介紹
水(shui)庫位于(yu)區(qu)域構造(zao)相(xiang)對穩定的(de)地(di)區(qu),區(qu)內(nei)出露的(de)地(di)層主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)下元古(gu)界的(de)混合(he)花崗巖(yan)(yan)、混合(he)巖(yan)(yan)及角閃斜長(chang)片麻(ma)巖(yan)(yan)等(deng),侵入(ru)(ru)巖(yan)(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)元古(gu)界的(de)混合(he)花崗巖(yan)(yan)、花崗閃長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)等(deng)。區(qu)內(nei)構造(zao)斷(duan)裂以(yi)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)斷(duan)裂為主(zhu),規模較大,其次為北(bei)(bei)東向(xiang)、東西(xi)向(xiang)及北(bei)(bei)西(xi)向(xiang)斷(duan)裂。區(qu)域性(xing)的(de)牡丹江斷(duan)裂通過壩址左(zuo)岸埡口(kou),向(xiang)南(nan)伸入(ru)(ru)庫區(qu),向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)延至下游,但無現代活動跡象。經遼寧省地(di)震(zhen)局鑒定,基本(ben)地(di)震(zhen)烈度為6度。
庫區兩岸(an)(an)山(shan)勢(shi)高(gao)峻,無相鄰(lin)河谷(gu)及單(dan)薄分(fen)水嶺。構成(cheng)庫區的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石主要為(wei)弱透水的(de)(de)(de)花崗巖(yan)或混(hun)合(he)花崗巖(yan),且(qie)地(di)下水位(wei)(wei)較高(gao),無永久性(xing)滲(shen)漏問題。壩區河谷(gu)為(wei)一不對(dui)稱的(de)(de)(de)U型谷(gu),平水期江(jiang)(jiang)水面寬約155m。右岸(an)(an)為(wei)凹岸(an)(an),因受河流(liu)強(qiang)烈沖刷,沿江(jiang)(jiang)形成(cheng)基巖(yan)裸露(lu)的(de)(de)(de)陡壁,比高(gao)達(da)90~180m。左岸(an)(an)為(wei)凸岸(an)(an),分(fen)布有漫灘和Ⅰ、Ⅱ級(ji)階地(di),壩頭處為(wei)一近東西向的(de)(de)(de)條形山(shan)脊。壩頭后部山(shan)脊由于F1大斷層(ceng)通過,巖(yan)石風化破碎,構成(cheng)一低(di)矮的(de)(de)(de)埡口,埡口左側山(shan)體逐漸升高(gao)加厚。水庫正常蓄(xu)水位(wei)(wei)218m,水庫回水長度99.9km,淹(yan)沒(mei)范圍涉及2個縣(xian)2個鄉,總計淹(yan)沒(mei)耕地(di)10.94萬(wan)畝,需遷移人(ren)口40725人(ren)。
電(dian)站(zhan)屬一(yi)等(deng)工程,樞(shu)紐(niu)由攔(lan)河壩(ba)(包括(kuo)大壩(ba)和(he)二壩(ba))、溢洪(hong)道(dao)和(he)引(yin)水發電(dian)系(xi)統等(deng)組成。大壩(ba)為鋼筋混凝土面板(ban)堆石壩(ba),下游在(zai)高(gao)程200m設(she)一(yi)寬(kuan)3m的馬道(dao),在(zai)高(gao)程173m有一(yi)寬(kuan)10m的進廠公(gong)路。
堆(dui)石壩體從上游到(dao)下游分為(wei)墊層區(qu)(qu)(qu)、細堆(dui)石過渡區(qu)(qu)(qu)、主堆(dui)石區(qu)(qu)(qu)及下游堆(dui)石區(qu)(qu)(qu),在周(zhou)邊縫下設(she)填(tian)筑小區(qu)(qu)(qu),另(ling)外(wai)在面板(ban)上游側下部設(she)粘(zhan)土鋪(pu)蓋及保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)。趾板(ban)最(zui)大(da)寬度6m,厚0.6m,趾板(ban)和面板(ban)之(zhi)間(jian)設(she)置(zhi)周(zhou)邊縫。通(tong)過趾板(ban)進行灌漿。帷(wei)幕(mu)灌漿為(wei)一(yi)排孔布(bu)置(zhi),最(zui)大(da)深度約25m,固結(jie)灌漿于帷(wei)幕(mu)孔上下游各一(yi)排,孔深一(yi)般為(wei)6m。壩址(zhi)地處寒冷山區(qu)(qu)(qu),多(duo)年平均(jun)氣(qi)溫3.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)溫是—45.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)高氣(qi)溫37.5℃。
二(er)壩(ba)為粘土(tu)心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)砂礫(li)石(shi)壩(ba),布置(zhi)在左(zuo)岸(an)(an)低矮埡口處,心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)建基于呈塊狀的全(quan)風化巖(yan)下部,通過心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)底(di)板進(jin)行灌漿,向(xiang)(xiang)右與大壩(ba)帷幕相(xiang)接,向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)壩(ba)肩延長約120m,另外(wai)在F1大斷層破(po)碎(sui)帶(dai)加強(qiang)灌漿。溢洪道位于右岸(an)(an)低分水嶺處,為開敞式岸(an)(an)坡(po)溢洪道,由引水渠(qu)、溢流(liu)堰體、泄槽、挑流(liu)鼻坎及(ji)出水渠(qu)組成。
該工程采用一(yi)次斷流(liu)、隧(sui)洞導(dao)(dao)流(liu)方案,導(dao)(dao)流(liu)洞進、出口及(ji)廠房圍堰(yan)為(wei)粘(zhan)土(tu)心墻土(tu)石(shi)圍堰(yan),大(da)壩(ba)上游圍堰(yan)為(wei)粘(zhan)土(tu)斜墻土(tu)石(shi)圍堰(yan),按(an)10年(nian)一(yi)遇(yu)洪(hong)水(shui)設計,2條(tiao)導(dao)(dao)流(liu)洞為(wei)直徑13.7m的(de)圓形斷面。第一(yi)年(nian)先填筑導(dao)(dao)流(liu)隧(sui)洞進、出口及(ji)廠房圍堰(yan),江水(shui)從(cong)束窄(zhai)的(de)河(he)床過流(liu),第三年(nian)汛末主河(he)床截流(liu),江水(shui)由兩條(tiao)導(dao)(dao)流(liu)隧(sui)洞宣泄,第五年(nian)下閘蓄水(shui),工程總工期67個月。
蓮花(hua)水(shui)電站是(shi)中國目前在(zai)寒冷地區修建的一座混凝土面板堆石(shi)壩,每年施工期不(bu)足(zu)7個月。冬季石(shi)料(liao)開采或制備不(bu)停工,需解決(jue)負溫下不(bu)灑水(shui)的壩體填筑質量控制問題。
總(zong)工程量為土石方開挖624.48萬m3,土石方填筑(zhu)590萬m3,混凝(ning)土澆筑(zhu)49.69萬m3。工程總(zong)投資19.5億(yi)。淹(yan)沒耕地1295.5hm2,遷移人口40725人。
工程設計
大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)位(wei)于(yu)主河床,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)型為(wei)(wei)混凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)板堆石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba),最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高71sm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)長(chang)度902om,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)寬度8om,面(mian)板總(zong)面(mian)積75400 mZ,大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)上下(xia)(xia)游邊(bian)坡1:1.4。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)基礎(chu)鋪有(you)2om厚(hou)的(de)排水層.壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體填筑(zhu)390萬m3。筑(zhu)壩(ba)(ba)(ba) 堆石(shi)料為(wei)(wei)混合花崗巖(yan),其強風化下(xia)(xia)部至徽新巖(yan)體的(de)濕 抗壓強度為(wei)(wei)51.0-150 MPa。周邊(bian)縫設3道(dao)止水,勃土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)堆石(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高47Zm,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)長(chang)度332m,壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)寬 8om,上下(xia)(xia)游壩(ba)(ba)(ba)坡均(jun)為(wei)(wei)l,2.0、1:2.25,薪土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)寬4Om,上下(xia)(xia)游坡比1:0.2,貓(mao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)心(xin)(xin)墻(qiang)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)料為(wei)(wei)左岸(an)的(de)貓(mao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)粉質貓(mao)土(tu)(tu)(tu),滲透系數1.7xlo’scm/S、設計干密度1.62kg/cm。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)殼(ke)料為(wei)(wei)溢(yi)洪道(dao)開挖強風化 混合花崗巖(yan)和(he)(he)部分(fen)砂礫(li)石(shi)料。開敞式溢(yi)洪道(dao)位(wei)于(yu)右(you)岸(an)的(de)山體婭口處,溢(yi)流前(qian)沿 總(zong)長(chang)度130m,溢(yi)洪道(dao)由溢(yi)流堰、泄(xie)槽(cao)和(he)(he)挑流棄坎組 成(cheng),全長(chang)990m。溢(yi)洪道(dao)最大(da)泄(xie)量18570 m3/s,共7孔設有(you)16 mX13.4m弧(hu)形工作門和(he)(he)平板檢修門。
引水(shui)(shui)發(fa)電系統位于右(you)岸(an),采用引水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)接地面(mian)(mian)廠房布置(zhi)型式。引水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)進(jin)口位于右(you)岸(an)大壩上游200m的陡崖處(chu)。兩條(tiao)引水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)均采用岸(an)塔式進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口,進(jin)水(shui)(shui)塔高(gao)62sm,進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口前沿設(she)有4扇6mx33m活動攔污柵,每個進(jin)水(shui)(shui)口設(she)計流量662 m3/s,設(she)有兩扇6m沐14 m平板檢修門及固(gu)定式卷揚啟閉機。兩條(tiao)引水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)均為圓型鋼(gang)筋混(hun)凝土(tu)襯(chen)砌(qi)斷面(mian)(mian),隧洞(dong)埋深70一160m,內(nei)徑13.7m,1號和2號引水(shui)(shui)隧洞(dong)分別長620.54m和493.98m。
引水隧洞(dong)末端均設有(you)一(yi)座阻抗式調壓井(jing)(jing)。調壓井(jing)(jing)高94.02m,橫斷面為復式雙(shuang)圓弧(hu)型。4條(tiao)壓力(li)管道從井(jing)(jing)后接出,壓力(li)管道直(zhi)徑(jing)為8.4m,每條(tiao)長(chang)140m,壓力(li)管道埋深一(yi)般為50-80m,采 用鋼板(ban)襯砌。
岸(an)邊地面廠(chang)房(fang)由主廠(chang)房(fang)、副廠(chang)房(fang)、變電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)和開關站(zhan)(zhan)組成。主廠(chang)房(fang)尺寸(cun)為162.5 rnx29m只55.98m(長火 寬(kuan)x高)。安(an)裝(zhuang)4臺(tai)137.5 MW的水輪(lun)發電(dian)機(ji)組。發電(dian)機(ji)層與地面齊平(ping)(ping)。4臺(tai)主變壓(ya)器布(bu)置在廠(chang)后平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)。開關站(zhan)(zhan)布(bu)置在廠(chang)房(fang)左側,中(zhong)控室布(bu)置在再(zai)廠(chang)左側安(an)裝(zhuang)間(jian)和開關站(zhan)(zhan)之間(jian)。
施工技術
壩體填筑施工技術
壩體填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)前采(cai)(cai)用(yong)15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)(nian)將砂(sha)礫石(shi)基(ji)礎碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)6遍(bian)(bian)。小區料(liao)(liao)由鍔式破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)一次(ci)破(po)碎(sui)后,再摻(chan)入15%~20%的(de)(de)天然河砂(sha);冬季施(shi)工(gong)因碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)時不能灑(sa)水,摻(chan)25%~30%的(de)(de)人(ren)工(gong)破(po)碎(sui)石(shi)粉,填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)時由人(ren)工(gong)攤鋪(pu),層(ceng)(ceng)厚0.15 m,15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)(nian)靜(jing)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)16遍(bian)(bian)。墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)(liao)由鍔式破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)破(po)碎(sui)石(shi)料(liao)(liao),破(po)碎(sui)機(ji)規格200×400、400×600、600×900共6臺(tai),最大(da)(da)生(sheng)產能力(li)每(mei)班為(wei)(wei)(wei)702 m3。為(wei)(wei)(wei)滿足細(xi)顆料(liao)(liao)含量(liang)要求(qiu),常溫(wen)季節(jie)摻(chan)入15%~20%天然河砂(sha)。超徑(jing)石(shi)不超過3%。含泥量(liang)不超過3%。人(ren)工(gong)攤鋪(pu)鋪(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚0.4 m,并向(xiang)上游側超填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)不大(da)(da)于15 cm,常溫(wen)下灑(sa)水20%,15.5 t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)10遍(bian)(bian)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)反(fan)擊式碎(sui)石(shi)機(ji)生(sheng)產最大(da)(da)粒徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2cm的(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)料(liao)(liao),含水率1.7%~2.3%,含泥量(liang)極少(不超過0.5%),受凍后不易結塊,是良好的(de)(de)細(xi)料(liao)(liao)來(lai)源。摻(chan)配比(bi)例為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗碎(sui)石(shi)∶細(xi)碎(sui)石(shi)(含石(shi)粉)∶水洗砂(sha)=4∶1∶1,滿足了(le)(le)設計(ji)要求(qiu),解決(jue)了(le)(le)大(da)(da)壩墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)(liao)冬季填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)難題。過渡(du)層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)(liao)有采(cai)(cai)石(shi)場爆破(po)開采(cai)(cai),剔(ti)除大(da)(da)于30 cm的(de)(de)超徑(jing)料(liao)(liao),用(yong)4 m3電(dian)鏟及3 m3裝載(zai)機(ji)裝、15 t~20 t自(zi)卸(xie)汽車進行運(yun)輸。填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)后退法卸(xie)料(liao)(liao),用(yong)180 hp推土機(ji)攤平(ping),人(ren)工(gong)配合(he),鋪(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚0.4m。主、次(ci)堆石(shi)料(liao)(liao)分別(bie)來(lai)自(zi)溢洪道和采(cai)(cai)石(shi)場及洞挖料(liao)(liao),由4 m3電(dian)鏟及4 m3~6m3裝載(zai)機(ji)裝、15 t~42 t自(zi)卸(xie)汽車進行運(yun)輸,進占(zhan)法卸(xie)料(liao)(liao),推土機(ji)攤平(ping),鋪(pu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚主堆為(wei)(wei)(wei)60 cm、80cm、次(ci)堆為(wei)(wei)(wei)100cm、120cm,15.5t振(zhen)動碾(nian)(nian)(nian)碾(nian)(nian)(nian)壓(ya)。在實際填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)過程中,最大(da)(da)日(ri)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)強度:墊層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)(liao)達(da)1240m3/d,過渡(du)層(ceng)(ceng)料(liao)(liao)達(da)1500m3/d,堆石(shi)料(liao)(liao)達(da)14000m3/d。
面板混(hun)凝土(tu)施工技術(shu)
無軌滑(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)設(she)計制(zhi)作(zuo) 自行設(she)計制(zhi)作(zuo)無軌滑(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施,據(ju)砼面板(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)度(du)考慮(lv)兩(liang)種規格.滑(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施主要由滑(hua)(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、側模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)、各種專用(yong)運(yun)輸臺車、混凝土拌合運(yun)輸機具(ju)和提升運(yun)輸機具(ju)等(deng)構成.滑(hua)(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)骨架(jia)(jia)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)桁架(jia)(jia)式,由63.5mm×5mm鋼管焊(han)制(zhi),每榀桁架(jia)(jia)高(gao)0.61m,長(chang)15m(用(yong)于14 m寬(kuan)面板(ban)(ban)),桁架(jia)(jia)中心距0.4m,共4榀,各榀桁架(jia)(jia)間采(cai)(cai)用(yong)系桿連接。由于面板(ban)(ban)施工面積較(jiao)大,考慮(lv)其抗磨耐久性,滑(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)面板(ban)(ban)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)10mm厚鋼板(ban)(ban)。滑(hua)(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)尺寸(cun)(14 cm板(ban)(ban)寬(kuan))為(wei)1.6 m×15m.滑(hua)(hua)(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)重(zhong)量(liang)為(wei)4.032t,滑(hua)(hua)(hua)升時(shi)根據(ju)上浮(fu)情況加鋼筋作(zuo)配重(zhong)。側模(mo)(mo)(mo)結(jie)構采(cai)(cai)用(yong)50×5角鋼焊(han)制(zhi)成框架(jia)(jia),人工安拆側模(mo)(mo)(mo)每節長(chang)2m。每套側模(mo)(mo)(mo)可周轉使用(yong),由布設(she)在(zai)壩頂的2臺5t卷(juan)揚機牽引(yin),卷(juan)揚機由埋(mai)入堆(dui)石內的簡(jian)易地錨固定。
面板砼澆筑
⑴混(hun)凝(ning)土配合比:
根據面板滑模砼(tong)的施工要求,大(da)壩(ba)水(shui)泥的mgo含量偏高(gao)(gao)使砼(tong)具有微膨(peng)脹(zhang)性(xing),可以抵(di)消砼(tong)的大(da)部分收(shou)縮變形, sk引氣減水(shui)劑對提高(gao)(gao)砼(tong)抗凍性(xing)能效果顯著(zhu),有不透水(shui)性(xing)和抗裂(lie)性(xing),增加(jia)砼(tong)與鋼筋的握裹強(qiang)度(du)的特性(xing)。
⑵周(zhou)邊縫瀝青砂(sha)墊層(ceng)施工(gong)
瀝青砂墊層施工分(fen)兩種:一種是(shi)預(yu)先制成(cheng)塊(kuai),每(mei)塊(kuai)長約30 cm,運至現場作業(ye)面(mian)(mian)安裝(zhuang),各塊(kuai)間隙(xi)用(yong)熱瀝青灌注(zhu);變形模(mo)(mo)量80~100mpa,瀝青砂在5~37.5℃的(de)氣溫(wen)下(xia)進(jin)行澆注(zhu)不堆坡(po),并形成(cheng)1∶1.4邊坡(po),進(jin)行了試(shi)驗.試(shi)驗初(chu),曾采用(yong)粉(fen)煤灰、石棉和砂摻(chan)合料(liao),把摻(chan)合料(liao)改(gai)為(wei)水泥和河(he)砂。一期(qi)面(mian)(mian)板砼施工(即高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)197.5 m以下(xia),板塊(kuai)最大斜長81.3m),完(wan)成(cheng)砼量18348 m3,面(mian)(mian)板面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)42008 m2,最大滑(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)速度(du)為(wei)4.6 m/h;二期(qi)面(mian)(mian)板砼施工(即高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)197.5m~208.0m),完(wan)成(cheng)砼量2339m3,面(mian)(mian)板面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)11492m2,最大滑(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)速度(du)為(wei)5.19 m/h。為(wei)滿足施工進(jin)度(du)要(yao)求(qiu),共制做5套(tao)滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)具,其中14m板寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)4套(tao),7m板寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)1套(tao)。
進水口攔污柵墩(dun)砼滑模施工(gong)技(ji)術
每個(ge)進(jin)水口(kou)由5個(ge)攔(lan)污(wu)(wu)柵(zha)(zha)墩(dun)組成四孔(kong),墩(dun)間凈距6 m,邊墩(dun)和中(zhong)墩(dun)斷面均為(wei)2 m×10 m,次(ci)中(zhong)墩(dun)斷面均為(wei)1.4 m×10 m。為(wei)滿足截流(liu)對進(jin)水口(kou)施工形象面貌要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),每個(ge)進(jin)水口(kou)5個(ge)攔(lan)污(wu)(wu)柵(zha)(zha)墩(dun)需采用整體(ti)同步滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo),制(zhi)作一套模(mo)(mo)具可滿足兩個(ge)進(jin)水口(kou)周轉(zhuan)使(shi)用要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。根據以往(wang)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)施工經驗,取(qu)消攔(lan)污(wu)(wu)柵(zha)(zha)槽二期砼(tong),即柵(zha)(zha)槽埋件隨滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)施工逐(zhu)節安裝。滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)模(mo)(mo)起滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)底板形成后進(jin)行(xing),砼(tong)水平運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)采用6m3砼(tong)攪拌運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)車.砼(tong)垂(chui)直(zhi)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)前(qian)期主要(yao)(yao)采用布置(zhi)在(zai)地面上(shang)的30/10園筒(tong)型高(gao)架(jia)門(men)機(ji)吊(diao)罐(guan)入倉(cang)(cang),后期利用布置(zhi)在(zai)上(shang)部(bu)高(gao)程(cheng)239m路和攔(lan)污(wu)(wu)柵(zha)(zha)下游(you)高(gao)程(cheng)218.5m撐墻上(shang)的門(men)機(ji)吊(diao)罐(guan)入倉(cang)(cang),塔吊(diao)吊(diao)小罐(guan)輔(fu)助作業。
調壓井井筒砼初(chu)砌滑模施工(gong)技術
每(mei)個調壓(ya)(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)斷面(mian)輪廓由園弧、直線和(he)(he)折線組(zu)成(cheng),砼(tong)(tong)襯砌(qi)后斷面(mian)短跨(kua)×長跨(kua)約為17 m×20m。自(zi)底板(ban)高程(cheng)155.08m至頂(ding)(ding)部高程(cheng)250m,井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒高95m。根據1996年底首機發電對2#調壓(ya)(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)工(gong)期要求,決定井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒砼(tong)(tong)襯砌(qi)采用(yong)(yong)滑模(mo)(mo)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案。考(kao)慮1#調壓(ya)(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)亦用(yong)(yong)此方(fang)案施(shi)工(gong),需(xu)要設計制作(zuo)一套安(an)拆方(fang)便的(de)液壓(ya)(ya)滑模(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)。滑模(mo)(mo)設施(shi)主要由操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)臺、提升(sheng)(sheng)機架(jia)(jia)(jia)、圍圈、模(mo)(mo)板(ban)、砼(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)材料工(gong)器具(ju)運輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)、人員(yuan)上(shang)下交通系(xi)統(tong)組(zu)成(cheng).操作(zuo)平(ping)(ping)臺承重結(jie)構采用(yong)(yong)網(wang)狀鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)桁架(jia)(jia)(jia)式(shi)結(jie)構,以(yi)減輕平(ping)(ping)臺本(ben)身自(zi)重。采用(yong)(yong)l75×5和(he)(he)l100×10角鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)焊制,提升(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)(jia)(jia)安(an)裝兩臺千斤頂(ding)(ding)。提升(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)(jia)(jia)共82個,千斤頂(ding)(ding)140個滑模(mo)(mo)。模(mo)(mo)體總重為43t。砼(tong)(tong)水平(ping)(ping)運輸(shu)采用(yong)(yong)6m3砼(tong)(tong)攪拌運輸(shu)車,砼(tong)(tong)垂(chui)直運輸(shu),由于(yu)調壓(ya)(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)滑模(mo)(mo)從底板(ban)上(shang)開始滑升(sheng)(sheng),低部位阻抗板(ban)以(yi)下采用(yong)(yong)砼(tong)(tong)泵自(zi)底洞輸(shu)送(song)砼(tong)(tong)入倉(cang),溜(liu)管為φ219鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)管,溜(liu)管每(mei)節長2.0m,節間由法蘭(lan)連接(jie),每(mei)節均(jun)與(yu)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)繩連接(jie)牢固(gu),每(mei)節溜(liu)管承受荷載均(jun)傳到鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)繩上(shang),鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)絲(si)繩錨固(gu)在井(jing)(jing)(jing)頂(ding)(ding)部平(ping)(ping)臺的(de)地錨上(shang)。2#調壓(ya)(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒砼(tong)(tong)滑模(mo)(mo)每(mei)升(sheng)(sheng)高1m需(xu)安(an)裝鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋10t,鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋安(an)裝量大(da)且(qie)內層水平(ping)(ping)環向鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)筋綁扎困(kun)難,而且(qie)在高程(cheng)228.5m又進(jin)行(xing)了改模(mo)(mo),對滑升(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)度(du)有一定影響(xiang)。正(zheng)常(chang)滑升(sheng)(sheng)速度(du)為
蓮(lian)花(hua)水電站引水隧(sui)洞砼(tong)襯砌(qi)施工(gong)技術(shu)
2.5 m/d。
引水隧洞(dong)砼襯(chen)砌施(shi)工技術
1)邊頂拱(gong)鋼模臺車
臺(tai)(tai)車(che)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)由7節模(mo)(mo)板(ban)拼裝組(zu)(zu)成,支(zhi)立(li)總長10.5m,每(mei)節模(mo)(mo)板(ban)沿環(huan)向分為(wei)5段。頂(ding)(ding)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)段為(wei)一整體鋼模(mo)(mo),兩(liang)側(ce)邊拱(gong)(gong)(gong)段均由大(da)、小(xiao)兩(liang)塊(kuai)鋼模(mo)(mo)組(zu)(zu)成。邊頂(ding)(ding)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)砼襯砌斷面的(de)(de)中心角(jiao)為(wei)288.54°。在邊拱(gong)(gong)(gong)鋼模(mo)(mo)上(shang)設置砼下(xia)料操作窗口若干個(ge),模(mo)(mo)板(ban)收分采用(yong)機(ji)械收分系統,利用(yong)設置在頂(ding)(ding)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)和兩(liang)側(ce)邊拱(gong)(gong)(gong)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)上(shang)的(de)(de)液壓(ya)千(qian)斤頂(ding)(ding)和絲杠(gang)進行收分。臺(tai)(tai)車(che)底腳裝有(you)可沿彎曲軌道行走的(de)(de)輪子8個(ge),每(mei)臺(tai)(tai)鋼模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車(che)重160 t。
2)底拱鋼模臺車
臺車(che)模(mo)板(ban)由6節(jie)鋼模(mo)板(ban)拼裝(zhuang)組成(cheng),支立(li)總長10.5m,每節(jie)鋼模(mo)為一(yi)整塊模(mo)板(ban),底(di)拱鋼模(mo)上(shang)設(she)置下料口,6節(jie)鋼模(mo)與(yu)3根(gen)縱梁聯(lian)接形成(cheng)整體模(mo)板(ban),縱橫(heng)梁之間(jian)用絲(si)杠連接,通過操作絲(si)杠起落模(mo)板(ban),橫(heng)梁與(yu)聯(lian)系梁連接,聯(lian)梁底(di)部安裝(zhuang)4個可沿(yan)軌道行走的輪(lun)子(zi),底(di)拱臺車(che)重20t。
3)臺(tai)車軌道(dao)及牽(qian)引動力設施
邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)拱鋼模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車的軌(gui)道(dao),是在開挖底板上(shang)墊碎渣或小骨(gu)料,其上(shang)鋪枕木,軌(gui)道(dao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)qu80型鋼軌(gui).底拱鋼模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車的軌(gui)道(dao),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)在已澆邊(bian)拱砼上(shang)預(yu)埋鋼板,其上(shang)固定120工字(zi)鋼作為軌(gui)道(dao)。邊(bian)頂(ding)(ding)拱鋼模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車采(cai)用(yong)(yong)180hp推土(tu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)牽引行走。底拱鋼模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車采(cai)用(yong)(yong)180hp推土(tu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或1臺(tai)5t,卷揚機(ji)(ji)(ji)牽引行走。
4)砼襯砌施工
由于進入洞(dong)內的施(shi)工(gong)通道只有進口一(yi)條(tiao),故砼(tong)(tong)(tong)整體澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)應自(zi)內向外(wai)進行(xing)(xing),每(mei)(mei)個(ge)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)段長度(du)為(wei)10.5m。采用先邊(bian)頂(ding)拱(gong)、后底拱(gong)的施(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序(xu),每(mei)(mei)條(tiao)洞(dong)邊(bian)頂(ding)拱(gong)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)襯砌分幾個(ge)襯砌單元進行(xing)(xing),自(zi)里(li)向外(wai)逐(zhu)單元進行(xing)(xing);每(mei)(mei)個(ge)單元長度(du)為(wei)10個(ge)澆(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)段左右,各布(bu)置兩(liang)臺(tai)邊(bian)頂(ding)拱(gong)鋼模(mo)臺(tai)車(che),分別布(bu)置在(zai)端部,一(yi)臺(tai)鋼筋臺(tai)車(che)布(bu)置在(zai)兩(liang)臺(tai)邊(bian)頂(ding)鋼模(mo)臺(tai)車(che)之(zhi)間。砼(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)采用6m3砼(tong)(tong)(tong)攪拌運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)車(che)運(yun)(yun)入洞(dong)內至90m3/h砼(tong)(tong)(tong)泵車(che),由砼(tong)(tong)(tong)泵車(che)壓(ya)送砼(tong)(tong)(tong)入倉(cang)。用回(hui)彈(dan)儀在(zai)環(huan)縫砼(tong)(tong)(tong)上(shang)(shang)進行(xing)(xing)測試,控制在(zai)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)抗壓(ya)強度(du)達45kg/cm2以上(shang)(shang)進行(xing)(xing)脫模(mo)。一(yi)般需要(yao)18~24h達到(dao)脫模(mo)強度(du).采用上(shang)(shang)述施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝,隧洞(dong)砼(tong)(tong)(tong)襯砌月進尺(chi)達105m,保證了(le)隧洞(dong)施(shi)工(gong)形象面(mian)貌的按(an)期實現。
安全監測
介紹
蓮(lian)花(hua)水電站大(da)壩(ba)安全(quan)監測系統由東(dong)北勘(kan)測設(she)(she)計(ji)研究(jiu)院設(she)(she)計(ji)。大(da)、二(er)壩(ba)內部(bu)(bu)觀測儀器埋設(she)(she)和外部(bu)(bu)觀測測點澆筑(zhu)隨(sui)壩(ba)體施工同步(bu)進(jin)行,從1993年(nian)開始,到1997年(nian)結束。大(da)壩(ba)安全(quan)監測以變形、滲流為主,應力應變為輔;施工期和運行期監測兼顧(gu)。
項目
⑴變(bian)形監測:包(bao)括大(da)(da)、二(er)壩(ba)壩(ba)體(ti)(ti)表面(mian)(mian)水平、垂直(zhi)位(wei)移;大(da)(da)壩(ba)壩(ba)體(ti)(ti)內部水平、垂直(zhi)位(wei)移;砼面(mian)(mian)板板間縫(feng)、周(zhou)邊縫(feng)開合度及面(mian)(mian)板撓曲變(bian)形監測。
⑵滲(shen)流監測:包括大壩壩體滲(shen)透(tou)壓力;大、二壩滲(shen)流量(liang)和繞壩滲(shen)流監測。
⑶應(ying)(ying)力應(ying)(ying)變(bian)監測:包括大壩砼(tong)面板應(ying)(ying)力應(ying)(ying)變(bian)和溫度監測。
系統布置
1、基點網
蓮花電(dian)站水平(ping)位移監測(ce)(ce)基(ji)點(dian)(dian)網(wang)—邊角(jiao)(jiao)網(wang),由壩(ba)(ba)區(qu)內的(de)13個點(dian)(dian)組(zu)成,采用T2002+DI2002全站儀按國家一等(deng)(deng)(deng)三(san)角(jiao)(jiao)精(jing)度施測(ce)(ce);垂(chui)直(zhi)位移監測(ce)(ce)基(ji)點(dian)(dian)網(wang)—精(jing)密水準(zhun)網(wang),由壩(ba)(ba)下游區(qu)的(de)26個點(dian)(dian)組(zu)成,采用NI002A精(jing)密水準(zhun)儀和銦瓦(wa)水準(zhun)尺按國家一等(deng)(deng)(deng)水準(zhun)精(jing)度施測(ce)(ce)。電(dian)站大壩(ba)(ba)、二(er)壩(ba)(ba)、溢洪道等(deng)(deng)(deng)建筑物的(de)水平(ping)、垂(chui)直(zhi)位移觀測(ce)(ce)均以上述網(wang)作為(wei)基(ji)點(dian)(dian)網(wang)。
2、大(da)、二(er)壩監測系統布置
⑴大、二壩壩體表面變形監(jian)測
蓮花大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(混凝土面(mian)板堆(dui)石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba))在面(mian)板、防浪墻頂(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)公(gong)路(lu)下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)側、馬道及進(jin)廠公(gong)路(lu)上(shang)游(you)(you)(you)側平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行于壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線布(bu)置(zhi)五排(pai)總(zong)計52個水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)位(wei)移永久(jiu)測點(dian)(dian);在壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)坡(po)觀(guan)(guan)測室旁還有(you)6個測點(dian)(dian)。二壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(粘土心墻砂礫(li)石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba))在上(shang)游(you)(you)(you)坡(po)、防浪墻頂(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)公(gong)路(lu)下(xia)游(you)(you)(you)側及馬道處平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)行于壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線布(bu)置(zhi)四排(pai)總(zong)計13個水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)位(wei)移永久(jiu)測點(dian)(dian)。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)位(wei)移利用(yong)邊(bian)角(jiao)(jiao)網(wang)做為工作(zuo)基點(dian)(dian),采用(yong)邊(bian)角(jiao)(jiao)交(jiao)會或(huo)邊(bian)長(chang)交(jiao)會法,應(ying)用(yong)T2002+DI2002按(an)(an)二等三角(jiao)(jiao)精(jing)度進(jin)行觀(guan)(guan)測。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)垂直位(wei)移永久(jiu)測點(dian)(dian)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)位(wei)移永久(jiu)測點(dian)(dian)在同一(yi)測墩上(shang)。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)垂直位(wei)移利用(yong)精(jing)密水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)網(wang)做為工作(zuo)基點(dian)(dian),組成閉合或(huo)附合水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)路(lu)線,應(ying)用(yong)NI002A精(jing)密水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)儀和銦瓦水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)尺(chi)按(an)(an)二等水(shui)(shui)(shui)準(zhun)(zhun)精(jing)度進(jin)行觀(guan)(guan)測。
⑵大壩壩體內部變形監測(ce)
取(qu)大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)兩個(ge)典型斷面(mian)(mian)0+170樁(zhuang)號(最大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高斷面(mian)(mian))和0+496樁(zhuang)號(地(di)質條(tiao)件復雜斷面(mian)(mian))做為大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)內部(bu)水(shui)平、垂直(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)。在(zai)每(mei)個(ge)斷面(mian)(mian)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)下游(you)坡▽180m、▽192m和▽205m三個(ge)高程(cheng)處布置(zhi)(zhi)6個(ge)內部(bu)變(bian)形觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi),室(shi)內布置(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)和垂直(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)總計各(ge)24個(ge)。水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)和垂直(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)同組布置(zhi)(zhi),同一(yi)層(ceng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)以觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)主堆石體(ti)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)為主,每(mei)層(ceng)都在(zai)過渡料與墊層(ceng)料之間布置(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian),以此點(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)代(dai)表面(mian)(mian)板(ban)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi),兼測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)撓度。水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)采用引張(zhang)線式水(shui)平位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)計,垂直(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)采用水(shui)管(guan)式沉降(jiang)儀(yi)。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)外(wai)(wai)設內外(wai)(wai)部(bu)聯系測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)6個(ge),觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)室(shi)自身位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi),以便換算出壩(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)內部(bu)各(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)的(de)絕(jue)對位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)移(yi)(yi)(yi)。
⑶大壩(ba)面板板間縫、周邊(bian)縫變形監測
在靠近兩(liang)岸壩肩部位的(de)張性縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區(qu)域,各布置2支(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)板張性縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)開(kai)度大小;在河床(chuang)部位的(de)壓性縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區(qu)域,布置1支(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)面(mian)板壓性縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)閉(bi)合度大小。為(wei)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)三(san)(san)向(xiang)位移,在河床(chuang)及(ji)兩(liang)岸的(de)周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)共布置9組三(san)(san)向(xiang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)計,觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)垂直于周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)開(kai)合、平行于周(zhou)邊(bian)縫(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)滑移及(ji)垂直于面(mian)板的(de)沉降。
⑷大(da)、二壩滲(shen)流監測
在大壩(ba)最大壩(ba)高斷面(0+170樁號(hao))建基面靠(kao)近(jin)上游趾(zhi)板帷(wei)幕后布(bu)置4支滲(shen)(shen)壓計,用來觀(guan)(guan)測壩(ba)基滲(shen)(shen)透壓力(li)。在二壩(ba)0+072剖面,布(bu)置12支鋼(gang)弦式(shi)滲(shen)(shen)壓計,用以觀(guan)(guan)測壩(ba)體浸(jin)潤(run)線。
在(zai)大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)游(you)離壩(ba)(ba)軸線145m,利(li)(li)用原有下(xia)游(you)圍(wei)堰,采用高噴灌漿形(xing)成一(yi)道阻水幕。在(zai)下(xia)游(you)圍(wei)堰0+265樁(zhuang)號(hao)(hao)設(she)一(yi)座(zuo)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)水堰,觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)的(de)總滲漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。利(li)(li)用二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)游(you)壩(ba)(ba)腳(jiao)處的(de)濾水壩(ba)(ba)址(zhi)做排水溝(gou),在(zai)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)游(you)樁(zhuang)號(hao)(hao)1+052處設(she)一(yi)座(zuo)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)水堰,觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)的(de)地表滲漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。通過(guo)在(zai)河床中埋設(she)測(ce)(ce)(ce)壓管(guan)來測(ce)(ce)(ce)定二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)基的(de)滲漏(lou)(lou)量(liang)(liang)。大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)右岸山體(ti)布(bu)(bu)設(she)7孔,大(da)(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)之間山體(ti)布(bu)(bu)設(she)2孔,二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)左岸山體(ti)布(bu)(bu)設(she)9孔。對大(da)(da)、二(er)(er)壩(ba)(ba)兩(liang)岸山體(ti)繞壩(ba)(ba)滲流(liu)量(liang)(liang)進行監測(ce)(ce)(ce),以(yi)此判斷山體(ti)的(de)穩(wen)定性(xing),為(wei)壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)安全運(yun)行提供依(yi)據。
⑸大壩面板應力應變監測
在面板上(shang)選擇(ze)有代表性的(de)部(bu)位布置(zhi)應(ying)變計(ji)(ji)、鋼(gang)筋計(ji)(ji)和無應(ying)力計(ji)(ji);在靠近周邊縫的(de)部(bu)位布置(zhi)三向應(ying)變計(ji)(ji)組,用于(yu)觀測面板的(de)平(ping)面應(ying)力狀態(tai)。
自動化狀況
蓮花水電站大(da)壩安全監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)系(xi)統自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)分(fen)(fen)兩(liang)部分(fen)(fen):一是內部監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua),包括除位移監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)之外(wai)的所有監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)項目(mu)(mu);二是外(wai)部監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua),指大(da)、二壩表面變(bian)形監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)統。內部自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)統由東北勘(kan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)設計研究院設計并施工,目(mu)(mu)前此(ci)項目(mu)(mu)還未(wei)完(wan)工,僅能進(jin)行(xing)數據自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)采(cai)集(ji)。外(wai)部自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)統采(cai)用(yong)(yong)徠卡測(ce)(ce)(ce)量機(ji)器人進(jin)行(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)化(hua)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce),該項目(mu)(mu)正(zheng)在建設中,預計將于(yu)今年6月投入使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。
1、內(nei)部監測自(zi)動化(hua)
大壩面板(ban)板(ban)間縫、周邊縫變形監測(ce);面板(ban)應力(li)應變監測(ce);大、二(er)壩滲(shen)流監測(ce)均在(zai)(zai)自(zi)動化(hua)監測(ce)系統(tong)中(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)原測(ce)點處(chu)布置(zhi)測(ce)量控制單元(yuan)(MCU),通過通訊電(dian)纜引至副廠房工(gong)作室(shi),接(jie)收(shou)上位機指(zhi)令(ling),選擇測(ce)點,采集(ji)傳感器信(xin)號。按設計將形成一(yi)個具備數據分析處(chu)理和(he)遠(yuan)程(cheng)監控的自(zi)動化(hua)系統(tong),目前剛開發(fa)到數據采集(ji)階段(duan)。數據采集(ji)系統(tong)初步運行已近兩年,其間被(bei)雷電(dian)擊壞兩次,說明采集(ji)設備防雷措(cuo)施需加強。另外(wai),由于壩址地處(chu)高寒地區,冬(dong)季低溫對系統(tong)正常運行也有一(yi)定影響。
2、外部監測自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)
利用壩下(xia)游L4和L6兩基(ji)點(dian)(dian)做自(zi)動(dong)化監測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)站,分別(bie)放置一臺徠(lai)卡TCA2003全站儀(被廠家稱為測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量機器人),在大、二(er)壩壩后原測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)固定(ding)棱(leng)鏡,采用邊長或邊角(jiao)交會法觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce),從而(er)求得測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)坐(zuo)標(biao)。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)過程中利用大、二(er)壩壩頭基(ji)點(dian)(dian)L8、L9和L10作為參考點(dian)(dian),進行溫度和氣壓改(gai)正。除壩前15個測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)外,其余56個測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)均與(yu)(yu)自(zi)動(dong)化測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)站通視,這(zhe)足(zu)以反(fan)映出壩體的(de)整體位移。另(ling)外,也(ye)可采用人工觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)壩前測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)自(zi)動(dong)化觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)其余測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)相(xiang)結合的(de)半(ban)自(zi)動(dong)化方案。TCA2003機載軟件(jian)可完成水平角(jiao)、垂(chui)直(zhi)角(jiao)和斜距的(de)野外觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)記錄工作,觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)中能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)檢查各種限(xian)差。TCA2003可與(yu)(yu)計算機相(xiang)聯,實現采集控制(zhi)和數據(ju)傳輸、整理(li)自(zi)動(dong)化;遠期目標(biao)在牡丹江進行遠程控制(zhi)。