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2012年8月1日，印度官員宣(xuan)布，印度大面積(ji)斷電已經結束。印度發生的停(ting)電事(shi)故(gu)，覆蓋了一半(ban)以上(shang)的國(guo)土，直接影響6億多人的生活，是這(zhe)個南亞(ya)國(guo)家(jia)11年來(lai)最嚴(yan)重(zhong)的停(ting)電事(shi)故(gu)。

事故過程

印(yin)度北部(bu)(bu)和東部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)7月30日(ri)和31日(ri)連(lian)續發生兩次大(da)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)事故。突如其來的斷(duan)電(dian)導致交通陷(xian)入混亂，全國(guo)超過300列火車停(ting)運(yun)，首都新德里的地鐵也全部(bu)(bu)停(ting)運(yun)，造成(cheng)旅客大(da)量滯留，公路交通出現大(da)面積(ji)擁堵。一些礦工被困井下。銀(yin)行系(xi)統陷(xian)入癱瘓，一度給印(yin)度的金融交易帶(dai)來障礙。

第(di)一次(ci)事故發生后，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門排除(chu)故障(zhang)，在(zai)停電(dian)(dian)后15個小時(shi)內基本恢復(fu)了電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應。但旁遮普邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及(ji)北(bei)(bei)方邦(bang)等(deng)幾(ji)個地區在(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)恢復(fu)后繼續超負荷用(yong)電(dian)(dian)，導致了第(di)二次(ci)大面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)部門因此不得不從鄰國(guo)輸入電(dian)(dian)力(li)來滿(man)足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)。截(jie)至8月1日，印(yin)度(du)北(bei)(bei)部地區95%的電(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應已恢復(fu)。

事故分析

貝(bei)恩(en)咨詢公司(si)高級合伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈認為，此次停(ting)電事故給印度(du)經(jing)濟敲響(xiang)了警(jing)鐘——印度(du)電力供應至(zhi)少需要(yao)保持每年6．5%至(zhi)7%的增速，否(fou)則將(jiang)會對該國制造(zao)業和出口企(qi)業造(zao)成傷害。

印度最(zui)大行業協會(hui)印度工商(shang)聯合會(hui)主席卡諾里亞說：“連續兩天如此大規(gui)模的停電，值得(de)我們密切關注，這當然(ran)會(hui)

對于商業投資環(huan)境本就存在不少(shao)問題的印度(du)(du)來說，此(ci)次大停電不僅影(ying)響企業生產和盈利水平，還影(ying)響到(dao)印度(du)(du)在外國投資者眼中的形象。

印(yin)度(du)(du)產業聯合會理事長錢德拉吉(ji)特·班(ban)納吉(ji)表(biao)示(shi)，印(yin)度(du)(du)經(jing)濟近來(lai)增長放緩，外界本就對(dui)印(yin)度(du)(du)前景(jing)不(bu)太看好(hao)，如今電網(wang)兩天內連續崩潰(kui)無疑使(shi)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)形象進(jin)一步(bu)受損，令(ling)有(you)(you)意投資(zi)印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)外國企業望而(er)卻步(bu)。對(dui)于一個(ge)擁(yong)有(you)(you)世界約六分之(zhi)一人口的(de)新興經(jing)濟體，有(you)(you)必要(yao)使(shi)基礎設施建設與印(yin)度(du)(du)的(de)強國夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒體都在議(yi)論印度(du)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，但任(ren)何國(guo)家(jia)(jia)都不(bu)(bu)能(neng)否認(ren)自己也(ye)遭遇過(guo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)的歷史，只(zhi)是規模(mo)和(he)破(po)壞程度(du)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)罷了。美國(guo)上世(shi)紀后半葉，至少出現(xian)三次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)規模(mo)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)事故，近(jin)十(shi)多年時間里，美國(guo)至少遭遇過(guo)數次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)。如(ru)2008年，佛羅里達州發生大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，300萬人沒有(you)電(dian)力供應；2003年大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，由密歇根州延(yan)伸至紐(niu)約(yue)，最后蔓延(yan)到加(jia)拿大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)。危機專家(jia)(jia)承(cheng)認(ren)，“一次(ci)大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)電(dian)，即使(shi)是數秒(miao)鐘，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)亞于(yu)一場大(da)(da)(da)(da)(da)地震帶來的破(po)壞”。

很多新興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)在經(jing)(jing)濟高(gao)增長的(de)(de)刺(ci)激或尋求經(jing)(jing)濟高(gao)增長的(de)(de)動機之下，只顧電(dian)力開(kai)發(fa)，卻忽視(shi)電(dian)網安(an)全工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)電(dian)網管(guan)理體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)方面(mian)重視(shi)不夠(gou)，導致“缺(que)電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下都斷電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，造成(cheng)大量的(de)(de)浪費和損(sun)失。印度(du)此次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)問題(ti)，對(dui)印度(du)是個(ge)現實教訓，對(dui)世界各新興經(jing)(jing)濟體(ti)而言(yan)，是給電(dian)網安(an)全上(shang)(shang)了一課。只要(yao)體(ti)認“大停(ting)電(dian)或也會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)在我們身(shen)上(shang)(shang)”，那(nei)么，我們就應該從(cong)漠不關心(xin)(xin)等心(xin)(xin)態中(zhong)覺醒過(guo)來，把印度(du)問題(ti)視(shi)為(wei)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)問題(ti)，做好自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)安(an)全工(gong)作(zuo)。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大(da)面(mian)積停(ting)電(dian)事故(gu)。突(tu)如其(qi)來的(de)斷電(dian)導致交通(tong)陷入混亂，全國超過300列火車停(ting)運，首都新德(de)里的(de)地(di)鐵也全部停(ting)運，造成(cheng)旅客大(da)量滯留，公路交通(tong)出現(xian)大(da)面(mian)積擁堵(du)。一些礦工(gong)被困(kun)井(jing)下。銀行系統陷入癱(tan)瘓(huan)，一度給印度的(de)金融交易帶來障礙。

第一次事(shi)故發生后(hou)，印(yin)度電力部(bu)門排除(chu)故障，在停(ting)電后(hou)15個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)時內基本恢復(fu)了(le)電力供應。但(dan)旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)、哈里亞納邦(bang)以及北方邦(bang)等幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)地區(qu)在供電恢復(fu)后(hou)繼續超負荷用電，導(dao)致了(le)第二次大面積(ji)停(ting)電。印(yin)度電力部(bu)門因此(ci)不(bu)得不(bu)從鄰國輸(shu)入(ru)電力來滿足新(xin)德里的(de)用電需求。截(jie)至8月1日，印(yin)度北部(bu)地區(qu)95%的(de)電力供應已恢復(fu)。

事故分析

貝恩咨詢公司高級合伙人(ren)阿密特·辛哈認為，此次(ci)停電(dian)事故給印(yin)度(du)經(jing)濟敲響了警鐘——印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力供應至少需(xu)要(yao)保(bao)持每年6．5%至7%的增速，否則(ze)將會對該(gai)國制造(zao)業和(he)出口企(qi)業造(zao)成傷害。

印度最大行(xing)業協會(hui)印度工商聯合會(hui)主(zhu)席卡(ka)諾(nuo)里亞說：“連續兩(liang)天如此大規模的停電，值(zhi)得我們密切關注，這(zhe)當然會(hui)

對于商業(ye)投資(zi)環境本就存在不少問(wen)題的印(yin)度來(lai)說，此次大(da)停電(dian)不僅影響(xiang)企業(ye)生產和盈(ying)利(li)水平，還(huan)影響(xiang)到(dao)印(yin)度在外國投資(zi)者眼(yan)中(zhong)的形(xing)象(xiang)。

印(yin)(yin)度產業(ye)聯合會(hui)理(li)事長(chang)(chang)錢德拉吉(ji)特(te)·班納(na)吉(ji)表(biao)示，印(yin)(yin)度經濟近來(lai)增長(chang)(chang)放緩，外界(jie)本就對(dui)印(yin)(yin)度前景不太看好，如今電(dian)網兩天內連續崩潰(kui)無疑使印(yin)(yin)度的(de)形象進一步受損，令有(you)意投(tou)資印(yin)(yin)度的(de)外國企業(ye)望而卻(que)步。對(dui)于一個擁有(you)世(shi)界(jie)約六分之一人(ren)口的(de)新(xin)興(xing)經濟體，有(you)必要使基礎設施建設與印(yin)(yin)度的(de)強國夢想相匹配。

事故影響

世(shi)界媒(mei)體都(dou)在(zai)議論印度(du)大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任(ren)何國(guo)家都(dou)不能否認(ren)自己也(ye)遭(zao)遇過(guo)大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)歷史，只是(shi)規模和破(po)(po)壞(huai)程度(du)不同(tong)罷(ba)了。美國(guo)上世(shi)紀后半葉(xie)，至少出現三(san)次(ci)大規模停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，近(jin)十多年時間里(li)，美國(guo)至少遭(zao)遇過(guo)數(shu)次(ci)大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如2008年，佛(fo)羅里(li)達州發生大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬人(ren)沒(mei)有(you)電(dian)(dian)力(li)供應；2003年大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由(you)密歇根州延伸至紐約，最后蔓(man)延到加拿大。危機專家承認(ren)，“一(yi)次(ci)大停(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使是(shi)數(shu)秒鐘，也(ye)不亞(ya)于一(yi)場大地震帶來的(de)破(po)(po)壞(huai)”。

很(hen)多新興經濟(ji)體在經濟(ji)高增長(chang)的(de)刺激或尋(xun)求(qiu)經濟(ji)高增長(chang)的(de)動機之下，只顧(gu)電(dian)(dian)力開(kai)發，卻忽視(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)管(guan)理體制改革(ge)方面重視(shi)不夠，導致“缺電(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)”下都(dou)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)情況，造(zao)成大(da)量的(de)浪(lang)費和損失。印(yin)度(du)此(ci)次發生(sheng)的(de)問題，對(dui)印(yin)度(du)是個現實教(jiao)訓，對(dui)世界(jie)各新興經濟(ji)體而言，是給電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全(quan)上了一課。只要體認(ren)“大(da)停電(dian)(dian)或也會發生(sheng)在我們身上”，那么，我們就應該從(cong)漠(mo)不關心等心態中覺(jue)醒過來，把印(yin)度(du)問題視(shi)為自己(ji)的(de)問題，做好自己(ji)的(de)安全(quan)工(gong)作(zuo)。

2012年(nian)7月30口凌(ling)晨2時33分(fen)開(kai)始(shi)，印(yin)度(du)北部(bu)地(di)區(qu)德里(li)邦(bang)、哈利亞(ya)納邦(bang)、中(zhong)央邦(bang)、旁遮普邦(bang)、拉賈斯坦(tan)邦(bang)、北安查(cha)爾邦(bang)、北方邦(bang)等(deng)(deng)9個邦(bang)發(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，逾3.7億(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)受到影響。在上述地(di)區(qu)恢(hui)復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后，于當(dang)地(di)時間7月31口13時05分(fen)開(kai)始(shi)，印(yin)度(du)包括首都新德里(li)在內(nei)的(de)(de)東部(bu)、北部(bu)和(he)東北部(bu)地(di)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網再次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，超過20個邦(bang)再次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力癱(tan)瘓狀態，全國(guo)(guo)近(jin)一(yi)半地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中(zhong)斷，逾6.7億(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口受到影響111印(yin)度(du)兩天(tian)之內(nei)連續發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)面積停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是(shi)有史以(yi)來影響人(ren)(ren)(ren)曰最(zui)多的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，成為世界范圍內(nei)規模最(zui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)。印(yin)度(du)長期以(yi)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業基礎薄弱、基礎設施(shi)落后并(bing)滯后于經濟發(fa)展等(deng)(deng)矛盾(dun)由來己久，這(zhe)次(ci)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)讓印(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力管理體(ti)制、調度(du)防控體(ti)系和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網規劃建(jian)設等(deng)(deng)方面諸(zhu)多問題再次(ci)暴(bao)露(lu)于公(gong)眾面前。與我(wo)國(guo)(guo)一(yi)樣作為正(zheng)在崛起的(de)(de)發(fa)展中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家，印(yin)度(du)此(ci)次(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)對(dui)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行具有重人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)借鑒意(yi)義(yi)。但是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因研究不(bu)深，需(xu)要進(jin)一(yi)步深入分(fen)析印(yin)度(du)人(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力概況。

印度(du)的能源資(zi)源主要(yao)(yao)分布在東(dong)部(bu)和東(dong)北部(bu)地(di)區_以(yi)煤炭(tan)和水力為(wei)(wei)主_其余為(wei)(wei)核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、油(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和天(tian)然氣發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。主要(yao)(yao)負荷中(zhong)心及人口稠密地(di)區則集中(zhong)在北部(bu)、南部(bu)和西(xi)部(bu)地(di)區。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方向(xiang)主要(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)送(song)，再輔以(yi)北電(dian)(dian)(dian)南送(song)截至2012年5月(yue)，印度(du)總發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量約為(wei)(wei)2億kW，其中(zhong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)68.7070，水電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)19.2070，核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和其他可再生能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)占(zhan)12.1%}Z

作(zuo)為(wei)亞洲第(di)三人經(jing)濟體，印度(du)過(guo)去10年間(jian)經(jing)濟增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)接(jie)近(jin)2位(wei)數，能(neng)源(yuan)消費(fei)年均增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)6%但由于投資不足，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)嚴(yan)重滯后于經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)水平，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)冗余不足，跨區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力不夠，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應長(chang)(chang)期處于短缺狀態。印度(du)2010-2011年度(du)GDP增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)8.5070，同期發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)(chang)僅為(wei)5.56%印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部預(yu)計(ji)2012年印度(du)高峰期電(dian)(dian)(dian)力缺曰10.6%左(zuo)右(you)，全年電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)缺曰7.3%左(zuo)右(you)。仍有(you)(you)近(jin)40%的印度(du)家庭(約2.89億人)沒有(you)(you)用(yong)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)，且印度(du)人部分(fen)地區供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)低、停電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁，即使在首都(dou)新德(de)里也經(jing)常拉閘限電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)由五人(ren)區域(yu)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)組成，即北部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)和(he)南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級主要(yao)有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和(he)132kV北部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)部(bu)(bu)、西部(bu)(bu)、東(dong)北部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實(shi)現了交流400kV同步聯網(wang)(wang)，形成中央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與中央電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)過直(zhi)流異(yi)步聯接。此外印(yin)(yin)度(du)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)通(tong)過400kV交流與不月-電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)互聯印(yin)(yin)度(du)交流同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)區域(yu)間(jian)互聯情況(kuang).

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)卜區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)跨(kua)邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)。其中(zhong)跨(kua)區(qu)和跨(kua)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)由中(zhong)央(yang)政府(fu)所有的印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(PGCIL)擁有，并(bing)負責運行管理(li)(li);邦(bang)內(nei)輸電(dian)(dian)資(zi)產由邦(bang)政府(fu)所有的邦(bang)輸電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(STUB)或邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)局(未改革邦(bang))管理(li)(li)從(cong)印(yin)度交流(liu)互聯網(wang)跨(kua)區(qu)主網(wang)架來看，區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)之間通過1同(tong)765kV交流(liu)，23同(tong)400kV交流(liu)、10同(tong)220kV交流(liu)、1個(ge)士400kV直流(liu)背靠背和1個(ge)士500kV直流(liu)互聯。區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)主網(wang)架主要是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)環網(wang)為主。印(yin)度配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)由邦(bang)政府(fu)所有或私有的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)擁有并(bing)負責運行管理(li)(li)一個(ge)邦(bang)內(nei)有多個(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，完(wan)全私營的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)有17個(ge)，主要分布在德里(li)、奧(ao)里(li)薩、占吉拉特(te)、孟買等(deng)邦(bang)

在調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)環節，印度(du)(du)電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)分(fen)3級(ji)，分(fen)別由(you)(you)國家(jia)(jia)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(NLDC)，區域調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)}RLDC)、邦調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(CBLDC)負責(ze)。其中(zhong)NLDC負責(ze)跨區域輸電(dian)線路調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負責(ze)區域內電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，各邦SLDC負責(ze)邦內電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構與(yu)電(dian)網(wang)所(suo)有者(zhe)合一，NLDC和RLDC由(you)(you)印度(du)(du)國家(jia)(jia)電(dian)網(wang)公司管理，SLDC由(you)(you)邦輸電(dian)公司或(huo)電(dian)力局管理。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度(du)電力部在(zai)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)后(hou)組成特別小組展(zhan)開全面(mian)的(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查，并于s月I6口公(gong)布了事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查報(bao)告(gao)，報(bao)告(gao)詳細地分析了引起印度(du)連續兩(liang)起人(ren)停電事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)直接原(yuan)因。

2012年7月30口，由于Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳(tiao)開，在北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列(lie)后，由西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的(de)潮流(liu)轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致系(xi)統發生功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)由于振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷面上，致使相應(ying)的(de)聯絡線(xian)跳(tiao)開，造成(cheng)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度(du)交流(liu)互(hu)聯系(xi)統其他部(bu)分解(jie)列(lie)。由于系(xi)統頻率(lv)過低以及(ji)區(qu)域內(nei)進一(yi)步的(de)功率(lv)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩(dang)，北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統最(zui)終(zhong)崩(beng)潰。

2012年7月31口，由于(yu)(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線(xian)路跳開，在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解(jie)(jie)列(lie)以(yi)后，用于(yu)(yu)滿足北(bei)部區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)負荷的潮流轉移到“西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的聯絡(luo)通道，導(dao)致系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)發生功率(lv)振蕩(dang)7月31口的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)振蕩(dang)中心在(zai)(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部，靠近(jin)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)斷面，因此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)導(dao)致了(le)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部相應線(xian)路跳開之后，東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)中的一(yi)小部分(fen)(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以(yi)及西部區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和印(yin)度交流互聯系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)其他(ta)部分(fen)解(jie)(jie)列(lie)。這造成了(le)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東(dong)(dong)(dong)部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間斷面的功率(lv)振蕩(dang)，并進一(yi)步導(dao)致了(le)北(bei)部區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和“東(dong)(dong)(dong)部+東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)部”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的解(jie)(jie)列(lie)。隨后，所有3個區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(北(bei)部、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)部)由于(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)內部功率(lv)振蕩(dang)造成多同線(xian)路跳開，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)頻率(lv)過(guo)低以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同地區(qu)(qu)(qu)的過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓，最終北(bei)部、東(dong)(dong)(dong)部、東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)部電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩(beng)潰。

根據印度的調(diao)查(cha)報(bao)告，2次(ci)事故當天的故障錄波器結果均顯示，系統中并(bing)沒(mei)有監測到有故障發生。在2次(ci)事故發生前，由(you)于西(xi)部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面，以及靠近東部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面的多條區域間聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)停運導致跨區通道弱聯(lian)(lian)系，系統間的輸(shu)電能力被顯著削弱。西(xi)部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)和北部(bu)電網(wang)(wang)斷面均只(zhi)有Bina-Agra 400kV(單同)一條交流主干聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)路處(chu)于運行(xing)狀態。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內的邦(bang)負(fu)荷調(diao)度(du)(du)中心(xin)對區(qu)域負(fu)荷調(diao)度(du)(du)中心(xin)要求其降(jiang)低邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)透(tou)支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及要求西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)降(jiang)低發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)的指令(ling)響應(ying)不充分部(bu)分北(bei)(bei)部(bu)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)公(gong)司(si)(si)透(tou)支用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生了(le)計劃(hua)外的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交換，導(dao)致了(le)西(xi)部(bu)與北(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間(jian)唯一保持運行的400kV聯絡線處于高載荷狀態，并超過了(le)線路白身的額定功率(lv)。距離保護繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器3段(duan)保護動(dong)作使得該線路跳開，導(dao)致北(bei)(bei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列。

在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列后，由(you)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷的潮流轉移(yi)到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的聯絡(luo)通道，導致(zhi)系統發生(sheng)振蕩在2次連續人面(mian)積停電(dian)事(shi)故中，振蕩中心分(fen)別在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)間的斷面(mian)上，及在靠近東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面(mian)的東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，致(zhi)使相應(ying)的聯絡(luo)線(xian)和(he)主干線(xian)路跳開，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)印度交流互(hu)聯系統其他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解(jie)列。由(you)于(yu)各(ge)個(ge)區域內系統頻率(lv)過低以及進一(yi)(yi)步的功(gong)率(lv)振蕩等(deng)原因導致(zhi)電(dian)力系統崩潰(kui)，最(zui)終造(zao)成人面(mian)積停電(dian)事(shi)故

在這(zhe)2次(ci)人面積(ji)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故中，西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統通過(guo)在區域(yu)內采取(qu)高(gao)(gao)頻切(qie)機措施，得(de)以(yi)(yi)幸免南部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統從東部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋(kui)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，也在7月31口(kou)的(de)事(shi)故中得(de)以(yi)(yi)幸免，在事(shi)故發生后(hou)依(yi)然從西部電(dian)(dian)(dian)網饋(kui)入(ru)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，并采取(qu)了若(ruo)干防御機制(zhi)，如白動低(di)頻減負(fu)荷以(yi)(yi)及(ji)逐漸提(ti)升高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)直流受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電(dian)網(wang)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)防控(kong)體系(xi)是(shi)以堅強(qiang)網(wang)架(jia)為(wei)基礎(chu)的(de)、基于人安全觀的(de)、以統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)規劃(hua)、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)調度、統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)管理為(wei)手段的(de)人電(dian)網(wang)安全防御與運行(營)控(kong)制體系(xi)。該體系(xi)的(de)不完善是(shi)木次印度連續發生人面積停電(dian)事(shi)故的(de)深層次原因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受(shou)印(yin)度電(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業的(de)經(jing)營與管理體制(zhi)(zhi)限制(zhi)(zhi)，各級電(dian)網(wang)建設缺乏區(qu)(qu)域間(jian)(jian)統籌協調，區(qu)(qu)域主(zhu)網(wang)架以400kV/220kV電(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)為(wei)主(zhu)，沒有合理的(de)分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區(qu)(qu)，網(wang)架結構較易(yi)引發穩定破壞。400kV線路作為(wei)主(zhu)干網(wang)架己不滿足(zu)印(yin)度經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)快速增長對(dui)電(dian)力(li)(li)負荷的(de)需(xu)要，765kV系統剛剛啟動建設，還(huan)未成網(wang)。跨區(qu)(qu)主(zhu)網(wang)架之間(jian)(jian)呈弱(ruo)連接，一旦局部故障引發連鎖反應，或(huo)者(zhe)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)網(wang)白身發電(dian)能(neng)力(li)(li)人幅減少，各區(qu)(qu)域間(jian)(jian)彼此難(nan)以形(xing)成有力(li)(li)的(de)支援，加入了(le)發生(sheng)人面(mian)積停電(dian)的(de)可(ke)能(neng)性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、建設主體和(he)(he)資產歸屬(shu)復雜，主要(yao)包括印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司、邦(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司以及私(si)人企(qi)業印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司負責區(qu)域及跨(kua)區(qu)域輸電(dian)(dian)線路的(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)(bang)屬(shu)電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司負責邦(bang)(bang)內輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡(luo)的(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)。盡管由隸屬(shu)于印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司的(de)5個區(qu)域級(ji)電(dian)(dian)力調度(du)中(zhong)心(xin)負責協(xie)調和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)有(you)關(guan)邦(bang)(bang)之間(jian)輸電(dian)(dian)線路的(de)相關(guan)事(shi)務，但其對邦(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司并無管理(li)(li)關(guan)系，無力有(you)效實現跨(kua)區(qu)、跨(kua)邦(bang)(bang)和(he)(he)邦(bang)(bang)內電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)統(tong)一(yi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，各區(qu)域間(jian)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)發展規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)較難(nan)形(xing)成合理(li)(li)的(de)匹配和(he)(he)有(you)效的(de)銜接。除上(shang)述所(suo)述的(de)長期電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)問題外，印(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)還存在短期運(yun)行規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)輸電(dian)(dian)線路停運(yun)計劃(hua)(hua)(hua)不協(xie)調的(de)嚴(yan)重問題，并因此直接造(zao)成了區(qu)域間(jian)聯絡(luo)線的(de)功率(lv)調控能力缺(que)失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了(le)固有的發電冗余不足，調(diao)(diao)峰能(neng)力弱等客觀原因外(wai)，此次事故暴露出印(yin)度(du)(du)電網調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)體制不健全，電網運行缺乏統一調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，不同級調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構約束能(neng)力弱、跨邦跨區調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)協調(diao)(diao)能(neng)力不足，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指揮(hui)不暢，調(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)指令失(shi)靈等問題。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)實(shi)行(xing)分散的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)體制(zhi)，存(cun)在(zai)國家、區(qu)域、邦(bang)級(ji)以及邦(bang)內各地區(qu)4級(ji)以上(shang)的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管理(li)_缺(que)乏統一(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。各邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)獨立于(yu)(yu)國家和區(qu)域調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)，主要受當(dang)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)局或輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司管理(li)。國家調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)對(dui)邦(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構(gou)的(de)約束能(neng)力(li)(li)較弱，白上(shang)而卜的(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)和管理(li)的(de)無(wu)法做到“一(yi)票到底(di)”。當(dang)區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)邦(bang)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時，需向電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)反應(ying)并由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)負(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事(shi)故中北部(bu)各邦(bang)不(bu)服從區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)網設備持(chi)(chi)續(xu)維持(chi)(chi)超(chao)負(fu)荷運行(xing)，區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指令對(dui)各邦(bang)超(chao)計(ji)劃受電(dian)(dian)(dian)無(wu)能(neng)為力(li)(li)。印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)多(duo)位電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)官(guan)員表示，各州(zhou)沒有按照(zhao)規定調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)荷需求，致(zhi)使跨(kua)邦(bang)聯絡線(xian)超(chao)負(fu)荷運行(xing)，導致(zhi)了系統崩潰(kui)此外，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)標準(zhun)偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)足(zu)印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運營(ying)模式允許用頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)換用電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)行(xing)為，系統運行(xing)經常(chang)出(chu)現背離計(ji)劃的(de)情況，而且輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)的(de)正常(chang)運行(xing)范圍(wei)值為48.5--50.2Hz，允許頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)偏差較人(ren)，這(zhe)些造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運行(xing)長期處(chu)于(yu)(yu)緊張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電(dian)力(li)(li)管(guan)理體制缺乏(fa)集(ji)約化，各邦(bang)政(zheng)府對電(dian)力(li)(li)改革(ge)擁(yong)有(you)(you)較(jiao)高白(bai)主權(quan)，使得各邦(bang)改革(ge)進(jin)程不盡相同(tong)，統(tong)籌協(xie)調發(fa)展實現困難。發(fa)、輸、配(pei)電(dian)所有(you)(you)權(quan)和經營權(quan)分散，利益主體多元(yuan)，電(dian)網發(fa)展長(chang)期各白(bai)為政(zheng)，注(zhu)重局部(bu)(bu)利益，不重視(shi)整體安全(quan)，電(dian)網管(guan)理水平偏低、線損高、人部(bu)(bu)分電(dian)力(li)(li)企業處(chu)于虧(kui)損狀態、投資能(neng)力(li)(li)弱。

一(yi)方(fang)面，由于印度(du)推行(xing)(xing)以私有(you)化為(wei)方(fang)向的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)配電(dian)網(wang)在體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)上(shang)(shang)并非一(yi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)化運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing);另一(yi)方(fang)面，印度(du)電(dian)網(wang)管理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)為(wei)中央(yang)和邦(bang)2個層次的(de)(de)分散(san)管理(li)模式(shi)，各(ge)邦(bang)政府對(dui)電(dian)力(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)擁有(you)較(jiao)高白主(zhu)權邦(bang)電(dian)監會不受中央(yang)電(dian)監會管理(li)，邦(bang)電(dian)監會在邦(bang)內發(fa)、輸(shu)(shu)(shu)、配、電(dian)力(li)(li)交易(yi)和輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)定(ding)價等(deng)方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)白主(zhu)權這種整體(ti)(ti)(ti)層面比(bi)較(jiao)分散(san)的(de)(de)管理(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)(yu)模式(shi)，在很人(ren)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)(shang)造成了印度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)發(fa)展很難形成統一(yi)、科學的(de)(de)規劃。加入了印度(du)電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設(she)與(yu)(yu)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)難度(du)，也影響了印度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)企業運(yun)(yun)營與(yu)(yu)積極性，導致印度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)在整體(ti)(ti)(ti)上(shang)(shang)統籌(chou)協調發(fa)展實現困難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)保護體系中的(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)道防(fang)線”不健全，基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施和(he)低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)措施實(shi)施不力。在(zai)(zai)“7.30”第(di)一(yi)次(ci)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰前，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)與(yu)其他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)解(jie)列運行。北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)損(sun)失約5800MW外(wai)來(lai)(lai)電(dian)，導致頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)降(jiang)低。為了改(gai)善頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，避免系統崩潰，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)實(shi)施了低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可以減(jian)(jian)(jian)少約4000MW的(de)(de)負荷(he))和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)(可減(jian)(jian)(jian)少約6000MW的(de)(de)負荷(he))。然而，2項計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)實(shi)施并未減(jian)(jian)(jian)少足夠的(de)(de)負荷(he)，導致除了Badax-p二(er)(er)和(he)NAPS幾個小區(qu)域外(wai)的(de)(de)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰在(zai)(zai)“7.31”第(di)二(er)(er)次(ci)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰前，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)與(yu)其他電(dian)網(wang)(wang)首先解(jie)列運行，并遭遇了與(yu)第(di)一(yi)次(ci)停電(dian)事故類(lei)似的(de)(de)“第(di)二(er)(er)道防(fang)線”失效的(de)(de)情況在(zai)(zai)緊急情況卜的(de)(de)低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保護策略木應能維持頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)來(lai)(lai)保證(zheng)系統安全運行，但印度的(de)(de)事故分析報告(gao)指出，7月31口并沒有監(jian)測(ce)到低頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)和(he)基(ji)于(yu)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)變(bian)(bian)化率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)(jian)載(zai)保護計(ji)劃(hua)(hua)有適當(dang)的(de)(de)動作。

印度電(dian)(dian)網的(de)各級調度中心缺乏電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)動態安全評(ping)估和快速狀(zhuang)態估計(ji)的(de)研究機制，無法有效制定(ding)補救措(cuo)施計(ji)劃(hua);在(zai)系(xi)統(tong)運行調度過程中一也(ye)沒有在(zai)計(ji)劃(hua)外電(dian)(dian)力交換情(qing)況卜(bu)(bu)，對功率透支與過度發電(dian)(dian)的(de)情(qing)況進(jin)行監管。在(zai)這(zhe)2次停電(dian)(dian)事故中，均發生了在(zai)負荷逐漸損失的(de)情(qing)況卜(bu)(bu)距離保護誤動現(xian)象，而且缺乏足夠的(de)無功補償裝置和動態補償裝置對故障中的(de)系(xi)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓提供(gong)支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)不足一(yi)(yi)直是印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業發展(zhan)的(de)核(he)心制約(yue)因素(su)，印(yin)度曾試圖采(cai)取(qu)多項措(cuo)施吸(xi)引電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，但收效甚微2003年印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)法(fa)案(an)明(ming)確鼓勵引入競爭。2005年印(yin)度國家電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發展(zhan)政策也提出要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)環節(jie)引入私人(ren)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。但在(zai)實(shi)際(ji)操作中(zhong)，并未建立(li)完善的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)體制和(he)順暢的(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)金渠(qu)道，往往由于土地糾紛和(he)其他繁瑣的(de)政策障礙，導致基礎設施建設資(zi)(zi)(zi)金無(wu)法(fa)到位。另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，電(dian)(dian)價水平等諸多因素(su)也導致電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行業難(nan)(nan)以(yi)吸(xi)引投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)。印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)價機制不順，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)價同(tong)收難(nan)(nan)、線損居高不卜等問(wen)題，印(yin)度電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業普(pu)遍虧(kui)損，政府補貼對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場運(yun)營虧(kui)損來(lai)說(shuo)也是“杯水車薪”，企業缺(que)乏白主投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)能力(li)(li)(li)和(he)積極性

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印度(du)2天內連續(xu)2次發(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)事故，給當地經(jing)濟發(fa)展、社會穩定及國(guo)家形象(xiang)帶來嚴重影響。此次印度(du)人(ren)停(ting)電(dian)事件對我國(guo)電(dian)力(li)工業發(fa)展具有重要(yao)啟示。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)現代(dai)經(jing)濟社會(hui)發(fa)展的基(ji)礎(chu)，也是(shi)組成國(guo)民經(jing)濟的重要組成部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的基(ji)礎(chu)性特(te)征(zheng)、工程(cheng)建設周期長、系統運(yun)行(xing)備用需求等要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)展必須適度超前如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)展滯(zhi)后，就會(hui)成為(wei)制(zhi)約經(jing)濟社會(hui)發(fa)展和人民生活水平(ping)提(ti)高(gao)的瓶頸。印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)基(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)薄弱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)需矛盾(dun)突(tu)出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全可靠供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水平(ping)低。近年來，印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)持續(xu)存在10%左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)缺}!，而在夏季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰這個比例可能超過20%如此(ci)滯(zhi)后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業(ye)(ye)，不(bu)僅嚴重影響了水民的生活，更(geng)讓(rang)印度在對外招商引資、經(jing)濟發(fa)展方面(mian)(mian)都面(mian)(mian)臨多方垢病，國(guo)際競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)(li)也因此(ci)人打折(zhe)扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論美加“8.14”人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)、巴西(xi)“11.10”人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)，還(huan)是(shi)木次印度連(lian)續2次人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)，其中一個(ge)重要原因就(jiu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展(zhan)滯后(hou)，沒有形成(cheng)結(jie)構堅強、運行靈(ling)活的(de)主網(wang)架。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統是(shi)由不同電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級設備(bei)緊密連(lian)接在一起的(de)系統，必須(xu)堅持統一規(gui)劃、統一建(jian)設，從源頭上消除隱患，提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設安全質(zhi)量和抵御白然災害的(de)能力(li)(li)，滿足(zu)能源資源配置要求和事(shi)故情況卜(bu)相互支(zhi)援的(de)能力(li)(li)。立足(zu)我(wo)國(guo)能源逆向分布實際，加快發展(zhan)特高壓跨區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)，構建(jian)“強交強直”的(de)全國(guo)特高壓堅強骨干網(wang)架，是(shi)保障我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應安全的(de)必備(bei)物質(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司縮減電(dian)(dian)網(wang)維護(hu)成木(mu)，在電(dian)(dian)網(wang)超負荷運(yun)行(xing)、頻率卜降時，技(ji)術上沒有相應的(de)(de)“第三(san)(san)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”，最終拖垮整個電(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在美(mei)國(guo)等一(yi)些國(guo)家也存(cun)在類似我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定“三(san)(san)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”，但因制(zhi)度(du)(du)體制(zhi)等問題(ti)，讓“三(san)(san)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”運(yun)行(xing)失(shi)靈(ling)。隨著我(wo)國(guo)人容量交/直(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)工(gong)程、人規模間歇式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)投運(yun)，交直(zhi)流系(xi)統拙合(he)關系(xi)增強，系(xi)統運(yun)行(xing)方式(shi)多變，容易發生多重擾動(dong)/故障，對人電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)運(yun)行(xing)提出了更高的(de)(de)要求需要進一(yi)步加強“三(san)(san)道(dao)防線(xian)(xian)”建設，落實(shi)《電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定導(dao)則》要求，深入開展系(xi)統安(an)全(quan)(quan)穩(wen)(wen)定分析和校核(he)，健(jian)全(quan)(quan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理制(zhi)度(du)(du)，提高運(yun)行(xing)維護(hu)水平、人員素質(zhi)，加強安(an)全(quan)(quan)基礎(chu)管(guan)(guan)理和細節控(kong)制(zhi)，以(yi)“嚴、細、實(shi)”的(de)(de)作風保障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網在向其目標網架(jia)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡過程中，都存在薄弱環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，忽視這些環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)對相應風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管控(kong)(kong)將加入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網發(fa)(fa)生類(lei)似于(yu)印度(du)人停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性。為在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過渡過程中避免(mian)發(fa)(fa)生人面積停(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)，必須樹立立足于(yu)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)(an)全觀，結合人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網及其安(an)(an)(an)(an)全運行(xing)(xing)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術發(fa)(fa)展趨勢(shi)，進(jin)一步加強對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網骨(gu)干(gan)網架(jia)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全保(bao)障理(li)(li)(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究與技術措施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)，提高(gao)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網監測(ce)、預(yu)警和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)能力，構建時(shi)空協調綜合防御系(xi)統，提高(gao)技術保(bao)障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)(an)全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力，保(bao)證(zheng)系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長期(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全穩定(ding)運行(xing)(xing)。深化人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管理(li)(li)(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)(an)全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)超前分析和(he)(he)流程化控(kong)(kong)制(zhi);開展周(zhou)期(qi)性輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)(an)全性評價，滾動(dong)排查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網薄弱環(huan)(huan)節和(he)(he)設(she)備重人隱患;加強資產全壽(shou)命周(zhou)期(qi)管理(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安(an)(an)(an)(an)全監督管理(li)(li)(li);完善人電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網應急處置(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)等(deng)手(shou)段和(he)(he)措施(shi)(shi)全過程動(dong)態防范電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網事(shi)故(gu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國(guo)際上(shang)這(zhe)些人(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)直接原因，人(ren)(ren)都是(shi)因為管理體(ti)制混亂、利益主體(ti)多元、調(diao)(diao)度指令失靈，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故得(de)不到及(ji)時控(kong)制，最終發(fa)展(zhan)成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)。這(zhe)次(ci)印度人(ren)(ren)停電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因，再一(yi)次(ci)說(shuo)明缺乏統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度管理體(ti)制和嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度紀(ji)律，人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)無(wu)法(fa)得(de)到保(bao)障。長期(qi)以(yi)來，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度一(yi)體(ti)化運(yun)行機制，實現了(le)(le)統一(yi)高效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)度管理和電(dian)(dian)力系統協調(diao)(diao)運(yun)行，有效(xiao)降低了(le)(le)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故風險，沒有發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰和人(ren)(ren)面積停電(dian)(dian)等(deng)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故特別是(shi)近年(nian)來，在(zai)連續遭受歷史罕(han)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重(zhong)冰災、特人(ren)(ren)地震及(ji)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)洪水(shui)、臺風、泥石(shi)流(liu)等(deng)白然災害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況卜(bu)，我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)度管理體(ti)制為確保(bao)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)和可靠供電(dian)(dian)發(fa)揮了(le)(le)重(zhong)要作用

總結

當前我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經濟(ji)發展和負荷需求增長較快，結(jie)構性和季節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)緊張時(shi)有發生(sheng)，新能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅猛發展、并網(wang)(wang)規模口益(yi)增人，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)構口趨復(fu)雜，未來供電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全(quan)穩定(ding)問題將更加突出(chu)。為此，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)應積極從印度(du)人停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中汲取經驗教訓。在人力(li)(li)(li)增強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安(an)全(quan)的(de)物理網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)支撐的(de)同時(shi)，要堅持各級(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和調(diao)度(du)的(de)一體化運行機制，充分發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統(tong)(tong)一管理和運行的(de)優勢，最人限(xian)度(du)地提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)度(du)安(an)全(quan)保(bao)障能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，為我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經濟(ji)社會快速發展提供安(an)全(quan)、可靠(kao)、優質、高(gao)效的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供應。