濂溪先生
周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi),宋(song)朝道(dao)州(zhou)營道(dao)(現今湖南道(dao)縣(xian))人,著名哲學(xue)家,謚號(hao)元公(謚號(hao),死后所給(gei)的稱號(hao)),號(hao)“濂(lian)溪(xi)”,世(shi)(shi)稱“濂(lian)溪(xi)先生”。理學(xue)派開山鼻祖。周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)著有《周(zhou)子全書》行(xing)世(shi)(shi)。周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)曾(ceng)在(zai)蓮花峰下(xia)開設濂(lian)溪(xi)書院,世(shi)(shi)稱濂(lian)溪(xi)先生,濂(lian)溪(xi)書院是他講學(xue)的講壇,他的學(xue)說(shuo)對以后理學(xue)的發展有很(hen)大的影響。周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)是把世(shi)(shi)界本源當做哲學(xue)問題進行(xing)系統討論的肇始者。
書院介紹
基本信息
九江濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)院,始(shi)稱濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)堂(tang),亦稱濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪祠。宋嘉祐六年(nian)(1061年(nian)),周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)“遷國子(zi)博(bo)士,通(tong)判虔州(zhou)(今贛州(zhou)市),道(dao)出江州(zhou),愛廬(lu)山之勝,有(you)卜居之志,因筑書(shu)堂(tang)于其麓。堂(tang)前有(you)溪,發源(yuan)于蓮花峰下,潔清紺寒,下合于湓(pen)江,先生濯(zhuo)纓而樂之,遂(sui)寓名以濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪。”濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪本是周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)故里之名,周(zhou)敦(dun)(dun)頤(yi)(yi)遠(yuan)離故鄉,在(zai)外地(di)長期為官(guan),一來因為清廉而貧(pin)不能返鄉,二來喜(xi)愛廬(lu)山之美,結屋(wu)于此,取名“濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪書(shu)堂(tang)”,表(biao)示僑(qiao)寓此地(di),鄉關在(zai)目之意。該書(shu)院歷代(dai)屢有(you)興建,數(shu)易(yi)其址,稱謂亦有(you)變更。
汝(ru)城濂(lian)溪書(shu)院,汝(ru)城縣濂(lian)溪書(shu)院始建(jian)于宋寧宗(zong)嘉定十三年(nian)(nian),是(shi)(shi)汝(ru)城人民為(wei)紀(ji)念周敦頤而建(jian)的,距今已(yi)有(you)785年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史,被(bei)列為(wei)省級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位。濂(lian)溪書(shu)院為(wei)仿宋建(jian)筑(zhu),四合(he)院磚木回廊結(jie)構,建(jian)筑(zhu)面積(ji)1618平方米。自創辦以來,書(shu)院人文(wen)(wen)(wen)蔚(yu)起(qi),聲名遠播,濂(lian)溪遺韻(yun)歷(li)久彌光,歷(li)代名師在此傳道授業(ye),一大批經天緯地之才(cai)脫穎而出。明代兩廣總督、太子(zi)太保(bao)(bao)朱英,江西、福建(jian)布政使范輅,清代著名詩人郭遠,當代中國(guo)人民解放軍上將朱良才(cai)、李濤,原(yuan)中國(guo)作(zuo)家協會黨組副書(shu)記(ji)朱子(zi)奇等均(jun)在此求學(xue)立志,邁(mai)向(xiang)輝(hui)煌人生。汝(ru)城濂(lian)溪書(shu)院是(shi)(shi)為(wei)紀(ji)念北宋理(li)學(xue)鼻祖周敦頤而興建(jian)的紀(ji)念性建(jian)筑(zhu),是(shi)(shi)省級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位、市級愛國(guo)主義教育基地,是(shi)(shi)傳播宋明理(li)學(xue)的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化寶地。
稱謂和校址
據清(qing)同治(zhi)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1873年(nian)(nian)(nian))《德化縣(xian)志·書(shu)(shu)(shu)院志》記載,九(jiu)江(jiang)(jiang)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院先后有四(si)(si)個(ge)稱謂、四(si)(si)處校址:一曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,即(ji)早期的濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)堂,周敦頤逝(shi)世(shi)后改(gai)為濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)祠(ci),位于九(jiu)江(jiang)(jiang)市(shi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)南十五里處蓮花峰下(xia)(今廬山區十里鄉)。二(er)曰(yue)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)港書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,在(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)堂左大筑學(xue)(xue)舍二(er)十六楹(一列房(fang)屋稱一楹),可見(jian)規模之(zhi)(zhi)盛,后毀(hui),明(ming)正(zheng)統(tong)、嘉靖、清(qing)康熙(xi)、乾隆(long)時先后重(zhong)修。明(ming)清(qing)時期又在(zai)潯陽城內建(jian)過兩所(suo)濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,一曰(yue)豐儲坊濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,為明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)(nian)(nian)間兵備道陳洪蒙建(jian),院內有濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)祠(ci)、無極堂、書(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)五幢(chuang)、學(xue)(xue)舍四(si)(si)幢(chuang)等建(jian)筑,清(qing)末已廢棄。二(er)曰(yue)新濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,在(zai)世(shi)德坊南,清(qing)乾隆(long)五十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1785年(nian)(nian)(nian))知府初之(zhi)(zhi)樸建(jian),嘉慶、咸豐、同治(zhi)間多次重(zhong)修,原是祀濂(lian)(lian)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)先生神位的地方,后來成(cheng)為青年(nian)(nian)(nian)學(xue)(xue)子受業習(xi)藝準備參加科舉(ju)的場所(suo)。清(qing)末,在(zai)此基礎(chu)上興建(jian)九(jiu)江(jiang)(jiang)中學(xue)(xue)堂。
濂(lian)溪(xi)書院綿延八百(bai)余年,造(zao)就了(le)一(yi)代(dai)又一(yi)代(dai)的英才,堪稱九(jiu)江(jiang)書院史(shi)奇觀。
著書與弟子
周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)始筑(zhu)書(shu)堂,當是(shi)(shi)從個人(ren)退隱(yin)會友(you)讀(du)(du)書(shu)蓍述(shu)著(zhu)眼。真正成為(wei)書(shu)院,始于1071—1072年間,即周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)知(zhi)南(nan)康(kang)(kang)軍時,尤其是(shi)(shi)在隱(yin)居書(shu)堂講(jiang)學(xue)(xue)之后(hou)。他(ta)潛心著(zhu)述(shu),留(liu)下了《太極圖說》、《通書(shu)》—宋代理學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)開(kai)山篇,從而成為(wei)中國哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)史上(shang)宋代理學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)鼻祖,即客觀唯心主義的(de)(de)開(kai)創者(zhe),對(dui)中國封建(jian)社會晚(wan)期產(chan)生(sheng)極大影響。不(bu)僅如此,他(ta)還(huan)培養了聲名煊赫(he)的(de)(de)兩名弟(di)子:程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顥(hao)、程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頤(yi)兩兄弟(di)。他(ta)們(men)是(shi)(shi)早年由周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)在南(nan)安(今南(nan)康(kang)(kang)縣)因程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)父程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)珦之托而收留(liu)、受業(ye)于濂(lian)溪書(shu)院的(de)(de),程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)顥(hao)受周(zhou)敦(dun)頤(yi)影響更大些(xie),二程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后(hou)來都成為(wei)宋代著(zhu)名理學(xue)(xue)家(jia)。宋元(yuan)之際學(xue)(xue)者(zhe)吳澄(1249—1333),江西崇仁人(ren),官至元(yuan)代翰(han)林(lin)學(xue)(xue)士,他(ta)曾在濂(lian)溪書(shu)院一(yi)邊休養,一(yi)邊講(jiang)學(xue)(xue),認真閱(yue)讀(du)(du)院中藏書(shu),研究理學(xue)(xue),折中于朱(熹)、陸(九淵)兩派,知(zhi)名一(yi)時。
地位
濂溪(xi)書院(yuan)在(zai)中國書院(yuan)史、教(jiao)育史、哲學(xue)史上,有著不容忽(hu)視(shi)的(de)重要地位(wei),在(zai)理學(xue)發展(zhan)史上,更處于其他書院(yuan)無(wu)法比擬的(de)核心、靈魂和淵(yuan)源的(de)顯赫位(wei)置。歷史上到九江(jiang)濂溪(xi)書院(yuan)求(qiu)學(xue)、游學(xue)、拜(bai)謁(ye)、尋訪(fang)者,可(ke)謂(wei)連綿(mian)不斷(duan)。許多名人諸如黃庭(ting)堅(jian)、蘇軾、“二程”、朱(zhu)熹(xi)、王守仁等等,都曾(ceng)在(zai)此駐有足跡(ji)。南(nan)宋淳(chun)熙四年(1177年)朱(zhu)熹(xi)撰《濂溪(xi)先生祠堂記》、《濂溪(xi)先生畫像記》。兩年后,他知南(nan)康軍,不僅懷(huai)著對先師敬仰之情,遍訪(fang)元公當年在(zai)南(nan)康、廬山(shan)、江(jiang)州的(de)遺跡(ji),修繕先生舊居(ju),建“愛(ai)蓮碑”、題“愛(ai)蓮匾”,還親自把白鹿(lu)洞書院(yuan)的(de)生徒(tu)帶到山(shan)北拜(bai)謁(ye)濂溪(xi)祠。“我率(lv)諸生拜(bai)祠下,要令(ling)今古播清芬”,可(ke)見參(can)拜(bai)的(de)情景與(yu)目的(de)。
演變
書院(yuan)的創辦之(zhi)初帶有濃厚的私人講學交友的痕(hen)跡。“或(huo)吟或(huo)冥默,或(huo)酒或(huo)鳴琴。數(shu)十(shi)(shi)黃卷軸(zhou),賢圣談無音”(周敦頤《濂(lian)溪(xi)港》)記載了濂(lian)溪(xi)書院(yuan)初期狀況。到后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)來,基本上由官府辦學。重建、修復的資(zi)金由府、縣承擔。即如宋王象之(zhi)《輿(yu)地紀(ji)勝》云:“(濂(lian)溪(xi)先生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng))后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)百(bai)余年,象之(zhi)先君子守(shou)九江(jiang),為建拙堂(tang)及愛蓮(lian)堂(tang)于祠之(zhi)側(ce)。又(you)其后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),象之(zhi)季史觀之(zhi)為德化宰,新(xin)造祠宇、書院(yuan)、講堂(tang),為屋(wu)數(shu)十(shi)(shi)間,仿白(bai)鹿(lu)洞院(yuan)例,招致名儒以(yi)為堂(tang)長,諸縣舉秀民以(yi)為生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)員(yuan),仍置田租以(yi)贍之(zhi),至今(jin)不(bu)廢。”“乾隆二十(shi)(shi)一年知府董榕復移建(濂(lian)溪(xi)書院(yuan))于蓮(lian)花峰下。后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)因蓮(lian)花峰頭澗水潮濕,風(feng)雨飄搖,肄業學子不(bu)能(neng)安居,屋(wu)遂傾(qing)圮。二十(shi)(shi)八年,知府溫保初對肄業諸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)每月于府學明(ming)倫堂(tang)考課,給以(yi)膏火,至今(jin)因焉。”(錄(lu)同(tong)治(zhi)《德化志》)
邵陽濂溪書院
濂(lian)溪書(shu)院,是(shi)邵陽(yang)人民為紀念周敦頤先生開發邵陽(yang)教(jiao)育事業的(de)(de)豐功(gong)偉績并(bing)繼承其事業而(er)創建的(de)(de)一所半官半私性質的(de)(de)學(xue)校(xiao),是(shi)明、清間寶(bao)慶府轄區民間最高學(xue)府。
基本情況
歷(li)史沿革(ge):濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)由東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)和(he)希濂(lian)(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)合并而成(cheng)。明嘉(jia)靖三十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian),分守下湖南道參(can)議楊(yang)(yang)逢春創建(jian)(jian)東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),陳慶(qing)(qing)(qing)作《東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)記(ji)》云(yun):“嘉(jia)靖歲在壬子之次,邵(shao)陽(yang)東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)成(cheng)。十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)月奉使岷藩(fan),道經邵(shao)陽(yang),兩(liang)庠生(sheng)……來征(zheng)言曰:‘敞邑東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)舊為寺(si),在資(zi)水之東(dong)(dong),我藩(fan)參(can)西渠楊(yang)(yang)先生(sheng)聽民(min)理(li)戎之暇,進諸生(sheng)講學于(yu)茲,喟然嘆曰:民(min)居(ju)環列若是也,寺(si)可群乎(hu)?遂(sui)遷僧眾(zhong)而予之處。于(yu)是革(ge)故建(jian)(jian)新,崇規(gui)(gui)學制,更(geng)題(ti)其(qi)名(ming)為東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)………”(《寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)府(fu)(fu)志·禮書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。明末,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)毀(hui)于(yu)戰火。清順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(1658年(nian)),寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)張惟養,邵(shao)陽(yang)知(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)濮萬(wan)鎰重修(xiu)東(dong)(dong)山書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),康熙元年(nian)(1662年(nian)),邵(shao)陽(yang)知(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)顏堯揆等(deng)增建(jian)(jian)門屏、墻(qiang)垣(yuan)、房舍等(deng),使書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)略有成(cheng)規(gui)(gui),恢復了(le)明時(shi)舊觀(guan)。康熙十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)李益陽(yang)增建(jian)(jian)講堂(tang),至此(ci)(ci),“書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)規(gui)(gui)制大備,人咸呼為濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”,但尚未(wei)正式更(geng)名(ming)。與(yu)此(ci)(ci)同(tong)時(shi),又別建(jian)(jian)希濂(lian)(lian)(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)山上,講堂(tang)、后(hou)院(yuan)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)具備(同(tong)上)。乾(qian)隆(long)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(1745年(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)王(wang)瑋(wei)再(zai)次維(wei)修(xiu),“恢崇舍宇(yu),以(yi)樂育人才”。吳嗣富(fu)作《濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)碑記(ji)》,從此(ci)(ci),有關(guan)文獻正式稱該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)為濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。乾(qian)隆(long)二十(shi)(shi)四年(nian),寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)鄭(zheng)之僑籌資(zi)重修(xiu),將原(yuan)東(dong)(dong)山、希濂(lian)(lian)(lian)兩(liang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)合為一(yi)(yi)所,移祠西向,更(geng)其(qi)門額為“濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”,自(zi)此(ci)(ci),該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)正式改稱“濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”。鄭(zheng)之僑自(zi)作《新建(jian)(jian)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)記(ji)》以(yi)紀之。嘉(jia)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(1814年(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)柳邁祖重修(xiu),自(zi)作《重修(xiu)濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)記(ji)》紀其(qi)事。咸豐九年(nian)(1859年(nian))太平天(tian)國(guo)翼王(wang)石(shi)達開率(lv)三十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)大軍圍寶(bao)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)府(fu)(fu)城,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)毀(hui)于(yu)戰火。同(tong)治(zhi)二年(nian)(1863年(nian)),知(zhi)(zhi)府(fu)(fu)邵(shao)綬名(ming)主持重修(xiu)。民(min)國(guo)之后(hou),廢除(chu)科舉制度,一(yi)(yi)度將該(gai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)改為安和(he)鎮(zhen)中心(xin)小學及邵(shao)陽(yang)佛教協(xie)會駐地,書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)的(de)歷(li)史至此(ci)(ci)終結(jie)。
書院規模
濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)前身為(wei)(wei)(wei)東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和希(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。東山(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)校門(men)(men)(men)(men)、云衢(qu)、景濂(lian)堂(tang)、列(lie)(lie)舍(she)(she)、濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)祠(ci)、會心室(shi)等,是一處(chu)三(san)正兩橫外加(jia)校門(men)(men)(men)(men)、通(tong)衢(qu)的(de)四(si)合(he)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),清康(kang)熙元年(nian)又(you)(you)(you)增建門(men)(men)(men)(men)屏(ping)(即(ji)照墻)、墻垣(yuan)、房(fang)舍(she)(she)等,其規(gui)模更加(jia)擴大(da)了;希(xi)濂(lian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)講堂(tang)、后堂(tang)、書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)室(shi)、列(lie)(lie)舍(she)(she)等建筑,系兩正兩橫的(de)四(si)合(he)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。乾隆二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian),知府鄭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑將(jiang)兩所書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)合(he)并,更名(ming)“濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”,并將(jiang)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)校舍(she)(she)、祠(ci)宇整舊(jiu)換(huan)新(xin)(xin),又(you)(you)(you)新(xin)(xin)建亭(ting)(ting)、臺、館、閣若干,使其規(gui)模進一步擴大(da)。據鄭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑《新(xin)(xin)建濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)記》所載,新(xin)(xin)建之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),“壘石(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)臺,崇九尺(chi),廣三(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈,修(xiu)得廣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban)”,即(ji)其臺基高九尺(chi),約3米(mi);通(tong)面闊三(san)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈,約120米(mi);總進深為(wei)(wei)(wei)面闊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)半(ban)(ban),約60米(mi);總占地面積(ji)約7200平方米(mi)。中軸線上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主體(ti)建筑依次為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)希(xi)堂(tang)(又(you)(you)(you)稱(cheng)致道(dao)堂(tang))、敦崇實學室(shi)、藏(zang)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)樓、觀瀾閣;兩側(ce)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廂房(fang)左為(wei)(wei)(wei)敬(jing)德,右(you)曰居(ju)業,是為(wei)(wei)(wei)生員修(xiu)習(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所;其兩側(ce)又(you)(you)(you)各有(you)(you)(you)廡(wu)房(fang)十(shi)(shi)余間,系庖廚、餐飲及食物儲存(cun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所;院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前筑門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓,“臺高八尺(chi),護以(yi)回欄;閣高四(si)丈五(wu)尺(chi),翼以(yi)欄楯(shun),可(ke)頫可(ke)眺。閣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旁危石(shi)列(lie)(lie)榭,是為(wei)(wei)(wei)朋(peng)來(lai)亭(ting)(ting)。”大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“外有(you)(you)(you)崇坊,額曰‘賢關(guan)’,體(ti)閑先圣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),亦示義利分途(tu)也”。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“后座一筵,祀(si)周子、朱子”,又(you)(you)(you)以(yi)張(zhang)無垢、陸子壽、程頤、程顥配之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即(ji)六先生祠(ci)也。祠(ci)后“環之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)垣(yuan),別存(cun)舊(jiu)祠(ci)三(san)楹,一以(yi)主劉(liu)公(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祠(ci),一祀(si)曾、賀(he)、李、何、王五(wu)君”,此即(ji)東山(shan)寺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)劉(liu)公(gong)祠(ci),五(wu)忠祠(ci),與濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相鄰,亦常與書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并稱(cheng)。至此,濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)達到鼎盛(sheng)時期,其“稱(cheng)名(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng),亦幾與四(si)大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)埒”(見(寶慶府志(zhi)·禮書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)六》)。
田產與經費
濂溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)因系半(ban)官(guan)半(ban)民性(xing)質的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校,官(guan)方無固定的(de)經(jing)費,學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)校生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)員的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)費用,主要靠社會各界捐助的(de)田(tian)產(chan)來(lai)維持(chi)。清康熙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前,該書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(指其前身東(dong)山書(shu)(shu)院(yuan))尚“無官(guan)師(shi)董治及(ji)置田(tian)膳(shan)養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,康熙三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(1693年(nian)),邵陽知縣王省置膳(shan)士(shi)田(tian)二百(bai)三(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)(ba)(ba)畝(mu)有(you)奇,每歲獲租(zu)可四(si)百(bai)石(shi)(shi),分而為三(san)(san):一送(song)(song)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi),一送(song)(song)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)館(guan)(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師(shi),一為諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)膏火”。其后(hou),又相(xiang)繼將(jiang)五(wu)館(guan)(guan)、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)館(guan)(guan)、十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一館(guan)(guan)及(ji)義學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)田(tian)產(chan),統歸濂溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)管理,“于是,濂溪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)租(zu)入頗富矣”。乾隆十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年(nian),“知府(fu)王瑋檄經(jing)歷向雯、邵陽典史康裕履畝(mu)清勘計(ji)實”,計(ji)有(you)膳(shan)士(shi)田(tian)三(san)(san)百(bai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)畝(mu)六(liu)四(si),科租(zu)五(wu)百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)八(ba)(ba)(ba);賓興田(tian)五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)畝(mu),科租(zu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi);李公(gong)義學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)田(tian)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)畝(mu)一,科租(zu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)石(shi)(shi)。共計(ji)田(tian)三(san)(san)百(bai)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二畝(mu)二四(si),租(zu)六(liu)百(bai)三(san)(san)石(shi)(shi)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)。這些(xie)田(tian)租(zu),除給九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)館(guan)(guan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)租(zu)谷百(bai)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)外,歲完正賦八(ba)(ba)(ba)兩(liang),扣除賓興原(yuan)額十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一兩(liang),其余(yu)(yu)全部(bu)歸濂溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)所(suo)有(you),又將(jiang)縣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)貧(pin)士(shi)田(tian)租(zu)四(si)百(bai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)六(liu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)三(san)(san)八(ba)(ba)(ba)除解學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)政賑貧(pin)及(ji)布(bu)政司完餉的(de)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二兩(liang)六(liu)三(san)(san)(合租(zu)谷約(yue)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi))之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,悉(xi)歸書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。這時,濂溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)名下的(de)租(zu)入總計(ji)達(da)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)百(bai)石(shi)(shi)有(you)余(yu)(yu)。乾隆二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian),知府(fu)鄭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)僑將(jiang)籌建濂溪書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)所(suo)節余(yu)(yu)的(de)千(qian)兩(liang)白(bai)銀(yin)(yin)存之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邵陽、武岡二質庫(ku),歲收子(zi)銀(yin)(yin)八(ba)(ba)(ba)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang),及(ji)以前公(gong)存質庫(ku)歲收子(zi)銀(yin)(yin)一百(bai)七(qi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一兩(liang)余(yu)(yu),全部(bu)作為師(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)修脯膏火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用,保障了來(lai)此學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活及(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)所(suo)需。
書院山長
濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)山長(chang),見(jian)于(yu)(yu)志(zhi)乘(cheng)者(zhe),其(qi)(qi)前身(shen)東山書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)首任山長(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊孟仁,繼之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)楊廷(ting)芳,而(er)(er)其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)行狀皆(jie)無(wu)可考(kao),清乾(qian)隆十(shi)年在任的山長(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)李芳華,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)行狀亦無(wu)考(kao)。道光(guang)年間(jian)(jian)(jian),寶(bao)慶名士、古(gu)文(wen)獻學家(jia)兼詩人(ren)(ren)鄧(deng)(deng)顯鶴曾任濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山長(chang)。鄧(deng)(deng)顯鶴,字子立,又字湘皋(gao),寶(bao)慶新化(hua)(今屬婁底市(shi))人(ren)(ren),嘉慶九(jiu)年(1804年)舉人(ren)(ren)。博覽群書(shu),足跡遍(bian)(bian)天(tian)下,凡海內文(wen)人(ren)(ren),多與之(zhi)(zhi)交。其(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)喜搜集(ji)文(wen)獻掌故,嘗謂(wei)“征(zheng)文(wen)考(kao)獻,當(dang)自其(qi)(qi)鄉始”,而(er)(er)“湖南(nan)自屈原、賈(jia)誼以(yi)來,通人(ren)(ren)志(zhi)士,仍(reng)世相望,而(er)(er)文(wen)字放佚,湮郁不(bu)宣”。因(yin)“網(wang)羅散失,為(wei)(wei)(wei)《資江耆(qi)(qi)舊(jiu)(jiu)集(ji)》六十(shi)四卷、《沅(yuan)湘耆(qi)(qi)舊(jiu)(jiu)集(ji)》二(er)百(bai)卷。遍(bian)(bian)求周圣楷《楚(chu)寶(bao)》一書(shu),匡(kuang)謬拾(shi)遺(yi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)《楚(chu)寶(bao)增(zeng)輯考(kao)異》四十(shi)五卷。又主編(bian)《寶(bao)慶府志(zhi)》百(bai)五十(shi)七卷、《武岡州(zhou)志(zhi)》三十(shi)四卷等鴻(hong)篇(pian)巨著(zhu),系(xi)濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山長(chang)中(zhong)成(cheng)就最著(zhu)者(zhe)。晚授寧鄉訓(xun)導,尋乞病(bing)歸(gui)。與邵(shao)陽(yang)魏(wei)源最友善,嘗相攜游學長(chang)沙、京師(shi)等地,其(qi)(qi)終(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)鴻(hong)雁(yan)傳書(shu)不(bu)輟(chuo)。魏(wei)源嘗為(wei)(wei)(wei)鄧(deng)(deng)顯鶴《南(nan)村耦耕圖》記(ji)云:“夫勞(lao)人(ren)(ren)相竟以(yi)知(zhi)能,野人(ren)(ren)相忘(wang)以(yi)無(wu)事,獨(du)怪予之(zhi)(zhi)浮沉于(yu)(yu)二(er)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),而(er)(er)無(wu)一所自處也。……鄧(deng)(deng)子歸(gui),其(qi)(qi)詢諸(zhu)(zhu)仲氏(shi),更有得焉,速以(yi)告余,當(dang)荷鍤而(er)(er)相從(cong)于(yu)(yu)寂寞(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)符也”(李柏榮(rong)《魏(wei)源師(shi)友記(ji)》)。由此可知(zhi)二(er)人(ren)(ren)相契之(zhi)(zhi)厚矣。此后(hou)任濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山長(chang)而(er)(er)行跡可考(kao)者(zhe)僅二(er)人(ren)(ren),一為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊修職,其(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)篤(du)實剛耿,“課徒嚴且勤,諸(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翕(xi)然奮(fen)興(xing)”,逝后(hou)入祀濂(lian)溪(xi)(xi)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan);一為(wei)(wei)(wei)劉榮(rong)干,咸(xian)豐(feng)(1851~1861年)、同治(1862~1874年)間(jian)(jian)(jian)主講于(yu)(yu)此。“諸(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翕(xi)然附之(zhi)(zhi)”(見(jian)《邵(shao)陽(yang)市(shi)志(zhi)·教育志(zhi)》)。
周(zhou)敦(dun)頤先生是邵(shao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)歷史上(shang)一位極為重要的人物,清人吳嗣富《濂(lian)溪(xi)書院碑(bei)記(ji)》云:“嘗考志書所載,勝跡為多(duo),其間(jian)最著者有二:曰甘棠渡,曰濂(lian)溪(xi)祠。上(shang)下(xia)數千(qian)百年,濟斯渡者,如沐旬宣;拜斯祠者,如親光霽(ji)。一以(yi)政績(ji)傳,一以(yi)道脈傳也。”前者是紀(ji)(ji)念(nian)西(xi)周(zhou)初年召公姬奭巡行南(nan)國(guo),開發邵(shao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)的歷史功績(ji);后者即為紀(ji)(ji)念(nian)周(zhou)敦(dun)頤先生發展邵(shao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)教育事(shi)業的豐功偉績(ji)。近(jin)千(qian)年以(yi)來,邵(shao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)人們紀(ji)(ji)念(nian)周(zhou)敦(dun)頤先生的文物遺跡極為豐富,因(yin)篇幅及(ji)本(ben)人見(jian)識(shi)所限,遺記(ji)尚多(duo),謬(miu)誤之(zhi)處,亦在(zai)所難免。敬請熟悉(xi)邵(shao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)掌故的前輩(bei)與同仁批(pi)評(ping)及(ji)補證。
贛州濂溪書院
贛州濂溪書院
濂溪書院
創建(jian)于(yu)宋朝嘉祐年(nian)(nian)間(1056~1063),院(yuan)址設在水(shui)東(dong)(dong)玉(yu)虛觀邊(今水(shui)東(dong)(dong)小學(xue)內),是(shi)周敦(dun)頤(yi)(yi)(字濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi))任虔州通(tong)判時(shi)與程(cheng)(cheng)顥、程(cheng)(cheng)頤(yi)(yi)等(deng)弟子講學(xue)之處。元(yuan)朝末年(nian)(nian)書(shu)院(yuan)毀于(yu)戰爭。明洪武(wu)四年(nian)(nian)(1371)知(zhi)縣崔(cui)天錫重建(jian),弘(hong)治(zhi)十三年(nian)(nian)(1500)知(zhi)府何光將(jiang)書(shu)院(yuan)改建(jian)于(yu)郁(yu)孤臺下,崇禎十三年(nian)(nian)(1640)知(zhi)縣陳履忠(zhong)將(jiang)書(shu)院(yuan)遷建(jian)于(yu)光孝寺右邊(今贛一中內),改名(ming)為廉泉書(shu)院(yuan)。清順(shun)治(zhi)十年(nian)(nian)(1653),巡撫南贛都(dou)御史劉(liu)武(wu)元(yuan)將(jiang)廉泉書(shu)院(yuan)復名(ming)為濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)院(yuan),并在大(da)堂設周濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)和二程(cheng)(cheng)像。招收府屬(shu)十二縣生徒肄業其(qi)中。其(qi)后多有擴(kuo)建(jian),有東(dong)(dong)西講堂、濂(lian)(lian)(lian)溪(xi)祠、夜(ye)話亭、齋舍(she)等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)。
乾隆十七年(1752),濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院成(cheng)為(wei)吉南(nan)(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧三(san)府一(yi)(yi)州(zhou)官辦書(shu)(shu)院,清末為(wei)吉南(nan)(nan)贛(gan)(gan)汀道(dao)道(dao)立書(shu)(shu)院。光緒二十四年(1898),在(zai)濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院內創辦致用中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)堂,這是贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)創辦新學(xue)(xue)的(de)先(xian)聲。光緒二十八(1902),贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)巡(xun)道(dao)劉(liu)心源(yuan)和(he)(he)地方紳士劉(liu)心源(yuan)和(he)(he)地方紳士劉(liu)景熙(xi)將整個濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院改(gai)辦為(wei)虔南(nan)(nan)師范。此后,先(xian)后為(wei)吉南(nan)(nan)贛(gan)(gan)寧師范學(xue)(xue)堂、贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)寧師范學(xue)(xue)堂、省(sheng)立第(di)二師范學(xue)(xue)校(xiao)、省(sheng)立贛(gan)(gan)縣(xian)區中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)、省(sheng)立第(di)三(san)中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)。1933年8月起,復(fu)名省(sheng)立贛(gan)(gan)縣(xian)區中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue),成(cheng)為(wei)當(dang)時贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)最高學(xue)(xue)府。解(jie)放后,改(gai)名為(wei)江(jiang)西省(sheng)立贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)。1953年,改(gai)名江(jiang)西省(sheng)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)市第(di)一(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)至今。濂(lian)溪(xi)書(shu)(shu)院自創建(jian)以來(lai),三(san)易(yi)其地,已(yi)有900多年的(de)歷史,其中(zhong)(zhong)夜話(hua)亭現保存在(zai)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)市第(di)一(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)學(xue)(xue)院內。故水(shui)東可稱(cheng)為(wei)贛(gan)(gan)南(nan)(nan)教育(yu)的(de)發祥地。
我生近圣人居,教澤如新,敢忘魯壁金絲,尼山(shan)木鐸;
此來繼(ji)賢(xian)者后(hou),風流未泯,竊(qie)愿(yuan)士(shi)崇禮儀,俗尚弦(xian)歌(ge)。
佚名題濂溪書院
夜話亭
夜(ye)話(hua)亭,位于江西贛(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城區東南,現厚德路的(de)贛(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)市第一(yi)中學內。旁(pang)有一(yi)泉(quan)(quan),相傳南北朝劉(liu)宋(song)元(yuan)嘉年(nian)間(424-435年(nian)),一(yi)夕雷震,泉(quan)(quan)忽涌出(chu),遂(sui)以太守廉取名(ming)“廉泉(quan)(quan)”。宋(song)知軍越(yue)履(lv)祥建廉泉(quan)(quan)亭。北宋(song)紹圣元(yuan)年(nian)(1094年(nian))蘇(su)軾貶官(guan)嶺南,過虔州(zhou)(zhou)(今贛(gan)州(zhou)(zhou)),慕名(ming)造訪當地(di)名(ming)賢(xian)陽孝本,兩人相處甚歡,游祥符宮(gong),觀(guan)廉泉(quan)(quan)并在此(ci)談心至深(shen)夜(ye)和作詩(shi)。因此(ci)后人改廉泉(quan)(quan)亭為夜(ye)話(hua)亭。清康熙六十年(nian)(1721年(nian))撤亭建坊,額為“贛(gan)第一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)”。乾隆四十三年(nian)(1778年(nian))易坊為亭。額為“光風霽(ji)月”,并仍(reng)懸(xuan)“贛(gan)第一(yi)泉(quan)(quan)”匾于此(ci)。夜(ye)話(hua)亭為新建,尚存(cun)乾隆濂(lian)溪書院山長吳(wu)湘(xiang)皋刻(ke)的(de)《蘇(su)陽二公(gong)夜(ye)話(hua)圖(tu)》碑。列為省級文物保護單位。
汝城濂溪書院
2001年以來,汝(ru)城縣委、縣政府(fu)按照文(wen)(wen)(wen)物“修舊(jiu)如舊(jiu)”的原則對濂溪書(shu)院進行了(le)修復,完成了(le)廣(guang)場建設(she)、前坪鋪設(she)、室內(nei)陳列以及美(mei)化亮(liang)化工(gong)程,全面提升了(le)書(shu)院的文(wen)(wen)(wen)化品(pin)位(wei),受到(dao)了(le)上級領(ling)導和(he)湖(hu)南省周敦頤研究專家的好(hao)評。重修后的濂溪書(shu)院成為(wei)了(le)汝(ru)城文(wen)(wen)(wen)化事(shi)業發展的亮(liang)點(dian)和(he)游(you)覽觀光的熱(re)點(dian),是(shi)愛國主義教育和(he)保持共產黨(dang)員(yuan)先(xian)進性教育基(ji)地(di),黨(dang)政要員(yuan)、莘莘學子、文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)墨客拜謁(ye)者絡(luo)繹不絕。