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2012年8月1日，印度(du)(du)官員宣布，印度(du)(du)大面積斷電(dian)已經結束。印度(du)(du)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)事故，覆蓋(gai)了一半以上的(de)(de)(de)國土，直接影響6億(yi)多人的(de)(de)(de)生活，是(shi)這個南亞(ya)國家11年來最嚴重的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)事故。

事故過程

印度北部和東(dong)部地區7月30日和31日連續發生(sheng)兩(liang)次大(da)面積停(ting)(ting)電事故。突如其(qi)來的(de)斷電導(dao)致(zhi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)陷(xian)入混亂，全國(guo)超(chao)過300列火車停(ting)(ting)運，首都新德里的(de)地鐵也(ye)全部停(ting)(ting)運，造成旅(lv)客大(da)量滯留，公(gong)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)出現大(da)面積擁堵。一(yi)些(xie)礦工(gong)被困井(jing)下(xia)。銀(yin)行系統(tong)陷(xian)入癱瘓，一(yi)度給印度的(de)金融交(jiao)易帶來障礙。

第一次事(shi)故(gu)(gu)發生后(hou)(hou)，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)門排除(chu)故(gu)(gu)障，在(zai)停電(dian)后(hou)(hou)15個(ge)小時內基本恢復了(le)電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應。但旁遮(zhe)普邦、哈里(li)亞(ya)納邦以及(ji)北(bei)方邦等幾個(ge)地區(qu)在(zai)供(gong)電(dian)恢復后(hou)(hou)繼(ji)續超負荷用電(dian)，導(dao)致了(le)第二次大(da)面積(ji)停電(dian)。印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)部(bu)門因此不得不從鄰國輸入電(dian)力(li)(li)來滿足新德里(li)的(de)(de)用電(dian)需求。截至8月(yue)1日，印(yin)度(du)北(bei)部(bu)地區(qu)95%的(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)應已恢復。

事故分析

貝恩咨(zi)詢公司高級合伙(huo)人阿密特·辛哈認為，此次停電事故給(gei)印度經濟敲響(xiang)了警鐘——印度電力(li)供應至少需(xu)要保持每年6．5%至7%的增速，否則將會對該國制造(zao)業和出口(kou)企(qi)業造(zao)成傷害。

印度最大行業協(xie)會(hui)(hui)印度工(gong)商聯合會(hui)(hui)主席卡諾里亞(ya)說：“連續(xu)兩天(tian)如此大規模的(de)停電，值得我們密(mi)切關注(zhu)，這當然(ran)會(hui)(hui)

對于商(shang)業投(tou)資環境本就(jiu)存在(zai)不少問(wen)題的印度來說，此次(ci)大停電不僅影響企業生產和盈利水(shui)平(ping)，還影響到印度在(zai)外國投(tou)資者眼中的形象。

印(yin)度產業(ye)聯合會理事長錢德拉吉(ji)特·班納吉(ji)表示，印(yin)度經(jing)(jing)濟近來增長放緩，外界本就對印(yin)度前景不太看(kan)好(hao)，如今電網(wang)兩(liang)天(tian)內連續(xu)崩潰無(wu)疑使(shi)印(yin)度的(de)(de)形象(xiang)進一(yi)步受損，令(ling)有意投資印(yin)度的(de)(de)外國企業(ye)望(wang)而卻步。對于一(yi)個(ge)擁有世(shi)界約六(liu)分之一(yi)人口的(de)(de)新興經(jing)(jing)濟體，有必要使(shi)基礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)設(she)與印(yin)度的(de)(de)強(qiang)國夢想相匹配(pei)。

事故影響

世界媒體(ti)都(dou)在議論印度大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，但任(ren)何國家都(dou)不能否認自己也遭遇過大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)的歷史，只是(shi)規(gui)模和破壞(huai)程度不同罷(ba)了(le)。美(mei)國上(shang)世紀后半葉，至少(shao)出現三(san)次大(da)規(gui)模停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，近十多年(nian)時間里，美(mei)國至少(shao)遭遇過數次大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里達州發生大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，300萬(wan)人沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應；2003年(nian)大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，由(you)密歇根州延伸至紐約，最后蔓延到(dao)加拿大(da)。危機專(zhuan)家承(cheng)認，“一次大(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)是(shi)數秒鐘，也不亞于(yu)一場大(da)地震帶(dai)來的破壞(huai)”。

很(hen)多新(xin)興經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)在經濟(ji)(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刺激或尋求(qiu)經濟(ji)(ji)高增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動機之下，只顧電(dian)(dian)力開發，卻忽視電(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)工作，對電(dian)(dian)網管理體(ti)制改革方面重視不夠，導致“缺(que)電(dian)(dian)”和“有電(dian)(dian)”下都(dou)斷電(dian)(dian)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)，造成大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費和損失(shi)。印(yin)度(du)此(ci)次發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)，對印(yin)度(du)是(shi)個現實教訓，對世(shi)界各(ge)新(xin)興經濟(ji)(ji)體(ti)而(er)言，是(shi)給電(dian)(dian)網安(an)全(quan)上(shang)了(le)一課。只要(yao)體(ti)認(ren)“大(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)或也會(hui)發生在我(wo)們身上(shang)”，那么，我(wo)們就(jiu)應該從(cong)漠不關心等心態中(zhong)覺醒過來(lai)，把(ba)印(yin)度(du)問題(ti)(ti)視為(wei)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)，做好自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)工作。

簡介

印度北部和東部地區7月30日和31日連續發

生兩次大面積停電事故。突如其來的斷電導(dao)致(zhi)交(jiao)通陷入混亂，全國超(chao)過(guo)300列火車(che)停運，首(shou)都新(xin)德(de)里的地鐵也全部(bu)停運，造成旅(lv)客大量滯留，公路交(jiao)通出現(xian)大面積擁(yong)堵。一(yi)些(xie)礦工被困井下。銀行系統陷入癱瘓，一(yi)度(du)給印度(du)的金(jin)融交(jiao)易帶來障(zhang)礙。

第一(yi)次事(shi)故發生后，印度電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門排除故障，在停(ting)電(dian)后15個小時內(nei)基(ji)本恢復了電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應。但旁(pang)遮普邦、哈里亞納邦以及北(bei)方邦等幾個地區在供(gong)電(dian)恢復后繼續(xu)超負荷用(yong)電(dian)，導致(zhi)了第二(er)次大面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)。印度電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門因此(ci)不得不從(cong)鄰(lin)國(guo)輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)力(li)來(lai)滿足新德里的用(yong)電(dian)需求。截至8月1日，印度北(bei)部(bu)地區95%的電(dian)力(li)供(gong)應已恢復。

事故分析

貝恩(en)咨詢公司高級(ji)合伙人阿密特·辛(xin)哈(ha)認為(wei)，此次停電事故給印(yin)度經濟(ji)敲(qiao)響了警鐘——印(yin)度電力(li)供應至(zhi)少需(xu)要保持每(mei)年(nian)6．5%至(zhi)7%的增速，否(fou)則將會(hui)對該(gai)國制造業(ye)和出口企業(ye)造成(cheng)傷害。

印度最(zui)大行業協會(hui)(hui)印度工商聯合(he)會(hui)(hui)主席卡(ka)諾里亞說：“連續(xu)兩天如此大規模的停電，值得(de)我們密(mi)切關注(zhu)，這當然會(hui)(hui)

對(dui)于商業投資環(huan)境本就存在(zai)不少問題的(de)印(yin)度來說，此次大(da)停電不僅影響企業生產和(he)盈利水平，還影響到印(yin)度在(zai)外國投資者眼中的(de)形象。

印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)產業(ye)聯合會理(li)事長錢德(de)拉(la)吉特·班納(na)吉表示，印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)經濟(ji)近來(lai)增長放緩，外界本就對印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)前景不(bu)太看好(hao)，如今電網兩天內連續(xu)崩(beng)潰無(wu)疑使印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)形(xing)象進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)受(shou)損，令有意(yi)投資印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)外國企業(ye)望(wang)而卻(que)步(bu)。對于(yu)一(yi)(yi)個擁有世界約(yue)六分之一(yi)(yi)人口(kou)的(de)新興經濟(ji)體，有必(bi)要使基礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)與印(yin)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)強國夢想相匹(pi)配。

事故影響

世界媒體都在議論印(yin)度大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但任(ren)何國家都不能否認(ren)自(zi)己也遭遇過大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的歷史，只是規模和破壞(huai)程度不同罷了。美國上世紀后半葉(xie)，至(zhi)少(shao)出現三(san)次大(da)(da)(da)規模停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故，近(jin)十多年(nian)時間里，美國至(zhi)少(shao)遭遇過數次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如(ru)2008年(nian)，佛羅里達(da)州(zhou)發生大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，300萬人沒有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應；2003年(nian)大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，由密歇根州(zhou)延(yan)伸至(zhi)紐約，最后蔓延(yan)到加(jia)拿大(da)(da)(da)。危機專家承認(ren)，“一次大(da)(da)(da)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使是數秒鐘，也不亞于(yu)一場大(da)(da)(da)地震(zhen)帶(dai)來的破壞(huai)”。

很多新(xin)興經(jing)濟體(ti)在經(jing)濟高增長(chang)的(de)刺激(ji)或尋求經(jing)濟高增長(chang)的(de)動機之下，只(zhi)(zhi)顧電(dian)力(li)開發，卻忽視電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)作，對電(dian)網管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制改革方(fang)面重視不夠，導(dao)致(zhi)“缺電(dian)”和“有電(dian)”下都斷(duan)電(dian)停(ting)電(dian)的(de)情況，造成大(da)量的(de)浪(lang)費和損失。印度此次發生的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，對印度是個現實教訓(xun)，對世界(jie)各新(xin)興經(jing)濟體(ti)而(er)言(yan)，是給電(dian)網安(an)全(quan)上了一課。只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)體(ti)認“大(da)停(ting)電(dian)或也(ye)會(hui)發生在我(wo)們(men)身上”，那么，我(wo)們(men)就應該從(cong)漠(mo)不關(guan)心等心態(tai)中覺醒(xing)過來(lai)，把(ba)印度問(wen)(wen)題(ti)視為(wei)自(zi)己的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，做好自(zi)己的(de)安(an)全(quan)工(gong)(gong)作。

2012年(nian)7月30口凌晨2時33分開始(shi)，印(yin)(yin)度(du)北(bei)部(bu)地區德(de)里(li)邦(bang)(bang)、哈(ha)利亞納邦(bang)(bang)、中央邦(bang)(bang)、旁遮普(pu)邦(bang)(bang)、拉賈斯坦邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)安(an)查爾邦(bang)(bang)、北(bei)方邦(bang)(bang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)9個邦(bang)(bang)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，逾3.7億人(ren)受到影響(xiang)。在(zai)上述地區恢復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)數小時后，于(yu)(yu)當(dang)地時間(jian)7月31口13時05分開始(shi)，印(yin)(yin)度(du)包括首都(dou)新德(de)里(li)在(zai)內的(de)(de)(de)東部(bu)、北(bei)部(bu)和東北(bei)部(bu)地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)再(zai)(zai)次(ci)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，超過(guo)20個邦(bang)(bang)再(zai)(zai)次(ci)陷入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)癱(tan)瘓狀態(tai)，全國(guo)近一半地區的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)出現中斷(duan)，逾6.7億人(ren)口受到影響(xiang)111印(yin)(yin)度(du)兩天(tian)之內連續發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)人(ren)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是(shi)有史以來(lai)(lai)影響(xiang)人(ren)曰(yue)最多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，成為(wei)世界范圍內規模最人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)件。印(yin)(yin)度(du)長(chang)期以來(lai)(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業基礎薄弱、基礎設施落(luo)后并滯(zhi)后于(yu)(yu)經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展等(deng)(deng)(deng)矛盾(dun)由來(lai)(lai)己(ji)久，這次(ci)事(shi)(shi)件讓(rang)印(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)管理(li)體(ti)制、調(diao)度(du)防(fang)控(kong)體(ti)系和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃建設等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面(mian)(mian)諸多(duo)問題再(zai)(zai)次(ci)暴露于(yu)(yu)公眾面(mian)(mian)前。與我國(guo)一樣作(zuo)為(wei)正在(zai)崛起的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展中國(guo)家，印(yin)(yin)度(du)此次(ci)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)對我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運行具有重人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)借鑒意義。但是(shi)我國(guo)對人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)原因研究不深，需(xu)要進(jin)一步(bu)深入分析印(yin)(yin)度(du)人(ren)停(ting)(ting)(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)概況。

印(yin)度的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)主要分布在東部(bu)和(he)(he)東北部(bu)地區_以煤(mei)炭(tan)和(he)(he)水力為主_其余為核(he)電(dian)、油電(dian)和(he)(he)天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)發電(dian)。主要負荷中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)及人口稠密地區則集中(zhong)(zhong)在北部(bu)、南部(bu)和(he)(he)西部(bu)地區。印(yin)度電(dian)網的(de)輸電(dian)方向主要為東電(dian)西送(song)，再輔(fu)以北電(dian)南送(song)截至2012年5月，印(yin)度總發電(dian)裝(zhuang)機容量約(yue)為2億(yi)kW，其中(zhong)(zhong)火電(dian)裝(zhuang)機占(zhan)(zhan)68.7070，水電(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)19.2070，核(he)電(dian)和(he)(he)其他可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)占(zhan)(zhan)12.1%}Z

作(zuo)為(wei)亞洲(zhou)第(di)三人經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)，印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)過去10年(nian)(nian)間經(jing)濟(ji)增(zeng)速接近2位(wei)數(shu)，能源消費(fei)年(nian)(nian)均(jun)增(zeng)速6%但由于投(tou)資不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，電力(li)工業(ye)發展嚴重滯后于經(jing)濟(ji)發展水平，發電冗余不(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，跨(kua)區(qu)輸電能力(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠，電力(li)供(gong)應長期處于短缺(que)狀(zhuang)態。印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)2010-2011年(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)GDP增(zeng)長8.5070，同(tong)期發電裝機增(zeng)長僅為(wei)5.56%印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)電力(li)部預(yu)計2012年(nian)(nian)印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)高峰(feng)期電力(li)缺(que)曰10.6%左右(you)，全(quan)年(nian)(nian)電量(liang)(liang)缺(que)曰7.3%左右(you)。仍有近40%的印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)家庭(約2.89億人)沒有用上(shang)電，且印(yin)(yin)度(du)(du)人部分地區(qu)供(gong)電質量(liang)(liang)低、停電頻繁(fan)，即使在首(shou)都新(xin)德里也經(jing)常拉閘限電。

印度(du)(du)電(dian)網(wang)由五(wu)人區(qu)域性電(dian)網(wang)組成，即北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)。印度(du)(du)電(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)壓等級主要有765kV,500 kV，400kV，220kV和132kV北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)實現了交(jiao)(jiao)流400kV同步聯網(wang)，形成中央(yang)電(dian)網(wang)(New Grid)。南部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)與(yu)(yu)中央(yang)電(dian)網(wang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)直流異步聯接(jie)。此外印度(du)(du)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)網(wang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)流與(yu)(yu)不(bu)月-電(dian)網(wang)互(hu)聯印度(du)(du)交(jiao)(jiao)流同步電(dian)網(wang)區(qu)域間互(hu)聯情況.

印度輸電網結構分為3層，即國家電網(跨區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)卜區域內(nei)跨(kua)(kua)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。其中跨(kua)(kua)區和(he)跨(kua)(kua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由中央政(zheng)(zheng)府所(suo)有的(de)印度(du)國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)(PGCIL)擁有，并(bing)負責(ze)運行管(guan)(guan)理;邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資產由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)(zheng)府所(suo)有的(de)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)(STUB)或邦(bang)(bang)(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力局(未改(gai)革邦(bang)(bang)(bang))管(guan)(guan)理從印度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)跨(kua)(kua)區主(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架來看，區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)之間通過1同(tong)765kV交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，23同(tong)400kV交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、10同(tong)220kV交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、1個(ge)(ge)士400kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)背靠背和(he)1個(ge)(ge)士500kV直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)聯。區域內(nei)主(zhu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)架主(zhu)要(yao)是以400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為主(zhu)。印度(du)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)由邦(bang)(bang)(bang)政(zheng)(zheng)府所(suo)有或私有的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)擁有并(bing)負責(ze)運行管(guan)(guan)理一個(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內(nei)有多個(ge)(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)，完全私營的(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)司(si)有17個(ge)(ge)，主(zhu)要(yao)分布在德里(li)、奧里(li)薩、占(zhan)吉拉特、孟(meng)買等邦(bang)(bang)(bang)

在調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)環(huan)節，印度(du)(du)電(dian)力系統調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)分(fen)3級(ji)，分(fen)別由國(guo)家(jia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(NLDC)，區(qu)域調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心}RLDC)、邦(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)中(zhong)(zhong)心(CBLDC)負責(ze)(ze)(ze)。其中(zhong)(zhong)NLDC負責(ze)(ze)(ze)跨區(qu)域輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)路調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，5個RLDC負責(ze)(ze)(ze)區(qu)域內電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)，各(ge)邦(bang)(bang)SLDC負責(ze)(ze)(ze)邦(bang)(bang)內電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)。調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)機構(gou)與電(dian)網所有者(zhe)合一(yi)，NLDC和RLDC由印度(du)(du)國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)網公(gong)司管(guan)理(li)，SLDC由邦(bang)(bang)輸(shu)電(dian)公(gong)司或電(dian)力局管(guan)理(li)。

2印度“7.30"，"7.31”大停電事故直接原因

印度電(dian)力部(bu)在事(shi)故(gu)(gu)后組(zu)成特別小組(zu)展開全面的(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查，并于s月I6口公布了事(shi)故(gu)(gu)調查報(bao)告(gao)，報(bao)告(gao)詳(xiang)細地分析了引起印度連續兩(liang)起人停電(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)直接原因。

2012年7月30口，由于(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路(lu)跳開，在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)解列(lie)后，由西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)負荷的(de)(de)潮流轉(zhuan)移到(dao)“西部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一(yi)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)通道，導(dao)致系統(tong)發生功率(lv)(lv)振(zhen)蕩由于(yu)振(zhen)蕩中心在北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)間的(de)(de)斷面(mian)上(shang)，致使相應的(de)(de)聯(lian)(lian)絡(luo)線跳開，造成北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和印度(du)交(jiao)流互聯(lian)(lian)系統(tong)其(qi)他部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分解列(lie)。由于(yu)系統(tong)頻率(lv)(lv)過低以(yi)及區域內進一(yi)步的(de)(de)功率(lv)(lv)振(zhen)蕩，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)最(zui)終崩潰。

2012年7月(yue)31口，由于(yu)(yu)Bina-Gwalior 400kV線路跳開，在(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列以后，用于(yu)(yu)滿足北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)負(fu)荷的(de)潮流(liu)(liu)轉移到“西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一(yi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致系(xi)統(tong)(tong)發生功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)7月(yue)31口的(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)振(zhen)蕩(dang)中心在(zai)(zai)東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)，靠近東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷面，因此，在(zai)(zai)導致了東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相應線路跳開之后，東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)中的(de)一(yi)小部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(Ranchi和Rourkela)，以及西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和印度交流(liu)(liu)互聯系(xi)統(tong)(tong)其他(ta)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。這造成了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)間(jian)斷面的(de)功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)，并進一(yi)步(bu)導致了北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和“東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)+東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)”系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)解列。隨后，所有3個區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu))由于(yu)(yu)區域(yu)內部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)功率振(zhen)蕩(dang)造成多同線路跳開，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)頻(pin)率過低以及在(zai)(zai)不(bu)同地區的(de)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，最終北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)崩潰。

根據印度(du)的調查報告(gao)，2次(ci)事(shi)故(gu)當天(tian)的故(gu)障(zhang)錄(lu)波器結(jie)果均顯示，系(xi)統中(zhong)并沒有(you)監測到(dao)有(you)故(gu)障(zhang)發生。在2次(ci)事(shi)故(gu)發生前，由(you)于(yu)(yu)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面，以及靠近東部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面的多條區(qu)域間聯絡(luo)線(xian)停運(yun)導致跨區(qu)通道弱(ruo)聯系(xi)，系(xi)統間的輸電(dian)能力被顯著(zhu)削弱(ruo)。西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)北(bei)部(bu)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面均只有(you)Bina-Agra 400kV(單同(tong))一條交流主干聯絡(luo)線(xian)路(lu)處于(yu)(yu)運(yun)行狀(zhuang)態。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內(nei)(nei)的邦負荷調度中心對區域(yu)(yu)負荷調度中心要求其(qi)降低(di)邦內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司透支用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及要求西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網內(nei)(nei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司降低(di)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)的指令響(xiang)應不(bu)充(chong)分部(bu)分北部(bu)區域(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)(gong)司透支用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生(sheng)了(le)計劃外的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)交換，導致了(le)西部(bu)與(yu)北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網間唯一保(bao)持運(yun)行(xing)的400kV聯(lian)絡線(xian)處于高載荷狀(zhuang)態，并超過了(le)線(xian)路(lu)白身的額定功率。距離保(bao)護繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器3段保(bao)護動(dong)作(zuo)使得該(gai)線(xian)路(lu)跳開，導致北部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網和西部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網解(jie)列。

在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)解列后，由西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)供給北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)負荷(he)的(de)潮流(liu)(liu)轉(zhuan)移到“西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”的(de)聯絡通道，導致(zhi)系統(tong)發生振(zhen)蕩在(zai)2次連(lian)續(xu)人面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故中，振(zhen)蕩中心(xin)分(fen)別(bie)在(zai)北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間的(de)斷(duan)面上，及在(zai)靠(kao)近(jin)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)西部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)斷(duan)面的(de)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)(bu)，致(zhi)使相應的(de)聯絡線和(he)(he)主干(gan)線路跳(tiao)開，北(bei)部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)印度(du)交流(liu)(liu)互(hu)聯系統(tong)其他部(bu)(bu)分(fen)解列。由于各個區域內(nei)系統(tong)頻率過低以及進一步(bu)的(de)功(gong)率振(zhen)蕩等(deng)原因導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)崩潰，最終造(zao)成人面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故

在(zai)這2次人面(mian)積停電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)中，西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)通過在(zai)區域內采(cai)取(qu)高頻(pin)切機(ji)措施，得以幸免南部(bu)電(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)從(cong)東部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)(kui)入電(dian)(dian)力，也在(zai)7月31口的事故(gu)中得以幸免，在(zai)事故(gu)發(fa)生(sheng)后(hou)依(yi)然從(cong)西(xi)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)饋(kui)(kui)入部(bu)分電(dian)(dian)力，并采(cai)取(qu)了若干防御(yu)機(ji)制，如(ru)白動低頻(pin)減負(fu)荷以及逐(zhu)漸(jian)提(ti)升高壓直(zhi)流受電(dian)(dian)功率

印度大停電事故的深層次原因分析

人電(dian)網統(tong)(tong)一防(fang)控體(ti)系是(shi)以(yi)(yi)堅強(qiang)網架為(wei)(wei)基礎的(de)、基于人安全觀的(de)、以(yi)(yi)統(tong)(tong)一規(gui)劃、統(tong)(tong)一調度(du)、統(tong)(tong)一管理為(wei)(wei)手段的(de)人電(dian)網安全防(fang)御與運行(營)控制體(ti)系。該體(ti)系的(de)不完善(shan)是(shi)木次印度(du)連續(xu)發(fa)生人面積停電(dian)事故(gu)的(de)深層次原(yuan)因

1網架結構不夠堅強，區域間交換能力不足

受印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業(ye)的(de)(de)經營與管理體制(zhi)(zhi)限制(zhi)(zhi)，各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設缺(que)乏區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間統(tong)籌協調，區(qu)(qu)域(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)(jia)以(yi)400kV/220kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁環(huan)網(wang)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)合理的(de)(de)分層分區(qu)(qu)，網(wang)架(jia)(jia)結構較(jiao)易(yi)引發(fa)穩定(ding)破壞。400kV線(xian)路作為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)干網(wang)架(jia)(jia)己不滿(man)足印度(du)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)快速(su)增長對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負荷的(de)(de)需要，765kV系統(tong)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)啟動建設，還未成網(wang)。跨區(qu)(qu)主(zhu)(zhu)網(wang)架(jia)(jia)之間呈弱連接，一旦局部(bu)故障(zhang)引發(fa)連鎖反應，或者區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)白身(shen)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)人幅減少(shao)，各(ge)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)間彼此難以(yi)形成有(you)(you)力(li)的(de)(de)支援，加入(ru)了(le)發(fa)生人面積停電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)可能性。

2電網發展缺乏統一規劃

印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、建設主(zhu)體和資產歸屬復雜，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司、邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司以及私人企(qi)業(ye)印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司負(fu)責(ze)區域(yu)及跨(kua)區域(yu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，邦(bang)屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司負(fu)責(ze)邦(bang)內輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)的規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)。盡管(guan)由隸(li)屬于印(yin)(yin)度(du)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司的5個區域(yu)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)調(diao)(diao)度(du)中(zhong)心(xin)負(fu)責(ze)協調(diao)(diao)和管(guan)理有(you)關(guan)(guan)邦(bang)之間輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的相關(guan)(guan)事務，但其(qi)對邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司并無(wu)管(guan)理關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，無(wu)力(li)有(you)效實(shi)現(xian)跨(kua)區、跨(kua)邦(bang)和邦(bang)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的統一規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，各區域(yu)間電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的發展規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)較難形成合理的匹配和有(you)效的銜(xian)接(jie)。除上述所述的長(chang)期電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)問(wen)題外，印(yin)(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)還存在短期運行規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)，區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、邦(bang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)停運計劃(hua)(hua)(hua)不協調(diao)(diao)的嚴重問(wen)題，并因此直接(jie)造(zao)成了區域(yu)間聯絡(luo)線(xian)的功率(lv)調(diao)(diao)控能(neng)力(li)缺失。

3電網缺乏統一調度機制

除了固(gu)有(you)的發電(dian)(dian)冗余不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)峰能力(li)弱等(deng)客觀原因外，此次事(shi)故(gu)暴(bao)露出印(yin)度(du)電(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)體(ti)制不(bu)健全，電(dian)(dian)網運行缺乏統(tong)一(yi)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)，不(bu)同級調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)機構約束能力(li)弱、跨邦跨區調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)協(xie)調(diao)(diao)(diao)能力(li)不(bu)足，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指揮不(bu)暢，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)指令失靈等(deng)問題。

印度(du)(du)(du)實行(xing)(xing)分散的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)體(ti)制(zhi)，存在國(guo)家、區域(yu)、邦(bang)(bang)(bang)級以及(ji)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)內各(ge)(ge)(ge)地區4級以上的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)_缺(que)乏統一調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)制(zhi)。各(ge)(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構獨立于國(guo)家和區域(yu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構，主(zhu)要受(shou)當地電(dian)力局或輸(shu)電(dian)公司管(guan)理(li)。國(guo)家調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構對(dui)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)機(ji)構的(de)(de)約(yue)束(shu)能力較(jiao)弱，白上而(er)卜的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)和管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)無法做到(dao)“一票(piao)到(dao)底(di)”。當區域(yu)電(dian)力調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)與(yu)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)級電(dian)力調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)發生矛盾時，需向電(dian)監會反應并由(you)電(dian)監會負(fu)(fu)責協調(diao)(diao)(diao)解決。事故中(zhong)北部各(ge)(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)不服(fu)從區域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)，使(shi)電(dian)網(wang)設(she)備持(chi)續維持(chi)超(chao)負(fu)(fu)荷運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，區域(yu)電(dian)網(wang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)指令(ling)對(dui)各(ge)(ge)(ge)邦(bang)(bang)(bang)超(chao)計劃(hua)受(shou)電(dian)無能為(wei)(wei)力。印度(du)(du)(du)多(duo)位電(dian)力官員表(biao)示，各(ge)(ge)(ge)州沒有按照規(gui)定調(diao)(diao)(diao)整負(fu)(fu)荷需求，致使(shi)跨邦(bang)(bang)(bang)聯絡線超(chao)負(fu)(fu)荷運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，導致了(le)系統崩潰此外，印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)標準偏低，調(diao)(diao)(diao)度(du)(du)(du)裕度(du)(du)(du)不足印度(du)(du)(du)電(dian)網(wang)運(yun)營模式允(yun)(yun)許用頻(pin)率(lv)換用電(dian)量的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，系統運(yun)行(xing)(xing)經常(chang)出現背(bei)離計劃(hua)的(de)(de)情況，而(er)且(qie)輸(shu)電(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)范圍值為(wei)(wei)48.5--50.2Hz，允(yun)(yun)許頻(pin)率(lv)偏差較(jiao)人，這些造成電(dian)網(wang)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)長(chang)期處(chu)于緊張狀態。

4電力管理體制分散，缺乏統一管理

印度電(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)體(ti)制缺乏集約(yue)化，各邦政府對電(dian)力(li)改(gai)革擁(yong)有較(jiao)高白(bai)主(zhu)權，使(shi)得(de)各邦改(gai)革進程不盡相同，統籌協(xie)調發(fa)(fa)展實現困難。發(fa)(fa)、輸、配電(dian)所有權和(he)經(jing)營(ying)權分散，利(li)益(yi)主(zhu)體(ti)多元，電(dian)網發(fa)(fa)展長期各白(bai)為(wei)政，注重(zhong)局(ju)部利(li)益(yi)，不重(zhong)視整體(ti)安(an)全，電(dian)網管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平偏低(di)、線損(sun)(sun)高、人部分電(dian)力(li)企業(ye)處于虧損(sun)(sun)狀態、投資能(neng)力(li)弱。

一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，由于印(yin)度(du)推行以私(si)有化(hua)為方(fang)(fang)向的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革(ge)，輸(shu)配(pei)電(dian)網在體(ti)制上(shang)并非一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)運(yun)行;另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網管(guan)理體(ti)制為中央和邦(bang)(bang)2個層次的(de)分散管(guan)理模式，各邦(bang)(bang)政府對電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改革(ge)擁有較(jiao)高白主(zhu)(zhu)權邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)監會不受中央電(dian)監會管(guan)理，邦(bang)(bang)電(dian)監會在邦(bang)(bang)內發、輸(shu)、配(pei)、電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交(jiao)易和輸(shu)電(dian)定價等方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)有較(jiao)高的(de)白主(zhu)(zhu)權這(zhe)種整(zheng)體(ti)層面(mian)(mian)比較(jiao)分散的(de)管(guan)理體(ti)制與模式，在很人程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)造成了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發展(zhan)很難形(xing)成統(tong)一(yi)、科學(xue)的(de)規(gui)劃。加入(ru)了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)網建設與運(yun)行難度(du)，也(ye)影響了印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)企業運(yun)營與積極(ji)性，導(dao)致(zhi)印(yin)度(du)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)在整(zheng)體(ti)上(shang)統(tong)籌協調發展(zhan)實現困難。

5電網系統保護與設備運行的功能不健全

印度配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)保(bao)護(hu)體系(xi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)(er)(er)道(dao)防線”不(bu)健(jian)全，基于頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)和低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)措施(shi)實施(shi)不(bu)力。在“7.30”第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前(qian)，北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)解列(lie)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)。北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)損失(shi)約5800MW外來電(dian)(dian)，導(dao)致頻(pin)率(lv)降低(di)(di)。為了改善頻(pin)率(lv)，避免系(xi)統(tong)崩潰(kui)(kui)，北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)實施(shi)了低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可以減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約4000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷)和基于頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)計劃(hua)(可減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)約6000MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷)。然而，2項計劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)并(bing)未減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷，導(dao)致除了Badax-p二(er)(er)(er)和NAPS幾個小(xiao)區(qu)域外的(de)(de)(de)(de)北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)在“7.31”第二(er)(er)(er)次(ci)(ci)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)崩潰(kui)(kui)前(qian)，北部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與其他電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)首先解列(lie)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，并(bing)遭遇了與第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)停電(dian)(dian)事故類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“第二(er)(er)(er)道(dao)防線”失(shi)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)在緊急情(qing)況(kuang)卜的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基于頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)策略木應能維持頻(pin)率(lv)來保(bao)證系(xi)統(tong)安全運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，但印度的(de)(de)(de)(de)事故分(fen)析(xi)報告(gao)指出(chu)，7月31口并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)監測(ce)到低(di)(di)頻(pin)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)和基于頻(pin)率(lv)變(bian)化率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)載(zai)(zai)保(bao)護(hu)計劃(hua)有(you)適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作。

印度(du)電網的各級調度(du)中心(xin)缺(que)乏電力系統動態(tai)(tai)安(an)全評估(gu)和快速(su)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)估(gu)計的研究機制，無(wu)法有效制定補救措施(shi)計劃(hua);在(zai)系統運行調度(du)過(guo)程中一也沒有在(zai)計劃(hua)外(wai)電力交(jiao)換情況卜(bu)，對功率透支與過(guo)度(du)發(fa)電的情況進行監管。在(zai)這2次停(ting)電事故(gu)中，均發(fa)生了在(zai)負荷(he)逐漸損失的情況卜(bu)距離保護誤動現象，而且缺(que)乏足夠(gou)的無(wu)功補償裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和動態(tai)(tai)補償裝(zhuang)置(zhi)對故(gu)障中的系統電壓(ya)提供(gong)支撐。

6電力投資不足

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)不(bu)(bu)足一(yi)直是(shi)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工(gong)業發展的核心制(zhi)約因素，印度(du)曾(ceng)試圖(tu)采取多項措施吸引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)，但收效甚微2003年(nian)印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)法案(an)明確鼓(gu)勵引入競爭。2005年(nian)印度(du)國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發展政(zheng)策(ce)也提出(chu)要在(zai)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環節引入私人投(tou)資(zi)。但在(zai)實際操作中(zhong)，并(bing)未(wei)建立完善的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)投(tou)資(zi)體制(zhi)和(he)(he)順暢的資(zi)金渠道，往往由(you)于土(tu)地糾紛和(he)(he)其他繁瑣的政(zheng)策(ce)障礙(ai)，導致基礎設(she)施建設(she)資(zi)金無法到位(wei)。另一(yi)方(fang)面，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)等(deng)諸(zhu)多因素也導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)業難(nan)以(yi)吸引投(tou)資(zi)。印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)順，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)同收難(nan)、線(xian)損(sun)居高不(bu)(bu)卜等(deng)問題，印度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企(qi)業普遍(bian)虧損(sun)，政(zheng)府補貼對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場運營虧損(sun)來說也是(shi)“杯水車薪(xin)”，企(qi)業缺乏白主投(tou)資(zi)能(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)積(ji)極性(xing)

印度大停電對我國電力發展的啟示

印度2天內連續2次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)人面積停電事(shi)(shi)故，給(gei)當地經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)、社(she)會穩定及國家形象帶來嚴重(zhong)影響。此次(ci)印度人停電事(shi)(shi)件對我國電力工業發(fa)展(zhan)具(ju)有重(zhong)要啟示(shi)。

電力要適度超前發展并把安全放在首位

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)是(shi)現(xian)代經(jing)(jing)濟社會(hui)發展(zhan)的基礎，也是(shi)組成(cheng)國民經(jing)(jing)濟的重要(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部分。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)業的基礎性(xing)特征(zheng)、工(gong)程建設周(zhou)期長(chang)、系統運行(xing)(xing)備(bei)用需求(qiu)等要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)必(bi)須適度超前如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)發展(zhan)滯后，就會(hui)成(cheng)為制(zhi)約經(jing)(jing)濟社會(hui)發展(zhan)和人民生(sheng)活(huo)水平提高的瓶(ping)頸。印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業基礎設施薄(bo)弱，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供需矛(mao)盾突出，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水平低。近年來，印(yin)(yin)(yin)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)持續存在10%左右的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)缺}!，而在夏季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰這(zhe)個比例可能超過20%如此(ci)(ci)滯后的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)工(gong)業，不僅(jin)嚴重影響了水民的生(sheng)活(huo)，更讓印(yin)(yin)(yin)度在對外(wai)招(zhao)商引(yin)資(zi)、經(jing)(jing)濟發展(zhan)方面(mian)都面(mian)臨多方垢病，國際競(jing)爭(zheng)力(li)(li)也因此(ci)(ci)人打折(zhe)扣。

加強電網統籌規劃，夯實電網安全的基礎

無論(lun)美加“8.14”人停電(dian)、巴西(xi)“11.10”人停電(dian)，還是木(mu)次印度連(lian)續2次人停電(dian)，其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)個重要(yao)原因就是電(dian)網(wang)(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)滯后，沒有形成結構堅強(qiang)(qiang)、運(yun)行靈活的(de)主網(wang)(wang)架(jia)。電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)是由不同(tong)電(dian)壓(ya)等級設備(bei)緊密連(lian)接在一(yi)(yi)起的(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，必須堅持統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)規劃(hua)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)建(jian)設，從源(yuan)(yuan)頭上(shang)消(xiao)除隱患，提高電(dian)網(wang)(wang)建(jian)設安(an)全質(zhi)量(liang)和抵御白然災害的(de)能(neng)力(li)，滿足能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)配置(zhi)要(yao)求和事故情況卜相互支援的(de)能(neng)力(li)。立(li)足我(wo)國能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)逆向分(fen)布實(shi)際，加快(kuai)發(fa)展(zhan)特高壓(ya)跨區輸電(dian)，構建(jian)“強(qiang)(qiang)交強(qiang)(qiang)直(zhi)”的(de)全國特高壓(ya)堅強(qiang)(qiang)骨干網(wang)(wang)架(jia)，是保障(zhang)我(wo)國電(dian)力(li)供應安(an)全的(de)必備(bei)物質(zhi)基礎(chu)。

堅持電力系統安全穩定“三道防線”

印度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司縮減(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)維(wei)護(hu)成(cheng)木(mu)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)超(chao)負荷運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)、頻率卜降(jiang)時(shi)，技術上沒有相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)“第(di)三道防線(xian)”，最終拖垮(kua)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。而在(zai)(zai)(zai)美國(guo)等一些國(guo)家也存在(zai)(zai)(zai)類似我國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)“三道防線(xian)”，但(dan)因制(zhi)度體制(zhi)等問題，讓(rang)“三道防線(xian)”運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)失(shi)靈。隨(sui)著我國(guo)人(ren)(ren)容(rong)量(liang)交(jiao)/直流輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程、人(ren)(ren)規(gui)模間歇式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)投運(yun)(yun)，交(jiao)直流系(xi)統(tong)拙合關系(xi)增強，系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)多(duo)變，容(rong)易發(fa)生多(duo)重擾動/故障(zhang)，對人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)提出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)需要進(jin)一步加強“三道防線(xian)”建設，落(luo)實《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)導則(ze)》要求(qiu)，深(shen)入開展系(xi)統(tong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)穩定(ding)分(fen)析和(he)校核，健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理制(zhi)度，提高(gao)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)維(wei)護(hu)水平(ping)、人(ren)(ren)員素質，加強安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)基礎管(guan)理和(he)細節控制(zhi)，以(yi)“嚴、細、實”的(de)(de)(de)作風保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)

加強對電網骨干網架安全保障理論的研究

各國電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在(zai)向其目標(biao)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡過(guo)程(cheng)中，都(dou)存在(zai)薄弱環(huan)節和(he)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)，忽(hu)視這些環(huan)節和(he)對相應(ying)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)控將加(jia)入電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)生類似(si)于印度人(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)可能性(xing)。為在(zai)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)渡過(guo)程(cheng)中避免(mian)發(fa)生人(ren)(ren)面積停(ting)電(dian)(dian)事故(gu)，必須樹立立足于發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)、科學的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)觀，結(jie)合人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)及其安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)運(yun)行(xing)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)技術發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)趨勢，進一(yi)步加(jia)強對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)骨干(gan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)保障理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)研究與技術措施的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，提高(gao)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)監測(ce)、預警(jing)和(he)控制(zhi)能力，構建時空協(xie)調(diao)綜合防御系統(tong)，提高(gao)技術保障電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)能力，保證系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)長期安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。深(shen)化人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，實現安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)超前分析和(he)流(liu)程(cheng)化控制(zhi);開展(zhan)(zhan)周(zhou)(zhou)期性(xing)輸電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、城市電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)評價(jia)，滾(gun)動排查電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)薄弱環(huan)節和(he)設備重人(ren)(ren)隱(yin)患;加(jia)強資產全(quan)壽命周(zhou)(zhou)期管(guan)(guan)理(li)和(he)人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)監督管(guan)(guan)理(li);完善人(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應(ying)急處置機制(zhi)等手段和(he)措施全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)動態防范電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)事故(gu)風(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。

強化各級電網和調度的一體化運行機制

分析國(guo)(guo)際上這些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)直接原(yuan)(yuan)因，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都(dou)是(shi)因為(wei)管理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)混亂、利(li)益主(zhu)體(ti)多元、調(diao)度指令失(shi)靈，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)得不到及時控制(zhi)(zhi)，最終(zhong)發展成為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這次印度人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因，再(zai)一(yi)(yi)次說明(ming)缺乏統一(yi)(yi)的(de)調(diao)度管理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)嚴格的(de)調(diao)度紀律，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)安(an)全(quan)無法得到保障。長期以來，我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)度一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化運行機制(zhi)(zhi)，實(shi)現了(le)(le)統一(yi)(yi)高效的(de)調(diao)度管理(li)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統協調(diao)運行，有效降低了(le)(le)重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)風險，沒有發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)崩(beng)潰和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)面積(ji)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)及以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)特(te)別(bie)是(shi)近年來，在連(lian)續遭受歷史罕(han)見的(de)嚴重(zhong)冰災、特(te)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)地震(zhen)及重(zhong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)洪水、臺風、泥石流等白然災害的(de)情況卜，我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)度管理(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)確保人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)安(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發揮了(le)(le)重(zhong)要作(zuo)用

總結

當前我(wo)國經(jing)濟發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和負荷需求增長較快，結構性和季節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)緊張時(shi)有發(fa)(fa)生，新能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)迅猛發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)規模口(kou)益增人(ren)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統的(de)結構口(kou)趨復(fu)雜，未來供電(dian)(dian)(dian)安全穩定問題將(jiang)更加突(tu)出(chu)。為此，我(wo)國應積極從印度人(ren)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故中汲取經(jing)驗教(jiao)訓。在人(ren)力(li)增強電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統安全的(de)物(wu)理網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡支撐的(de)同時(shi)，要堅持各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和調(diao)度的(de)一(yi)體化運行機制(zhi)，充分發(fa)(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)統一(yi)管理和運行的(de)優勢，最人(ren)限度地提(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)度安全保障能(neng)力(li)，為我(wo)國經(jing)濟社會快速(su)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供安全、可靠、優質、高效(xiao)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應。