介紹
中國(guo)隋(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)明代(dai)(dai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)佛(fo)經(jing)(jing)及唐遼佛(fo)塔(ta)(ta)。位于(yu)北(bei)(bei)京市西南75公里(li)房(fang)山(shan)(shan)區水頭村白帶山(shan)(shan)麓。寺創建(jian)(jian)于(yu)隋(sui)唐,歷代(dai)(dai)屢(lv)有(you)重修擴建(jian)(jian)。“云居”2字最早見于(yu)唐總章(zhang)二(er)年(669)玄(xuan)導題刻(ke)。遼金(jin)時代(dai)(dai)以刻(ke)經(jing)(jing)著稱,名石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)寺。現(xian)存寺坐西朝(chao)東(dong),依山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)而(er)建(jian)(jian),分中、北(bei)(bei)、南三路(lu)。中路(lu)有(you)院落五(wu)層,殿宇六進,南北(bei)(bei)二(er)塔(ta)(ta)。抗日戰爭時期,寺院和(he)南塔(ta)(ta)毀于(yu)炮火,現(xian)僅存遺址。寺東(dong)北(bei)(bei) 1.5公里(li)處石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)上,有(you)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)洞 9座(zuo),寺院南端有(you)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)穴,保(bao)存了自隋(sui)至(zhi)(zhi)明代(dai)(dai)刻(ke)制的石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)板 1.5萬(wan)余石(shi)(shi)(shi)。云居寺和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)附近(jin)還保(bao)留(liu)著唐遼時代(dai)(dai)磚石(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)10多座(zuo)。1956~1958年中國(guo)佛(fo)教協(xie)會和(he)有(you)關單(dan)位對(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)進行(xing)了全面的調查、發掘和(he)整理(li)拓印工作。房(fang)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)是(shi)中國(guo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)(jing)的寶庫(ku),對(dui)研究中國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)濟、宗教、文(wen)化藝術都具有(you)重大價(jia)值。1961年中華(hua)人民共和(he)國(guo)國(guo)務院公布為(wei)全國(guo)重點文(wen)物保(bao)護單(dan)位。
云居(ju)(ju)寺及石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山附近有(you)唐(tang)代(dai)小石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta) 7座,遼塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta) 4座。唐(tang)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中(zhong)有(you)5座有(you)紀年,最(zui)早為(wei)景云二(er)年(711),其(qi)次為(wei)太極(ji)元(yuan)年 (712)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)十年(722)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)十五(wu)年(727)和開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)十八年(730)。云居(ju)(ju)寺北(bei)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)四隅各置(zhi)一(yi)座唐(tang)代(dai)小塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)方形(xing),通高 4米余,七(qi)層(ceng)密檐式,漢白玉質地。尤以東北(bei)隅開(kai)(kai)(kai)元(yuan)十年塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)其(qi)中(zhong)精品。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)門兩旁(pang)雕 2尊力士,門內(nei)正面為(wei)一(yi)佛(fo)二(er)脅侍。兩側壁雕供養人像,有(you)深(shen)目(mu)豐髭的(de)胡人形(xing)象,反映幽州地區民族(zu)團結的(de)史實。檐間線(xian)雕奔象、馳鹿(lu)等,堪稱一(yi)代(dai)佳(jia)作。石(shi)(shi)經(jing)山頂(ding)原有(you) 5臺(tai),每臺(tai)均建石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)1座,現(xian)僅(jin)存南、東2臺(tai)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。南臺(tai)上(shang)為(wei)著名的(de)金仙公(gong)主塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),九層(ceng)密檐,造型酷(ku)似西安小雁塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),后壁鐫《山頂(ding)石(shi)(shi)浮圖(tu)后記》,記述賜(si)大(da)唐(tang)新(xin)舊譯經(jing)充石(shi)(shi)經(jing)本及施舍該寺廟(miao)產(chan)事(shi),這是房山石(shi)(shi)經(jing)刊刻史上(shang)的(de)一(yi)件大(da)事(shi)。東塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)為(wei)單層(ceng)石(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),造型獨特(te)。
現存遼(liao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)中有(you)磚(zhuan)石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)各 2座(zuo),磚(zhuan)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一為(wei)(wei)立于西北(bei)山(shan)(shan)頂處保護寺(si)廟平安的吉祥塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱(cheng)老虎塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta);一即云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)北(bei)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),又稱(cheng)舍(she)利塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)、羅(luo)漢(han)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),俗稱(cheng)紅塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)。北(bei)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)高30.46米,建于遼(liao)天(tian)(tian)慶年間(1111~1120),下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)八角形(xing)(xing)基座(zuo),上(shang)(shang)建樓(lou)閣式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen)兩層,其(qi)上(shang)(shang)置(zhi)覆缽(bo)和(he)(he)“十(shi)三天(tian)(tian)”塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎,是(shi)樓(lou)閣、覆缽(bo)和(he)(he)金剛寶座(zuo) 3種形(xing)(xing)式相結合(he)的塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),造型(xing)特(te)殊。從其(qi)形(xing)(xing)制布局(ju)分(fen)析(xi),該塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)在(zai)唐塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基礎上(shang)(shang)改建,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎部(bu)(bu)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)明清時重(zhong)修。石塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)一為(wei)(wei)“開山(shan)(shan)琬(wan)公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,高5.7米,下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)雕刻海葡萄等(deng)(deng)圖案(an)(an)的須彌座(zuo),其(qi)上(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)八角形(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen),正面鐫(juan)刻 “開山(shan)(shan)琬(wan)公之塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)” 6 字,上(shang)(shang)有(you)三層檐(yan)及蓮座(zuo)、剎頂,每層檐(yan)刻出瓦(wa)垅、滴水、雀網、斗栱(gong)等(deng)(deng),據(ju)“靜琬(wan)法(fa)師塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)銘”,可確定其(qi)年代為(wei)(wei)遼(liao)大安九年。另一為(wei)(wei)“涿州涿鹿山(shan)(shan)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)續秘藏(zang)石經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)”,即壓經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),建于天(tian)(tian)慶八年(1118),高約5 米余,下(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)雙層塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座(zuo),浮雕伎樂、飛天(tian)(tian)、花(hua)卉等(deng)(deng)精美圖案(an)(an),塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身(shen)(shen)鐫(juan)“續秘藏(zang)石經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)記”,上(shang)(shang)承托(tuo)十(shi)一層密檐(yan),造型(xing)優美。
房山石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)始刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)于(yu)隋(sui)代(dai)而終于(yu)明(ming)末(mo),以盛唐(tang)(tang)、遼(liao)(liao)、金時期所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數量最(zui)多。隋(sui)代(dai)幽(you)州(zhou)智泉寺僧靜琬自隋(sui)大(da)(da)(da)業年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)發(fa)愿刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)(zhi)唐(tang)(tang)貞觀十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)入寂,刊刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過法華(hua)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、維摩(mo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、勝鬘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、金剛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)。其間(jian)(jian)(jian)有幾則題(ti)記(ji),內容反映(ying)了(le)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)目的(de)(de),如(ru)“冀于(yu)曠劫,濟(ji)度蒼生(sheng)”,“此(ci)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)未(wei)(wei)來佛法難時,擬(ni)充(chong)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本(ben)(ben)”等(deng)。他死(si)后,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業由(you)(you)其弟子(zi)繼(ji)承,得(de)(de)到皇室和地(di)方官吏的(de)(de)資(zi)助(zhu)。唐(tang)(tang)開元(yuan)十(shi)八(ba)年(nian)(nian)玄宗(zong)(zong)(zong)八(ba)妹金仙公主(zhu)奏請皇帝同意(yi),送佛經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) 4000 余(yu)(yu)卷充(chong)作石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)底本(ben)(ben)。至(zhi)(zhi)天寶十(shi)三載(zai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)許多大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典,如(ru) 《摩(mo)訶般(ban)若波(bo)羅(luo)密經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)方等(deng)大(da)(da)(da)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)方廣(guang)佛華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《大(da)(da)(da)般(ban)涅槃(pan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《正法念(nian)處經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)》。安史(shi)之亂時刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業并未(wei)(wei)停(ting)頓。至(zhi)(zhi)貞元(yuan)、元(yuan)和(785~820)間(jian)(jian)(jian),幽(you)州(zhou)節(jie)度使刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)濟(ji)崇(chong)信(xin)佛教,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)事業得(de)(de)以發(fa)展,中間(jian)(jian)(jian)雖有唐(tang)(tang)武宗(zong)(zong)(zong)會昌滅佛運(yun)動,但很快得(de)(de)以恢復,共刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)百余(yu)(yu)部(bu), 400多萬(wan)言。五代(dai)戰(zhan)亂,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)停(ting)頓。遼(liao)(liao)圣(sheng)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)時由(you)(you)政府資(zi)助(zhu)主(zhu)要補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。興(xing)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)賜錢析利,以契丹藏(zang)為(wei)底本(ben)(ben)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)(da)寶積(ji)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、放光般(ban)若經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、陀羅(luo)尼(ni)集經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)等(deng)87帙、161部(bu)、656卷、1000余(yu)(yu)石(shi)。道宗(zong)(zong)(zong)前期繼(ji)續(xu)賜錢刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),至(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)安時已(yi)(yi)主(zhu)要靠僧徒募捐,如(ru)通理大(da)(da)(da)師放戒募化(hua)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)首楞嚴(yan)(yan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、菩薩地(di)持經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、大(da)(da)(da)智度論等(deng)69部(bu) 443卷,小(xiao)碑4000余(yu)(yu)石(shi)。金代(dai)前期除繼(ji)續(xu)前代(dai)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)外,刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)《鐫(juan)葬(zang)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)總經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)題(ti)字號目錄》,后期刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)了(le)宋遼(liao)(liao)兩代(dai)新譯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。遼(liao)(liao)金兩代(dai)所(suo)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)大(da)(da)(da)抵是已(yi)(yi)佚的(de)(de)“契丹藏(zang)”復刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)本(ben)(ben)和大(da)(da)(da)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未(wei)(wei)收的(de)(de)藏(zang)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。元(yuan)至(zhi)(zhi)正元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1341)高麗僧慧月(yue)游石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)山,向朝(chao)野募化(hua)修補門(men)窗,補刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)殘經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)五石(shi),并留下題(ti)記(ji)。明(ming)代(dai)佛教日漸衰微,萬(wan)歷、天啟、崇(chong)禎間(jian)(jian)(jian)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)過少量經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),如(ru)《四十(shi)華(hua)嚴(yan)(yan)》等(deng) 10余(yu)(yu)部(bu),儲于(yu)董其昌書 “寶藏(zang)” 2字的(de)(de)寶藏(zang)洞(第六洞)。清(qing)康(kang)熙以后雖曾(ceng)刻(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)一(yi)些經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碑立于(yu)寺中,但已(yi)(yi)失去(qu)錮藏(zang)石(shi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以備法滅的(de)(de)原意(yi)了(le)。
云居寺現存(cun)刻(ke)(ke)經(jing)總計15061石,其中(zhong)完好的14621石,山上(shang)九室藏(zang)4978石,山下藏(zang)經(jing)穴中(zhong)藏(zang)100082石。共刻(ke)(ke)佛經(jing)約(yue)1025種、900多(duo)部(bu)、3000多(duo)卷。石經(jing)中(zhong)還有(you)大(da)量題記,共約(yue)6051則(ze),其中(zhong)有(you)明確(que)紀年(nian)者1467則(ze),唐代(dai)354則(ze)、遼代(dai) 919則(ze)。這些題記反映了幽(you)州范陽郡、涿州等地經(jing)濟和行業組織情況,也涉(she)及(ji)官(guan)爵的升(sheng)遷、各州郡文武官(guan)員升(sheng)降、郡邑省等方面的情況,以及(ji)刻(ke)(ke)工和書寫(xie)者姓名。
九洞位(wei)于(yu)白帶山(shan)山(shan)腰,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)向,除雷(lei)音洞為開(kai)放式(shi)外,其(qi)余 8洞均以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)門錮戶,內(nei)疊藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)版(ban)。雷(lei)音洞面(mian)(mian)(mian)積最大(da),作不(bu)規則方形,正面(mian)(mian)(mian)開(kai)門辟(pi)破子欞(ling)石(shi)(shi)(shi)窗(chuang),洞內(nei)以(yi)4根八角石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱支撐洞頂巖石(shi)(shi)(shi),石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱各面(mian)(mian)(mian)雕像,共(gong) 1056軀,故稱千佛柱,為隋代遺物。靜(jing)琬初刻石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing) 146塊砌于(yu)四壁,四柱中間(jian)原(yuan)供石(shi)(shi)(shi)像。1981年11月曾于(yu)該洞內(nei)發現(xian)隋、明兩(liang)代瘞(yi)藏(zang)(zang)的佛舍利(li)、隋大(da)業(ye)十二年石(shi)(shi)(shi)函(han)(han)(han)、銀函(han)(han)(han)、明萬(wan)歷石(shi)(shi)(shi)函(han)(han)(han)、玉函(han)(han)(han)等(deng)。藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)穴(xue)位(wei)于(yu)云居寺南(nan)(nan)塔(ta)前,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長19米(mi),東西寬(kuan)10米(mi),深 5米(mi),面(mian)(mian)(mian)層以(yi)方磚鋪墁,周圍砌磚墻(qiang),東墻(qiang)中部有一石(shi)(shi)(shi)門。穴(xue)分南(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩(liang)部分,中間(jian)隔 1米(mi)寬(kuan)的土(tu)墻(qiang),北(bei)部順序排列,南(nan)(nan)部經(jing)版(ban)縱橫交錯排列,共(gong)瘞(yi)藏(zang)(zang)經(jing)版(ban) 6層。其(qi)上建石(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta),刻文標記石(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)所在。
1958年成立(li)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文(wen)(wen)物保管所,1989年改名為(wei)云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)文(wen)(wen)物管理處。1971 年開始(shi)對部分(fen)被損壞的石經洞門(men)、北塔多次進行維修加固,安裝避雷設(she)施,并(bing)建(jian)立(li)碑(bei)廊,把(ba)散存于附(fu)近的碑(bei)刻、經幢、小石塔移入碑(bei)廊或寺(si)內保存。1981年新(xin)建(jian)石經庫和展室(shi),將(jiang)部分(fen)石經上架保管和展出。1984年開始(shi)對云(yun)居(ju)寺(si)遺址進行清理,1985年開始(shi)在原基址上復建(jian)殿堂(tang),并(bing)將(jiang)石經移入保護。