發掘歷程
商代(dai)晚(wan)期至(zhi)春秋時期,南(nan)陵的(de)先(xian)民們在牯牛(niu)山興建了(le)一座(zuo)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(現籍(ji)山鎮先(xian)進村),他們在此創造了(le)當時輝煌(huang),寫下一頁燦爛的(de)南(nan)陵古(gu)(gu)文明。“牯牛(niu)山”是(shi)人工歷經數(shu)十年(nian)(nian)乃至(zhi)數(shu)百年(nian)(nian)堆建形成(cheng)的(de)高(gao)臺地,逐而建成(cheng)一座(zuo)布局合理(li)、規模宏大的(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。它形似浮在水中的(de)牯牛(niu),故而稱之“牯牛(niu)山”。先(xian)民們充分利(li)用了(le)本地水資源優勢(shi),“以水為路(lu),以船代(dai)車,以橋相(xiang)連”,興建了(le)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)亦(yi)叫(jiao)“水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。它面積約七十萬平(ping)方(fang)米。如此規模及布局的(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在當時可謂大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市了(le)。
1984年全縣(xian)(xian)文物普(pu)查(cha)時發現了(le)牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)以后,立(li)即(ji)引起了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)界專(zhuan)家、學者(zhe)的(de)關注,先后有北(bei)京大(da)(da)學、上海博物館(guan)、南(nan)京博物院、中(zhong)(zhong)國科技大(da)(da)學、東(dong)南(nan)大(da)(da)學、華(hua)東(dong)師(shi)大(da)(da)、安(an)徽大(da)(da)學等(deng)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)單位的(de)百余(yu)名知(zhi)名專(zhuan)家和德國、日(ri)本、韓國、美國、等(deng)國家及臺灣的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)學者(zhe)來(lai)陵(ling)參觀、考(kao)察(cha)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。中(zhong)(zhong)央電視(shi)臺以及省、市、縣(xian)(xian)電視(shi)臺曾對牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘情(qing)況進行(xing)多次報道(dao),蕪湖市電視(shi)臺還制作了(le)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)專(zhuan)題宣(xuan)傳片(pian)。省文物研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)部門將(jiang)牯牛山(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)列入重點(dian)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)課題。安(an)徽大(da)(da)學、東(dong)南(nan)大(da)(da)學將(jiang)其(qi)作為(wei)本科生考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘實習地。
1996年至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)1997年省文(wen)物考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所和上海華(hua)東(dong)(dong)師范大學遙感(gan)實驗(yan)室與(yu)省地質遙感(gan)應用(yong)中心(xin)聯合利(li)(li)用(yong)遙感(gan)技術對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城遺址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行全面的調(diao)查,發現輪(lun)廓清(qing)晰(xi)的古(gu)(gu)(gu)城遺址(zhi)(zhi),并對航空遙感(gan)照片進(jin)行解譯,繪制出(chu)(chu)位置圖(tu)。這也是安徽境內首(shou)次(ci)利(li)(li)用(yong)遙感(gan)技術開展考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)調(diao)查。1998年經(jing)國(guo)家文(wen)物局批準,省文(wen)物考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所與(yu)南陵縣文(wen)物管(guan)理所對古(gu)(gu)(gu)城進(jin)行首(shou)次(ci)發掘(jue)。通過考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue),出(chu)(chu)土了陶器(qi)(qi)、原始瓷器(qi)(qi)和石器(qi)(qi)、冶煉銅渣等(deng)百(bai)(bai)余件,標本數百(bai)(bai)件,器(qi)(qi)類主要有(you)鼎、鬲、豆、釜、甗(yan)、罐、盂(yu)、盆等(deng),從(cong)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)分(fen)析,它(ta)們具(ju)有(you)鮮明(ming)的地域特征,可以形(xing)成(cheng)獨立的考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)文(wen)化類型——“牯牛山文(wen)化”,同時它(ta)又與(yu)周(zhou)圍(wei)各種文(wen)化有(you)著(zhu)千絲萬縷的聯系。考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發現,古(gu)(gu)(gu)城由四(si)(si)個(ge)高臺地組成(cheng),四(si)(si)周(zhou)分(fen)布著(zhu)四(si)(si)條水(shui)道(dao)(即護城河(he)(he)(he)),西南有(you)進(jin)水(shui)口,東(dong)(dong)北有(you)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)口,形(xing)成(cheng)規(gui)則的長(chang)方形(xing),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)900米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)750米(mi)。最高最大的臺地為主城部分(fen),其余為輔助城。每個(ge)臺地之間有(you)水(shui)道(dao)隔開,索(suo)橋相(xiang)連,水(shui)道(dao)與(yu)外圍(wei)護城河(he)(he)(he)相(xiang)通。護城河(he)(he)(he)寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)20-50米(mi),雖然歷經(jing)數千年的滄(cang)桑,部分(fen)河(he)(he)(he)段(duan)已經(jing)淤(yu)塞,但大部護城河(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)仍(reng)為河(he)(he)(he)道(dao)或(huo)水(shui)塘,至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)護城河(he)(he)(he)與(yu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城原貌輪(lun)廓仍(reng)然清(qing)晰(xi)可見。
古城狀況
古城四周有(you)人工(gong)堆建(jian)的(de)夯土城垣(yuan),至今仍(reng)有(you)殘(can)垣(yuan)保(bao)存。城內有(you)大量的(de)紅(hong)燒土和煉銅(tong)銅(tong)渣、制陶(tao)遺跡(ji)(ji)以(yi)及生活遺跡(ji)(ji),文(wen)(wen)化層(ceng)厚2-3米之間,其(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)(wen)化內涵十分豐富。除此之外(wai),還(huan)發現了炭化了的(de)稻(dao)谷、稻(dao)草以(yi)及打漁使用的(de)網墜等。證(zheng)明(ming)了居住在(zai)(zai)牯牛山古城的(de)先(xian)民(min)們依靠種植水稻(dao)等農業(ye)和捕(bu)魚業(ye)為生計,同時還(huan)熟練掌(zhang)握高溫燒制耐(nai)用的(de)印紋硬陶(tao)器技(ji)術(shu),也(ye)能冶煉冰銅(tong)和鑄造出精(jing)美的(de)青銅(tong)器。文(wen)(wen)物部(bu)門已(yi)在(zai)(zai)本縣(xian)境內征集了四十余件春(chun)秋(qiu)以(yi)前的(de)青銅(tong)器物,其(qi)(qi)(qi)數量和質(zhi)量是(shi)皖南其(qi)(qi)(qi)他市(shi)、縣(xian)所不具(ju)有(you)的(de),其(qi)(qi)(qi)中南陵文(wen)(wen)物部(bu)門收藏的(de)春(chun)秋(qiu)青銅(tong)龍耳(er)尊就是(shi)本地(di)代表青銅(tong)器,此尊為國(guo)家一(yi)級文(wen)(wen)物,列(lie)(lie)入中華文(wen)(wen)明(ming)文(wen)(wen)物精(jing)品系列(lie)(lie)。
筆(bi)者(zhe)參加(jia)牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)工作,接待(dai)過多位知名(ming)專家,聽取他們(men)對古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)看法,又(you)(you)根據已(yi)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)量器(qi)物(wu)、標本(ben)以(yi)及(ji)各方(fang)資料分(fen)析,筆(bi)者(zhe)以(yi)為(wei)(wei),古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建立與南(nan)陵的(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)資源有著(zhu)必然的(de)(de)聯系(xi)。牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)在商代(dai)晚期原(yuan)始聚落的(de)(de)基礎上(shang),逐步發展成一(yi)處(chu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。由于(yu)南(nan)陵大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)業的(de)(de)興起,統(tong)治者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)加(jia)強(qiang)對其管(guan)理(li),牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)成為(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)采冶(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)政管(guan)理(li)機構(gou)的(de)(de)所在地(di)(di)(di)(di)。春秋(qiu)中期古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)長江下游南(nan)岸最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)戰略要(yao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)之一(yi),是(shi)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)政治、經濟、軍事(shi)中心,并(bing)發揮(hui)了(le)(le)巨大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)輻射功能。從(cong)(cong)(cong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置來(lai)(lai)看,牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)平原(yuan)與丘(qiu)陵過渡地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),攻能進(jin),守能退,是(shi)控制(zhi)上(shang)下往來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)咽喉之地(di)(di)(di)(di),位置十(shi)分(fen)優越(yue);從(cong)(cong)(cong)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運輸途徑來(lai)(lai)看,在遙感(gan)解譯(yi)圖上(shang)得知古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)漳河從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河穿過,經繁(fan)昌流入長江,而(er)漳河的(de)(de)上(shang)游支流峨嶺河從(cong)(cong)(cong)大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)西周至春秋(qiu)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場江木(mu)沖遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西側流過,因此(ci)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)場之間依靠(kao)漳河水系(xi)以(yi)船(chuan)相通(tong)(tong),又(you)(you)可通(tong)(tong)過長江水運通(tong)(tong)往沿(yan)江各地(di)(di)(di)(di),具有交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)便利的(de)(de)優點;從(cong)(cong)(cong)三(san)大(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)器(qi)物(wu)特征來(lai)(lai)看,距(ju)(ju)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西南(nan)1公里(li)處(chu)就(jiu)是(shi)全國重(zhong)(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)單(dan)位皖南(nan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓群(qun)(千(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)),距(ju)(ju)另一(yi)處(chu)全國重(zhong)(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)單(dan)位大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)江木(mu)沖冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)20公里(li),三(san)地(di)(di)(di)(di)皆出(chu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)生活器(qi)具,通(tong)(tong)過比照,同一(yi)類器(qi)物(wu)的(de)(de)造型(xing)、紋飾、質地(di)(di)(di)(di)、特征完全一(yi)致,表明三(san)大(da)(da)(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)同一(yi)時(shi)(shi)期、同一(yi)行(xing)(xing)政區(qu)域范圍。同時(shi)(shi)也印(yin)證(zheng)了(le)(le)千(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓群(qun)埋葬的(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)及(ji)周邊的(de)(de)居民;從(cong)(cong)(cong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)發現(xian)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)量冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)、鑄造的(de)(de)銅(tong)渣(zha)來(lai)(lai)看,古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)已(yi)設置的(de)(de)鑄銅(tong)作坊,對大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)冶(ye)(ye)煉(lian)(lian)出(chu)的(de)(de)初(chu)制(zhi)品(pin)——“冰銅(tong)錠”進(jin)行(xing)(xing)再精(jing)煉(lian)(lian)加(jia)工,從(cong)(cong)(cong)而(er)在古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)制(zhi)作出(chu)各種(zhong)禮器(qi)和兵器(qi)。因此(ci)說(shuo),牯(gu)牛(niu)(niu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)與全國重(zhong)(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)單(dan)位大(da)(da)(da)工山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)銅(tong)礦(kuang)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和千(qian)峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)墩墓群(qun),構(gou)成周代(dai)南(nan)陵人的(de)(de)采冶(ye)(ye)區(qu)、管(guan)理(li)區(qu)、墓葬區(qu),顯現(xian)了(le)(le)南(nan)陵在先(xian)秦以(yi)前的(de)(de)繁(fan)榮。當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)吳、越(yue)國就(jiu)是(shi)憑(ping)借著(zhu)本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)域豐富的(de)(de)銅(tong)礦(kuang)資源和處(chu)于(yu)世界領先(xian)水平的(de)(de)硫化銅(tong)采煉(lian)(lian)技術,以(yi)及(ji)眾多的(de)(de)科技人才,如當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)鑄劍大(da)(da)(da)師“干將”、“莫邪”、“歐冶(ye)(ye)”等,開始了(le)(le)擴張(zhang)勢力范圍的(de)(de)戰爭(zheng),吳、越(yue)國成為(wei)(wei)不可一(yi)世的(de)(de)春秋(qiu)五霸之一(yi)。
古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)存(cun)(cun)在時(shi)間約為(wei)一千余年(nian),商代晚期(qi)為(wei)興起階段,西(xi)周時(shi)期(qi)為(wei)發(fa)展成熟階段,春秋時(shi)期(qi)為(wei)鼎盛階段,到了戰國早(zao)期(qi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)突然廢棄(qi)至(zhi)今就是(shi)兩(liang)千余年(nian),消失的原(yuan)因有(you)待考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)工作(zuo)者進一步探索。古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)地處(chu)兩(liang)條國道的交匯處(chu),距縣城(cheng)僅3公里(li),而(er)且古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)是(shi)皖(wan)南地區保存(cun)(cun)最好的古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺址,人為(wei)破壞較小,文化內涵(han)十分豐富(fu),具(ju)有(you)極大的開發(fa)利用前景。