保(bao)護。