概況
壽(shou)春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址屬國重點文物保護單位(wei)，位(wei)于安徽省壽(shou)縣城(cheng)(cheng)關壽(shou)春(chun)鎮、城(cheng)(cheng)南九龍(long)鄉(xiang)境內。壽(shou)春(chun)城(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為戰國時期楚國的(de)最后一座(zuo)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)，有著非常豐富(fu)的(de)楚文化遺存。
遺址布局(ju)(ju)方整規(gui)(gui)矩，總面積26．35平方公里(li)，其(qi)(qi)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)僅次(ci)于燕下(xia)都(dou)。該城(cheng)(cheng)東、西(xi)、北三面臨水，南(nan)有西(xi)南(nan)小城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)呈矩形(xing)分成15個區(qu)域(yu)(yu)，每一區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內(nei)系統(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃有水道。這(zhe)種城(cheng)(cheng)市布局(ju)(ju)與同時期(qi)列國(guo)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)相比可(ke)(ke)謂(wei)別具(ju)一格。發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)重要(yao)墓(mu)(mu)葬有楚(chu)(chu)幽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)、蔡侯(hou)墓(mu)(mu)等，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)楚(chu)(chu)幽王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)是(shi)目(mu)前中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)楚(chu)(chu)墓(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)最(zui)大、年代(dai)與墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)確切、出土文物最(zui)多的(de)(de)侯(hou)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)葬，也(ye)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以認定的(de)(de)唯一一座楚(chu)(chu)王(wang)(wang)墓(mu)(mu)，出土文物4000余件，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)青銅(tong)器1000余件，楚(chu)(chu)大鼎重約400公斤。
歷史
壽春城遺址(zhi)是楚國(guo)終(zhong)結之都，集中(zhong)體現了楚文化的晚期特征，為研(yan)究探討楚國(guo)在淮河流域的發展衰亡提供(gong)了重(zhong)要考古資料。
壽(shou)縣古稱壽(shou)春、壽(shou)陽、壽(shou)州(zhou)，曾(ceng)為(wei)(wei)歷(li)(li)代(dai)州(zhou)郡府(fu)治所，1912年(nian)廢州(zhou)改縣。晉(jin)伏滔《正(zheng)淮論》調，壽(shou)春“外有(you)江陰之(zhi)阻，內有(you)淮淝(fei)之(zhi)固”。《陳書(shu)》曰(yue)：“壽(shou)春者，古之(zhi)都會，得之(zhi)者安(an)，是(shi)稱要害。”壽(shou)縣為(wei)(wei)淮上軍事重(zhong)鎮，兵家爭(zheng)(zheng)奪之(zhi)地，歷(li)(li)代(dai)征戰(zhan)(zhan)不息，戰(zhan)(zhan)事尤為(wei)(wei)頻繁慘烈。在中國古代(dai)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭(zheng)(zheng)史(shi)上，著(zhu)名(ming)的秦(qin)晉(jin)淝(fei)水之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)就發(fa)生(sheng)在這里，“八(ba)公山上，草木皆兵”演繹為(wei)(wei)著(zhu)名(ming)的成語典故(gu)。李白有(you)詩云(yun)：“壽(shou)陽信天險，天險橫荊關。苻(fu)堅百萬兵，遙阻八(ba)公山。不假筑長城，大賢在其(qi)間。戰(zhan)(zhan)夫若熊羆，破敵(di)(di)有(you)余閑。”五代(dai)十國時后(hou)周南唐(tang)壽(shou)州(zhou)爭(zheng)(zheng)奪戰(zhan)(zhan)，兵燹連(lian)年(nian)，趙匡(kuang)胤勇破連(lian)珠(zhu)寨，殲敵(di)(di)4萬，威(wei)名(ming)遠揚(yang)。元末朱(zhu)元璋曾(ceng)在城南安(an)豐(feng)大戰(zhan)(zhan)張士誠。清(qing)咸豐(feng)年(nian)間，太(tai)平安(an)奮戰(zhan)(zhan)壽(shou)州(zhou)多年(nian)，英(ying)王陳玉(yu)成至此，為(wei)(wei)叛將苗沛(pei)霖誘(you)捕后(hou)壯(zhuang)烈犧牲。
壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)作為戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)要地(di)，兩千多年(nian)(nian)(nian)來幾經(jing)變遷(qian)，其(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)防設(she)施隨著軍事技術的發(fa)展，愈加(jia)堅固齊全。據考古(gu)發(fa)現，壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)始于楚遷(qian)都(dou)(dou)(dou)壽(shou)(shou)春之時。故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)范圍很大，北(bei)傍淝水(shui)，東臨(lin)東津渡，西至(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西湖，南至(zhi)十里頭，面(mian)積(ji)約25平(ping)方公里，是戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中僅次于燕國(guo)都(dou)(dou)(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)燕下都(dou)(dou)(dou)的第(di)二大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。因年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)久遠，地(di)貌變化，土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大多湮沒(mei)于地(di)下或破(po)壞殆盡(jin)。漢代(dai)(dai)以后，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)縮小(xiao)至(zhi)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東北(bei)角，即(ji)今壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)關一帶，后代(dai)(dai)多沿襲其(qi)址(zhi)。今壽(shou)(shou)縣(xian)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻型制(zhi)，為南宋寧宗嘉定十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1219年(nian)(nian)(nian))建康都(dou)(dou)(dou)統許俊重筑，外(wai)包磚石墻皮。700多年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻曾迭(die)遭戰(zhan)(zhan)爭和洪水(shui)的破(po)壞，歷代(dai)(dai)均有修整(zheng)，是國(guo)內(nei)現存保存完(wan)整(zheng)的七大古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻之一。
壽縣古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)平(ping)面(mian)略呈方(fang)形(xing)，舊有甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、譙樓之設，重關(guan)疊雉，制(zhi)度(du)森嚴。現樓臺(tai)大部(bu)分已毀(hui)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)仍(reng)屹立于淮淝(fei)之濱，斑蝕剝離，歷經(jing)滄桑。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)南兩(liang)面(mian)有護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠，北(bei)(bei)環淝(fei)水(shui)，西連城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西湖，四隅(yu)有河，東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)、西北(bei)(bei)隅(yu)各設水(shui)關(guan)一(yi)處。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)置4門(men)(men)，東(dong)(dong)賓陽(yang)門(men)(men)，西定湖門(men)(men)，南通淝(fei)門(men)(men)、北(bei)(bei)靖淮門(men)(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣保(bao)存(cun)完(wan)整，周長“十三里(li)有奇(qi)”，實測6650.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛墻(qiang)之下(xia)(xia)墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)高7.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，底(di)寬(kuan)18-22米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂寬(kuan)4-10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)以土夯筑，外(wai)側貼磚(zhuan)，外(wai)壁(bi)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)用(yong)條(tiao)石(shi)砌筑2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高的(de)(de)墻(qiang)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)外(wai)壁(bi)貼磚(zhuan)石(shi)，厚(hou)度(du)為：底(di)部(bu)1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂部(bu)0.5-0.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、殘高1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。垛口已失(shi)，下(xia)(xia)部(bu)間(jian)隔(ge)2.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)設一(yi)高0.37米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)0.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)長方(fang)形(xing)射(she)洞，射(she)洞作(zuo)壺門(men)(men)狀，下(xia)(xia)口與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)頂平(ping)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)磚(zhuan)石(shi)之間(jian)都是用(yong)糯米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)汁拌石(shi)灰等(deng)物彌(mi)合，非常牢固。舊有“鐵打的(de)(de)壽州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”的(de)(de)稱譽。
四(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)皆于城(cheng)(cheng)墻外再設(she)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)，內外門(men)(men)(men)(men)洞均(jun)為磚石券頂結構(gou)。除南門(men)(men)(men)(men)外，東(dong)北西(xi)3門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)均(jun)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)不在(zai)同一中軸線。西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)朝(chao)北，北甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)朝(chao)西(xi)，均(jun)與所在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)平面上呈(cheng)90度(du)直(zhi)角，而(er)東(dong)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)與城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)平行錯置(zhi)4米。這種巧妙設(she)置(zhi)是基于軍(jun)事防御(yu)上的(de)考慮：即敵軍(jun)突破甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)后，需(xu)改變方向才能攻(gong)擊城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)，守軍(jun)可乘(cheng)機關(guan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)打狗，消滅甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)內之敵。現存東(dong)北兩甕(weng)(weng)，南、西(xi)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)已毀(hui)。
記載
據《壽州志》載，城墻原有(you)“角樓(lou)八座，警鋪五十五所”。現(xian)僅(jin)存1處(chu)馬面(mian)，3處(chu)敵臺(tai)。馬面(mian)位于(yu)城西北拐角處(chu)，俗(su)稱“地樓(lou)”。馬面(mian)凸(tu)出(chu)(chu)城外(wai)部分長(chang)2米、寬5米，高(gao)與城墻齊平，中空(kong)有(you)石級遞(di)下，三面(mian)有(you)射洞(dong)。3座敵臺(tai)，一處(chu)在東門南160米，凸(tu)出(chu)(chu)城外(wai)廓，長(chang)3.5米，寬15.5米；一處(chu)在南門東500米，外(wai)凸(tu)2.5米，寬5米。
城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)設有泊岸。泊岸，又稱護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石堤，據《壽(shou)州志·城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廓》載，石堤為明嘉靖七年(1538年)御(yu)史楊(yang)瞻創建。堤高3-5米(mi)、寬10米(mi)，一邊緊貼城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻外(wai)壁，另一邊濱臨(lin)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河，皆以條石壘砌。其用途既可(ke)增加(jia)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻的(de)堅固性(xing)，又能阻擋護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)濠水(shui)及洪水(shui)對(dui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻根基(ji)的(de)沖刷。
兩處涵(han)洞實為水(shui)關，分別位于城(cheng)東北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)隅。涵(han)洞始建(jian)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)失(shi)考，明清均(jun)有(you)(you)修(xiu)葺。今東涵(han)壁(bi)有(you)(you)“崇墉障(zhang)流(liu)(liu)”石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻，為光緒(xu)十年(nian)(nian)(1884年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)時吳中錢祿曾所題。西(xi)涵(han)南壁(bi)“金(jin)湯鞏固”石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻，為光緒(xu)三十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1905年(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)時，“辛庵彭城(cheng)孫題”。兩涵(han)形制大體相(xiang)同。如(ru)西(xi)涵(han)，洞體方形，寬(kuan)0.6米、深0.8米、長50米。其一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)通城(cheng)內河渠，另一(yi)端(duan)伸出城(cheng)外，經過城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)堤(di)部分深1.5米。涵(han)周(zhou)圍起筑徑、深均(jun)7.7米、厚0.5米的(de)磚(zhuan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結構月(yue)坎(kan)，坎(kan)與城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)等高。坎(kan)內壁(bi)設有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)階，可(ke)拾級而(er)下，外壁(bi)圍護(hu)厚實的(de)堤(di)坡(po)。涵(han)溝上封石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板，設閘(zha)5道。城(cheng)涵(han)月(yue)坎(kan)的(de)設置，在軍事上可(ke)防止敵(di)兵從水(shui)道匿進(jin)(jin)偷襲，在城(cheng)市水(shui)系上又具有(you)(you)重要的(de)防水(shui)功(gong)能(neng)。如(ru)人們可(ke)隨時進(jin)(jin)坎(kan)啟閉閘(zha)門，控流(liu)(liu)自如(ru)，既可(ke)避免(mian)內河積(ji)水(shui)的(de)吞噬，又能(neng)消除外水(shui)倒(dao)灌的(de)隱患。
壽縣傍依淮淝水(shui)系，地勢低洼，易受洪澇侵襲(xi)。古城猶如一道鐵壁銅墻，除防御抗敵(di)外，又是防洪的(de)堅固大堤(di)，歷史上曾多次經歷了(le)洪水(shui)的(de)沖擊。如1954年(nian)(nian)和1991年(nian)(nian)淮河(he)泛濫，古城周圍一片(pian)汪洋，白浪滔天，而城內則安(an)然(ran)無恙(yang)。在和平年(nian)(nian)代，壽縣城墻的(de)這(zhe)種(zhong)利國利民的(de)作(zuo)用愈加明顯(xian)。2001年(nian)(nian)被(bei)國務院公布為第五批全國重點文物保護單位。
鐘天地之靈 
