介紹
水庫位于(yu)區(qu)(qu)域構造相對穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu),區(qu)(qu)內(nei)出露的(de)(de)(de)地(di)層主要有下元(yuan)古界的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)花崗巖(yan)、混(hun)合(he)巖(yan)及角閃斜長(chang)片麻巖(yan)等,侵入(ru)巖(yan)主要有元(yuan)古界的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)合(he)花崗巖(yan)、花崗閃長(chang)巖(yan)等。區(qu)(qu)內(nei)構造斷裂(lie)以南北向(xiang)(xiang)斷裂(lie)為(wei)主,規模較(jiao)大,其次為(wei)北東(dong)向(xiang)(xiang)、東(dong)西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)及北西(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)斷裂(lie)。區(qu)(qu)域性的(de)(de)(de)牡(mu)丹江斷裂(lie)通(tong)過壩址左岸(an)埡口(kou),向(xiang)(xiang)南伸入(ru)庫區(qu)(qu),向(xiang)(xiang)北延至下游(you),但無(wu)現代活(huo)動跡象。經遼寧(ning)省(sheng)地(di)震局鑒定(ding)(ding),基本地(di)震烈度為(wei)6度。
庫區兩岸(an)山(shan)勢高(gao)(gao)峻,無相鄰(lin)河(he)谷及單薄分(fen)(fen)水(shui)嶺。構成庫區的(de)(de)(de)巖石主要為(wei)弱(ruo)透(tou)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)花崗(gang)巖或混(hun)合花崗(gang)巖,且(qie)地下水(shui)位較高(gao)(gao),無永久(jiu)性滲漏(lou)問題。壩(ba)區河(he)谷為(wei)一(yi)不(bu)對稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)U型(xing)谷,平水(shui)期江水(shui)面寬(kuan)約155m。右(you)岸(an)為(wei)凹(ao)岸(an),因受河(he)流(liu)強烈沖刷,沿(yan)江形(xing)成基巖裸露的(de)(de)(de)陡(dou)壁(bi),比高(gao)(gao)達90~180m。左(zuo)岸(an)為(wei)凸岸(an),分(fen)(fen)布有漫灘和Ⅰ、Ⅱ級階地,壩(ba)頭處為(wei)一(yi)近東西向的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)形(xing)山(shan)脊。壩(ba)頭后部山(shan)脊由于(yu)F1大斷層通過,巖石風化破碎(sui),構成一(yi)低矮的(de)(de)(de)埡(wu)(wu)口,埡(wu)(wu)口左(zuo)側山(shan)體逐(zhu)漸升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)加厚。水(shui)庫正常蓄水(shui)位218m,水(shui)庫回水(shui)長度99.9km,淹(yan)(yan)沒(mei)范圍(wei)涉及2個縣2個鄉,總計(ji)淹(yan)(yan)沒(mei)耕(geng)地10.94萬畝,需遷移人口40725人。
電站屬一(yi)(yi)等(deng)工程,樞紐由(you)攔河壩(ba)(包括大壩(ba)和(he)二壩(ba))、溢洪道和(he)引水發(fa)電系統等(deng)組成。大壩(ba)為鋼筋混凝土面板堆石壩(ba),下游在(zai)高程200m設(she)一(yi)(yi)寬3m的馬(ma)道,在(zai)高程173m有一(yi)(yi)寬10m的進廠公路。
堆(dui)石壩體從上(shang)游(you)到下游(you)分為(wei)墊層區(qu)、細堆(dui)石過渡區(qu)、主堆(dui)石區(qu)及(ji)下游(you)堆(dui)石區(qu),在(zai)周(zhou)邊縫(feng)下設填筑小區(qu),另外在(zai)面板(ban)上(shang)游(you)側下部設粘(zhan)土鋪蓋及(ji)保護區(qu)。趾板(ban)最(zui)(zui)大寬(kuan)度6m,厚0.6m,趾板(ban)和面板(ban)之間設置周(zhou)邊縫(feng)。通過趾板(ban)進(jin)行灌漿。帷幕(mu)(mu)灌漿為(wei)一(yi)排孔布置,最(zui)(zui)大深度約25m,固(gu)結(jie)灌漿于帷幕(mu)(mu)孔上(shang)下游(you)各一(yi)排,孔深一(yi)般為(wei)6m。壩址地處寒冷山區(qu),多(duo)年平均氣溫(wen)3.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)(zui)低氣溫(wen)是—45.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣溫(wen)37.5℃。
二壩(ba)為粘(zhan)土心(xin)墻(qiang)砂礫石壩(ba),布置(zhi)在左岸低矮埡口處,心(xin)墻(qiang)建(jian)基于呈塊狀的全風化巖下部,通過心(xin)墻(qiang)底板進行(xing)灌漿,向右與大(da)壩(ba)帷幕相接,向左壩(ba)肩延長(chang)約120m,另(ling)外(wai)在F1大(da)斷層破(po)碎帶加強灌漿。溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao)位于右岸低分水(shui)嶺(ling)處,為開(kai)敞(chang)式岸坡溢(yi)洪(hong)道(dao),由引水(shui)渠、溢(yi)流堰體(ti)、泄(xie)槽、挑流鼻坎及出水(shui)渠組成。
該工程采用一(yi)次斷(duan)流、隧洞(dong)(dong)導(dao)流方案,導(dao)流洞(dong)(dong)進、出口(kou)及(ji)廠房圍堰(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)心墻土(tu)石(shi)圍堰(yan)(yan),大壩上(shang)游圍堰(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)斜墻土(tu)石(shi)圍堰(yan)(yan),按(an)10年(nian)一(yi)遇洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)設計,2條(tiao)導(dao)流洞(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)直徑13.7m的(de)圓(yuan)形斷(duan)面。第(di)一(yi)年(nian)先填筑導(dao)流隧洞(dong)(dong)進、出口(kou)及(ji)廠房圍堰(yan)(yan),江水(shui)(shui)從束窄的(de)河床過流,第(di)三(san)年(nian)汛末主河床截(jie)流,江水(shui)(shui)由兩條(tiao)導(dao)流隧洞(dong)(dong)宣(xuan)泄,第(di)五年(nian)下(xia)閘(zha)蓄水(shui)(shui),工程總工期67個(ge)月。
蓮花水(shui)電站是中國目前在寒冷地區修(xiu)建的一座混凝土面板堆石壩(ba)(ba),每年施工(gong)期不(bu)足7個月。冬季石料(liao)開(kai)采或制備(bei)不(bu)停工(gong),需解決負(fu)溫下(xia)不(bu)灑水(shui)的壩(ba)(ba)體填筑(zhu)質量控制問題。
總(zong)工(gong)程量為(wei)土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)開挖624.48萬m3,土(tu)(tu)石方(fang)填筑590萬m3,混凝土(tu)(tu)澆筑49.69萬m3。工(gong)程總(zong)投資19.5億。淹沒(mei)耕地1295.5hm2,遷移人(ren)口40725人(ren)。
工程設計
大(da)壩(ba)(ba)位于主河床(chuang),壩(ba)(ba)型(xing)為(wei)(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土面板(ban)堆石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba),最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)高71sm,壩(ba)(ba)頂長度(du)(du)902om,壩(ba)(ba)頂寬度(du)(du)8om,面板(ban)總面積(ji)75400 mZ,大(da)壩(ba)(ba)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)游(you)邊坡1:1.4。壩(ba)(ba)基(ji)礎鋪有2om厚的(de)排水層.壩(ba)(ba)體填筑390萬(wan)m3。筑壩(ba)(ba) 堆石(shi)(shi)料為(wei)(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合花崗(gang)巖(yan),其強風化(hua)下(xia)部至徽新巖(yan)體的(de)濕 抗壓強度(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)51.0-150 MPa。周邊縫設3道止(zhi)水,勃土心(xin)(xin)墻堆石(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)高47Zm,壩(ba)(ba)頂長度(du)(du)332m,壩(ba)(ba)頂寬 8om,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)游(you)壩(ba)(ba)坡均為(wei)(wei)l,2.0、1:2.25,薪土心(xin)(xin)墻頂寬4Om,上(shang)(shang)下(xia)游(you)坡比(bi)1:0.2,貓土心(xin)(xin)墻的(de)土料為(wei)(wei)左岸的(de)貓土和(he)粉質貓土,滲透系(xi)數(shu)1.7xlo’scm/S、設計(ji)干密度(du)(du)1.62kg/cm。壩(ba)(ba)殼料為(wei)(wei)溢(yi)(yi)洪道開挖強風化(hua) 混(hun)(hun)(hun)合花崗(gang)巖(yan)和(he)部分(fen)砂礫石(shi)(shi)料。開敞式溢(yi)(yi)洪道位于右岸的(de)山體婭口處,溢(yi)(yi)流前沿 總長度(du)(du)130m,溢(yi)(yi)洪道由溢(yi)(yi)流堰、泄槽(cao)和(he)挑(tiao)流棄坎組 成,全長990m。溢(yi)(yi)洪道最大(da)泄量18570 m3/s,共7孔設有16 mX13.4m弧形工作門和(he)平(ping)板(ban)檢修門。
引水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電系(xi)統位于右岸(an)(an),采用引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞接地面廠房布置(zhi)型式(shi)(shi)。引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞進(jin)(jin)口(kou)位于右岸(an)(an)大(da)壩(ba)上(shang)游200m的陡崖(ya)處。兩條引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞均(jun)采用岸(an)(an)塔式(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou),進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)塔高(gao)62sm,進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)前沿(yan)設(she)有4扇6mx33m活(huo)動攔污柵(zha),每(mei)個進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)口(kou)設(she)計流量662 m3/s,設(she)有兩扇6m沐14 m平板檢修門及固定(ding)式(shi)(shi)卷揚啟閉機(ji)。兩條引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞均(jun)為圓型鋼筋(jin)混凝土襯(chen)砌(qi)斷面,隧洞埋(mai)深70一160m,內徑(jing)13.7m,1號(hao)和(he)2號(hao)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧洞分(fen)別長620.54m和(he)493.98m。
引水隧(sui)洞末(mo)端(duan)均設有一座阻抗(kang)式調壓井(jing)(jing)。調壓井(jing)(jing)高94.02m,橫斷(duan)面為復式雙圓弧型。4條(tiao)壓力管道從井(jing)(jing)后接出,壓力管道直徑為8.4m,每(mei)條(tiao)長140m,壓力管道埋深一般為50-80m,采 用鋼板襯砌。
岸(an)邊地(di)面(mian)(mian)廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)由主廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)、副廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)、變電站和(he)開關(guan)站組成。主廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)尺寸為162.5 rnx29m只55.98m(長火 寬x高)。安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)4臺(tai)137.5 MW的水(shui)輪發電機組。發電機層與地(di)面(mian)(mian)齊平(ping)(ping)。4臺(tai)主變壓(ya)器布(bu)置在廠(chang)后平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)。開關(guan)站布(bu)置在廠(chang)房(fang)(fang)左側(ce),中控(kong)室布(bu)置在再廠(chang)左側(ce)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)間(jian)和(he)開關(guan)站之(zhi)間(jian)。
施工技術
壩(ba)體填(tian)筑施工技術
壩(ba)體填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)前采用(yong)(yong)15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動碾將砂(sha)礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎碾壓(ya)6遍。小區料(liao)(liao)(liao)由鍔(e)式(shi)破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機一次破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)后,再摻(chan)入(ru)15%~20%的(de)(de)天然河砂(sha);冬(dong)季施(shi)工(gong)因碾壓(ya)時不(bu)(bu)能(neng)灑(sa)水,摻(chan)25%~30%的(de)(de)人工(gong)破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)粉(fen),填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)時由人工(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪,層厚(hou)(hou)0.15 m,15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動碾靜碾16遍。墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)由鍔(e)式(shi)破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao),破(po)(po)碎(sui)(sui)機規(gui)格(ge)200×400、400×600、600×900共(gong)6臺,最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)生(sheng)產能(neng)力每(mei)班為(wei)(wei)702 m3。為(wei)(wei)滿足(zu)細(xi)顆料(liao)(liao)(liao)含(han)(han)量(liang)要(yao)求(qiu),常(chang)溫季節摻(chan)入(ru)15%~20%天然河砂(sha)。超(chao)(chao)徑(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過3%。含(han)(han)泥量(liang)不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過3%。人工(gong)攤(tan)(tan)鋪鋪層厚(hou)(hou)0.4 m,并向(xiang)上游側超(chao)(chao)填(tian)(tian)(tian)不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于15 cm,常(chang)溫下灑(sa)水20%,15.5 t振(zhen)(zhen)動碾壓(ya)10遍。采用(yong)(yong)反擊式(shi)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)機生(sheng)產最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)粒(li)徑(jing)為(wei)(wei)2cm的(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao),含(han)(han)水率1.7%~2.3%,含(han)(han)泥量(liang)極少(不(bu)(bu)超(chao)(chao)過0.5%),受凍(dong)后不(bu)(bu)易結(jie)塊(kuai),是(shi)良好的(de)(de)細(xi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)來源。摻(chan)配比例為(wei)(wei)粗碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)∶細(xi)碎(sui)(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(含(han)(han)石(shi)(shi)(shi)粉(fen))∶水洗砂(sha)=4∶1∶1,滿足(zu)了設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu),解決了大(da)(da)壩(ba)墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)冬(dong)季填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)難題。過渡(du)層料(liao)(liao)(liao)有采石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)爆破(po)(po)開采,剔除(chu)大(da)(da)于30 cm的(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)徑(jing)料(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)(yong)4 m3電鏟及3 m3裝載機裝、15 t~20 t自(zi)卸(xie)(xie)汽車進(jin)行(xing)運(yun)輸。填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)采用(yong)(yong)后退法卸(xie)(xie)料(liao)(liao)(liao),用(yong)(yong)180 hp推土機攤(tan)(tan)平,人工(gong)配合,鋪層厚(hou)(hou)0.4m。主(zhu)、次堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)分別來自(zi)溢洪道和采石(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)及洞挖(wa)料(liao)(liao)(liao),由4 m3電鏟及4 m3~6m3裝載機裝、15 t~42 t自(zi)卸(xie)(xie)汽車進(jin)行(xing)運(yun)輸,進(jin)占法卸(xie)(xie)料(liao)(liao)(liao),推土機攤(tan)(tan)平,鋪層厚(hou)(hou)主(zhu)堆(dui)(dui)為(wei)(wei)60 cm、80cm、次堆(dui)(dui)為(wei)(wei)100cm、120cm,15.5t振(zhen)(zhen)動碾碾壓(ya)。在實際填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)過程中,最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)日填(tian)(tian)(tian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)強度:墊層料(liao)(liao)(liao)達1240m3/d,過渡(du)層料(liao)(liao)(liao)達1500m3/d,堆(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)(liao)達14000m3/d。
面板混凝土施工技術
無軌滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)模(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)設(she)計制(zhi)作(zuo) 自行設(she)計制(zhi)作(zuo)無軌滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施(shi)(shi),據(ju)砼面(mian)板(ban)寬度考(kao)慮(lv)兩種規格.滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)設(she)施(shi)(shi)主要由滑(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)、側(ce)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)、各(ge)種專用(yong)運輸臺車(che)、混(hun)凝土拌合運輸機(ji)具(ju)和提(ti)升(sheng)運輸機(ji)具(ju)等構(gou)成.滑(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)骨架采(cai)用(yong)桁架式,由63.5mm×5mm鋼(gang)(gang)管焊制(zhi),每(mei)(mei)榀桁架高0.61m,長(chang)15m(用(yong)于14 m寬面(mian)板(ban)),桁架中(zhong)心距0.4m,共4榀,各(ge)榀桁架間采(cai)用(yong)系桿(gan)連接。由于面(mian)板(ban)施(shi)(shi)工面(mian)積較大,考(kao)慮(lv)其抗(kang)磨耐久性,滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)面(mian)板(ban)采(cai)用(yong)10mm厚鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)。滑(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)尺寸(14 cm板(ban)寬)為(wei)1.6 m×15m.滑(hua)動(dong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)重量為(wei)4.032t,滑(hua)升(sheng)時根據(ju)上浮情況(kuang)加(jia)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)作(zuo)配重。側(ce)模(mo)(mo)(mo)結構(gou)采(cai)用(yong)50×5角(jiao)鋼(gang)(gang)焊制(zhi)成框(kuang)架,人(ren)工安(an)拆側(ce)模(mo)(mo)(mo)每(mei)(mei)節長(chang)2m。每(mei)(mei)套側(ce)模(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)周(zhou)轉(zhuan)使用(yong),由布設(she)在壩頂的2臺5t卷揚機(ji)牽(qian)引,卷揚機(ji)由埋入堆石內的簡易地錨固定。
面板砼澆筑
⑴混凝土配合比:
根(gen)據面(mian)板(ban)滑模砼的(de)施工要求,大壩水泥的(de)mgo含量偏高(gao)使砼具有(you)微膨(peng)脹(zhang)性,可(ke)以抵消砼的(de)大部(bu)分收縮變形, sk引氣減(jian)水劑對提高(gao)砼抗凍性能效(xiao)果顯著(zhu),有(you)不透(tou)水性和(he)抗裂性,增加砼與鋼筋的(de)握裹強(qiang)度的(de)特性。
⑵周(zhou)邊縫瀝青砂墊層施工
瀝(li)青(qing)砂(sha)墊層施工分兩種:一種是預(yu)先制成(cheng)塊(kuai),每塊(kuai)長約30 cm,運至現(xian)場作業面安裝,各塊(kuai)間隙用熱瀝(li)青(qing)灌注;變形模(mo)量80~100mpa,瀝(li)青(qing)砂(sha)在5~37.5℃的(de)氣溫下進(jin)(jin)行澆注不堆坡(po),并形成(cheng)1∶1.4邊坡(po),進(jin)(jin)行了試驗(yan).試驗(yan)初,曾采用粉煤灰、石棉和砂(sha)摻合料,把(ba)摻合料改為水泥和河(he)砂(sha)。一期(qi)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)砼施工(即高程(cheng)197.5 m以下,板(ban)(ban)(ban)塊(kuai)最大斜(xie)長81.3m),完(wan)成(cheng)砼量18348 m3,面板(ban)(ban)(ban)面積為42008 m2,最大滑升(sheng)速度為4.6 m/h;二期(qi)面板(ban)(ban)(ban)砼施工(即高程(cheng)197.5m~208.0m),完(wan)成(cheng)砼量2339m3,面板(ban)(ban)(ban)面積為11492m2,最大滑升(sheng)速度為5.19 m/h。為滿足施工進(jin)(jin)度要求,共制做5套(tao)滑模(mo)模(mo)具,其中14m板(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)的(de)4套(tao),7m板(ban)(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)的(de)1套(tao)。
進水口攔(lan)污(wu)柵墩(dun)砼(tong)滑(hua)模(mo)施工(gong)技術
每個(ge)進(jin)(jin)水口由5個(ge)攔(lan)污柵(zha)墩(dun)組(zu)成四孔,墩(dun)間凈距6 m,邊(bian)墩(dun)和中(zhong)墩(dun)斷(duan)面(mian)均為(wei)2 m×10 m,次中(zhong)墩(dun)斷(duan)面(mian)均為(wei)1.4 m×10 m。為(wei)滿足(zu)截流(liu)對進(jin)(jin)水口施(shi)工(gong)(gong)形(xing)象面(mian)貌(mao)要(yao)求,每個(ge)進(jin)(jin)水口5個(ge)攔(lan)污柵(zha)墩(dun)需采(cai)用(yong)整(zheng)體同(tong)步滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo),制作(zuo)一套模(mo)(mo)(mo)具(ju)可滿足(zu)兩個(ge)進(jin)(jin)水口周轉使用(yong)要(yao)求。根(gen)據以往滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)經驗,取消攔(lan)污柵(zha)槽(cao)二(er)期(qi)砼(tong),即柵(zha)槽(cao)埋件(jian)隨滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)逐節安(an)裝(zhuang)。滑(hua)模(mo)(mo)(mo)起滑(hua)在(zai)(zai)底板形(xing)成后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行,砼(tong)水平運輸(shu)(shu)采(cai)用(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪(jiao)拌運輸(shu)(shu)車.砼(tong)垂直運輸(shu)(shu)前期(qi)主要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)布置在(zai)(zai)地面(mian)上(shang)(shang)的30/10園筒型高(gao)架門(men)機(ji)吊罐入倉(cang),后(hou)期(qi)利用(yong)布置在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)高(gao)程239m路和攔(lan)污柵(zha)下游高(gao)程218.5m撐墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)的門(men)機(ji)吊罐入倉(cang),塔吊吊小罐輔助作(zuo)業。
調壓井井筒砼初砌滑模施工技術
每個(ge)(ge)(ge)調(diao)壓(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)斷(duan)(duan)面輪廓由(you)園弧、直(zhi)線和折線組成,砼(tong)襯砌(qi)后斷(duan)(duan)面短(duan)跨(kua)×長跨(kua)約為17 m×20m。自(zi)底板高程(cheng)155.08m至頂部(bu)高程(cheng)250m,井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)高95m。根據1996年底首機(ji)發電對(dui)2#調(diao)壓(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)工(gong)期要(yao)(yao)求,決(jue)定(ding)井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)襯砌(qi)采用(yong)滑(hua)模(mo)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)(fang)案。考慮1#調(diao)壓(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)亦用(yong)此方(fang)(fang)案施(shi)工(gong),需要(yao)(yao)設(she)計制(zhi)作一套安(an)拆方(fang)(fang)便(bian)的液壓(ya)滑(hua)模(mo)模(mo)具。滑(hua)模(mo)設(she)施(shi)主要(yao)(yao)由(you)操作平臺(tai)、提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)架(jia)、圍圈、模(mo)板、砼(tong)和材料工(gong)器具運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)系統、人員(yuan)上下交通系統組成.操作平臺(tai)承(cheng)重結(jie)構采用(yong)網(wang)狀鋼(gang)桁架(jia)式(shi)結(jie)構,以減輕平臺(tai)本(ben)身自(zi)重。采用(yong)l75×5和l100×10角鋼(gang)焊制(zhi),提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)安(an)裝(zhuang)兩臺(tai)千(qian)斤頂。提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)(sheng)架(jia)共82個(ge)(ge)(ge),千(qian)斤頂140個(ge)(ge)(ge)滑(hua)模(mo)。模(mo)體(ti)總(zong)重為43t。砼(tong)水(shui)平運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)采用(yong)6m3砼(tong)攪拌運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)車,砼(tong)垂直(zhi)運輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),由(you)于調(diao)壓(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)滑(hua)模(mo)從底板上開始滑(hua)升(sheng)(sheng),低(di)部(bu)位(wei)阻抗板以下采用(yong)砼(tong)泵自(zi)底洞輸(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)送砼(tong)入(ru)倉,溜管(guan)(guan)為φ219鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan),溜管(guan)(guan)每節(jie)長2.0m,節(jie)間由(you)法蘭連接,每節(jie)均(jun)與(yu)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩連接牢固,每節(jie)溜管(guan)(guan)承(cheng)受(shou)荷載(zai)均(jun)傳到鋼(gang)絲(si)繩上,鋼(gang)絲(si)繩錨固在井(jing)(jing)(jing)頂部(bu)平臺(tai)的地錨上。2#調(diao)壓(ya)井(jing)(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)(tong)砼(tong)滑(hua)模(mo)每升(sheng)(sheng)高1m需安(an)裝(zhuang)鋼(gang)筋(jin)10t,鋼(gang)筋(jin)安(an)裝(zhuang)量大且(qie)內層水(shui)平環(huan)向鋼(gang)筋(jin)綁扎(zha)困(kun)難,而且(qie)在高程(cheng)228.5m又(you)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)改模(mo),對(dui)滑(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)進(jin)度(du)有一定(ding)影響。正常滑(hua)升(sheng)(sheng)速度(du)為
蓮(lian)花水(shui)電站引水(shui)隧(sui)洞砼襯(chen)砌施工技(ji)術
2.5 m/d。
引水隧洞砼(tong)襯砌施工技術
1)邊頂拱鋼模臺車
臺(tai)車模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)由7節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)拼裝(zhuang)組成(cheng)(cheng),支立總(zong)長10.5m,每節模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)沿(yan)環向分(fen)為(wei)5段。頂(ding)拱(gong)段為(wei)一整體鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo),兩側(ce)邊(bian)拱(gong)段均由大、小兩塊鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)組成(cheng)(cheng)。邊(bian)頂(ding)拱(gong)砼襯砌斷面的(de)中心角為(wei)288.54°。在邊(bian)拱(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)上設置(zhi)砼下料操作窗口若干個,模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)收(shou)分(fen)采用機械收(shou)分(fen)系統,利(li)用設置(zhi)在頂(ding)拱(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)兩側(ce)邊(bian)拱(gong)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)上的(de)液壓千斤頂(ding)和(he)(he)絲杠進行(xing)收(shou)分(fen)。臺(tai)車底腳(jiao)裝(zhuang)有可沿(yan)彎(wan)曲軌道行(xing)走(zou)的(de)輪子8個,每臺(tai)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)臺(tai)車重160 t。
2)底拱鋼模臺車(che)
臺車(che)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)由6節鋼(gang)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)拼裝組成,支(zhi)立總長10.5m,每(mei)節鋼(gang)模(mo)為(wei)一整(zheng)塊模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban),底拱(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)上設(she)置下(xia)料(liao)口,6節鋼(gang)模(mo)與3根縱梁(liang)聯(lian)(lian)接形成整(zheng)體模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban),縱橫梁(liang)之間用絲(si)杠連接,通過(guo)操作絲(si)杠起(qi)落(luo)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban),橫梁(liang)與聯(lian)(lian)系梁(liang)連接,聯(lian)(lian)梁(liang)底部(bu)安裝4個(ge)可沿軌道行走的輪子,底拱(gong)臺車(che)重20t。
3)臺車軌(gui)道及牽引動力設施
邊(bian)頂拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車的(de)軌(gui)道(dao),是(shi)在開(kai)挖底板(ban)(ban)上(shang)墊碎渣或小骨料,其上(shang)鋪枕(zhen)木(mu),軌(gui)道(dao)采用qu80型(xing)鋼(gang)軌(gui).底拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車的(de)軌(gui)道(dao),采用在已澆邊(bian)拱(gong)(gong)砼上(shang)預埋鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban),其上(shang)固定120工(gong)字鋼(gang)作為軌(gui)道(dao)。邊(bian)頂拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車采用180hp推土機牽(qian)引行走(zou)。底拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車采用180hp推土機或1臺(tai)(tai)5t,卷揚機牽(qian)引行走(zou)。
4)砼襯砌施工
由于(yu)進入(ru)洞(dong)(dong)內的施(shi)工(gong)通道只有進口一條,故砼(tong)(tong)整(zheng)體澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)應(ying)自(zi)內向(xiang)外進行,每個(ge)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)段長度為(wei)10.5m。采(cai)用(yong)先(xian)邊頂拱(gong)、后底(di)拱(gong)的施(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序,每條洞(dong)(dong)邊頂拱(gong)砼(tong)(tong)襯砌(qi)分(fen)(fen)幾個(ge)襯砌(qi)單元(yuan)進行,自(zi)里向(xiang)外逐(zhu)單元(yuan)進行;每個(ge)單元(yuan)長度為(wei)10個(ge)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)段左右,各布置(zhi)(zhi)兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)邊頂拱(gong)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車(che),分(fen)(fen)別(bie)布置(zhi)(zhi)在端部,一臺(tai)(tai)鋼(gang)筋臺(tai)(tai)車(che)布置(zhi)(zhi)在兩(liang)臺(tai)(tai)邊頂鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)車(che)之(zhi)間(jian)。砼(tong)(tong)運輸采(cai)用(yong)6m3砼(tong)(tong)攪拌運輸車(che)運入(ru)洞(dong)(dong)內至90m3/h砼(tong)(tong)泵車(che),由砼(tong)(tong)泵車(che)壓送(song)砼(tong)(tong)入(ru)倉。用(yong)回彈儀在環縫砼(tong)(tong)上(shang)進行測試,控制(zhi)在砼(tong)(tong)抗(kang)壓強度達45kg/cm2以上(shang)進行脫模(mo)(mo)。一般需要18~24h達到脫模(mo)(mo)強度.采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)述施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝,隧洞(dong)(dong)砼(tong)(tong)襯砌(qi)月(yue)進尺達105m,保證了隧洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)形象面(mian)貌的按期(qi)實現。
安全監測
介紹
蓮花水電站大壩安全(quan)監測系統由東(dong)北勘測設計(ji)研究院設計(ji)。大、二壩內部觀測儀器埋設和(he)外部觀測測點澆筑隨壩體施(shi)工(gong)同步進(jin)行(xing),從1993年開始,到1997年結束。大壩安全(quan)監測以變形、滲(shen)流(liu)為主,應力(li)應變為輔;施(shi)工(gong)期(qi)和(he)運(yun)行(xing)期(qi)監測兼顧。
項目
⑴變(bian)形監測:包括大、二壩壩體表面水平、垂直位移;大壩壩體內部水平、垂直位移;砼面板(ban)板(ban)間縫、周邊縫開(kai)合度(du)及面板(ban)撓曲變(bian)形監測。
⑵滲(shen)(shen)流監測:包括大壩(ba)壩(ba)體(ti)滲(shen)(shen)透壓(ya)力;大、二壩(ba)滲(shen)(shen)流量和(he)繞壩(ba)滲(shen)(shen)流監測。
⑶應力(li)應變監測(ce):包括大壩砼面板應力(li)應變和溫度監測(ce)。
系統布置
1、基點網
蓮(lian)花(hua)電站水(shui)平(ping)位(wei)(wei)移(yi)監測基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—邊角網(wang)(wang),由(you)壩區內的(de)(de)13個(ge)點(dian)(dian)組成,采用(yong)T2002+DI2002全(quan)站儀按國家(jia)一等三角精(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)施(shi)測;垂直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)監測基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)—精(jing)(jing)(jing)密水(shui)準網(wang)(wang),由(you)壩下游區的(de)(de)26個(ge)點(dian)(dian)組成,采用(yong)NI002A精(jing)(jing)(jing)密水(shui)準儀和(he)銦瓦(wa)水(shui)準尺按國家(jia)一等水(shui)準精(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)施(shi)測。電站大(da)壩、二壩、溢洪道等建(jian)筑物的(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)、垂直位(wei)(wei)移(yi)觀測均(jun)以上述網(wang)(wang)作(zuo)為基點(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。
2、大、二壩監測(ce)系(xi)統布置
⑴大、二(er)壩壩體表面變形監測(ce)
蓮花(hua)大壩(ba)(ba)(混凝土面(mian)板(ban)堆石壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)面(mian)板(ban)、防(fang)浪(lang)墻頂(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)下游(you)側、馬道及(ji)進廠公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上游(you)側平行于壩(ba)(ba)軸線布(bu)置五排總計52個水(shui)平位移(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian);在(zai)壩(ba)(ba)下游(you)坡觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)室旁還有6個測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)。二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(粘(zhan)土心墻砂礫石壩(ba)(ba))在(zai)上游(you)坡、防(fang)浪(lang)墻頂(ding)(ding)部、壩(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)下游(you)側及(ji)馬道處平行于壩(ba)(ba)軸線布(bu)置四排總計13個水(shui)平位移(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)。壩(ba)(ba)體表面(mian)水(shui)平位移(yi)利用邊角(jiao)網做為工作(zuo)基點(dian)(dian),采用邊角(jiao)交(jiao)會或邊長交(jiao)會法,應(ying)用T2002+DI2002按二(er)等三角(jiao)精度進行觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)。壩(ba)(ba)體表面(mian)垂(chui)直位移(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)與水(shui)平位移(yi)永(yong)久測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)在(zai)同一測(ce)(ce)(ce)墩上。壩(ba)(ba)體表面(mian)垂(chui)直位移(yi)利用精密(mi)水(shui)準(zhun)網做為工作(zuo)基點(dian)(dian),組成閉(bi)合或附(fu)合水(shui)準(zhun)路(lu)(lu)(lu)線,應(ying)用NI002A精密(mi)水(shui)準(zhun)儀(yi)和銦瓦水(shui)準(zhun)尺(chi)按二(er)等水(shui)準(zhun)精度進行觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)。
⑵大(da)壩(ba)壩(ba)體內部變形監測(ce)
取大(da)壩(ba)(ba)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)典型斷面(mian)(mian)0+170樁(zhuang)(zhuang)號(最大(da)壩(ba)(ba)高斷面(mian)(mian))和(he)(he)0+496樁(zhuang)(zhuang)號(地質條件(jian)復雜(za)斷面(mian)(mian))做為大(da)壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)內部(bu)水(shui)平(ping)、垂(chui)(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)的(de)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)斷面(mian)(mian)。在每個(ge)(ge)斷面(mian)(mian)壩(ba)(ba)下(xia)游坡▽180m、▽192m和(he)(he)▽205m三個(ge)(ge)高程(cheng)處布置(zhi)(zhi)6個(ge)(ge)內部(bu)變形觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)室,室內布置(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)平(ping)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)垂(chui)(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)總計各24個(ge)(ge)。水(shui)平(ping)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)垂(chui)(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)同組(zu)布置(zhi)(zhi),同一層測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)以觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)主堆石體(ti)(ti)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)為主,每層都在過(guo)渡料(liao)與墊層料(liao)之間布置(zhi)(zhi)一個(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian),以此點(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)代(dai)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)位(wei)移(yi)(yi),兼測(ce)(ce)面(mian)(mian)板(ban)撓度(du)。水(shui)平(ping)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)采用引(yin)張線(xian)式水(shui)平(ping)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)計,垂(chui)(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)采用水(shui)管式沉(chen)降儀。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)室外設(she)內外部(bu)聯系測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)6個(ge)(ge),觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)室自身位(wei)移(yi)(yi),以便換算出壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)內部(bu)各測(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)絕(jue)對(dui)位(wei)移(yi)(yi)。
⑶大壩面板板間縫(feng)、周邊縫(feng)變(bian)形(xing)監測
在(zai)靠近兩岸(an)壩肩部位(wei)的(de)張性(xing)(xing)(xing)縫(feng)(feng)區域(yu),各布置2支測縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測面板(ban)(ban)張性(xing)(xing)(xing)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)開(kai)度大小;在(zai)河床部位(wei)的(de)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)縫(feng)(feng)區域(yu),布置1支測縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測面板(ban)(ban)壓性(xing)(xing)(xing)縫(feng)(feng)的(de)閉合度大小。為觀(guan)測周邊縫(feng)(feng)的(de)三向(xiang)位(wei)移(yi),在(zai)河床及(ji)兩岸(an)的(de)周邊縫(feng)(feng)共布置9組三向(xiang)測縫(feng)(feng)計(ji),觀(guan)測垂直于周邊縫(feng)(feng)的(de)開(kai)合、平行(xing)于周邊縫(feng)(feng)的(de)滑移(yi)及(ji)垂直于面板(ban)(ban)的(de)沉降。
⑷大、二壩(ba)滲流監(jian)測
在大壩最大壩高(gao)斷面(0+170樁號)建基面靠近(jin)上游(you)趾板帷幕后布置4支(zhi)滲壓(ya)(ya)(ya)計,用來觀測壩基滲透壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力。在二壩0+072剖面,布置12支(zhi)鋼弦式滲壓(ya)(ya)(ya)計,用以觀測壩體浸潤(run)線(xian)。
在(zai)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)游(you)離壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線145m,利用原(yuan)有(you)下(xia)(xia)游(you)圍堰(yan),采(cai)用高(gao)噴灌(guan)漿(jiang)形(xing)成(cheng)一道阻(zu)水幕。在(zai)下(xia)(xia)游(you)圍堰(yan)0+265樁號設一座(zuo)三角形(xing)量水堰(yan),觀測(ce)(ce)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)總滲漏(lou)量。利用二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)游(you)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)腳處的(de)濾(lv)水壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)址做排水溝,在(zai)二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)下(xia)(xia)游(you)樁號1+052處設一座(zuo)三角形(xing)量水堰(yan),觀測(ce)(ce)二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)地表滲漏(lou)量。通過在(zai)河床(chuang)中埋設測(ce)(ce)壓管來測(ce)(ce)定(ding)二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)基的(de)滲漏(lou)量。大(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)右(you)岸(an)山體(ti)(ti)布設7孔(kong),大(da)、二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)之間(jian)山體(ti)(ti)布設2孔(kong),二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)左岸(an)山體(ti)(ti)布設9孔(kong)。對(dui)大(da)、二(er)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)兩岸(an)山體(ti)(ti)繞壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)滲流量進行(xing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce),以此判斷山體(ti)(ti)的(de)穩定(ding)性,為壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)安全(quan)運行(xing)提供依據。
⑸大(da)壩面板(ban)應力應變監測(ce)
在面板(ban)上(shang)選擇有代表性的部位(wei)布(bu)置應(ying)(ying)變(bian)計、鋼筋(jin)計和無(wu)應(ying)(ying)力計;在靠近周邊縫的部位(wei)布(bu)置三向應(ying)(ying)變(bian)計組,用于觀(guan)測面板(ban)的平面應(ying)(ying)力狀態(tai)。
自動化狀況
蓮(lian)花水電站大壩安全(quan)監測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)分(fen)兩部(bu)分(fen):一(yi)是內部(bu)監測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua),包括除位移監測(ce)之(zhi)外的所有監測(ce)項目;二是外部(bu)監測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua),指(zhi)大、二壩表(biao)面(mian)變形(xing)監測(ce)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)(xi)統。內部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)(xi)統由(you)東北勘(kan)測(ce)設(she)(she)計(ji)研(yan)究院設(she)(she)計(ji)并施工,目前此項目還未(wei)完工,僅能進(jin)行數據自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)采集。外部(bu)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)系(xi)(xi)統采用徠卡測(ce)量機器人進(jin)行自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)監測(ce),該項目正在建設(she)(she)中,預(yu)計(ji)將于今年6月(yue)投入使用。
1、內部監測自(zi)動化
大(da)壩面板(ban)板(ban)間縫(feng)、周邊(bian)縫(feng)變(bian)形(xing)監(jian)測(ce)(ce);面板(ban)應(ying)(ying)力應(ying)(ying)變(bian)監(jian)測(ce)(ce);大(da)、二壩滲流監(jian)測(ce)(ce)均在(zai)自動化監(jian)測(ce)(ce)系(xi)統中。在(zai)原(yuan)測(ce)(ce)點處(chu)布置測(ce)(ce)量控制(zhi)單元(MCU),通(tong)過通(tong)訊電(dian)纜引至副廠房工(gong)作室,接收上位機指令,選擇測(ce)(ce)點,采集傳感器信號。按(an)設計將形(xing)成(cheng)一個具備數(shu)(shu)據分析處(chu)理和遠程(cheng)監(jian)控的自動化系(xi)統,目(mu)前剛開(kai)發到數(shu)(shu)據采集階段。數(shu)(shu)據采集系(xi)統初步(bu)運行(xing)已近兩年,其間被雷電(dian)擊壞兩次,說明采集設備防(fang)雷措施需加強。另外,由于壩址地(di)處(chu)高(gao)寒地(di)區,冬季低溫對系(xi)統正常運行(xing)也有一定影響。
2、外部(bu)監測自動化
利用壩(ba)下(xia)游L4和L6兩基(ji)點(dian)(dian)做自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)(ce)站,分(fen)別放置一臺徠卡TCA2003全(quan)站儀(被廠家稱為(wei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量機器人(ren)),在大(da)(da)、二壩(ba)壩(ba)后原測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)固定棱鏡,采用邊長或邊角交會(hui)法(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce),從而求(qiu)得測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)坐標(biao)(biao)。觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)過程中利用大(da)(da)、二壩(ba)壩(ba)頭基(ji)點(dian)(dian)L8、L9和L10作為(wei)參考點(dian)(dian),進(jin)行溫度(du)和氣壓(ya)改(gai)正。除壩(ba)前(qian)15個測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)外,其余56個測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)均(jun)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)測(ce)(ce)(ce)站通視,這足以反映出壩(ba)體的整(zheng)體位移。另外,也可采用人(ren)工觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)壩(ba)前(qian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)與(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)其余測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)(dian)相結合的半自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)案(an)。TCA2003機載軟件可完成水平(ping)角、垂直角和斜距(ju)的野外觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)記錄(lu)工作,觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)中能自(zi)(zi)(zi)動檢查(cha)各(ge)種(zhong)限差。TCA2003可與(yu)計算機相聯,實現采集(ji)控制(zhi)和數據傳(chuan)輸(shu)、整(zheng)理自(zi)(zi)(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua);遠期目標(biao)(biao)在牡丹江進(jin)行遠程控制(zhi)。