文(wen)廟(miao)始(shi)建于1477年,位于桂林(lin)市恭城縣西山南麓,是(shi)廣西保(bao)存(cun)較為完整的孔廟(miao),也是(shi)自(zi)治區重點文(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)單(dan)位。文(wen)廟(miao)是(shi)為祭祀我(wo)國(guo)古(gu)代政治家、思想家和教(jiao)育家孔子(zi)而建的圣(sheng)廟(miao)。
文(wen)廟坐北(bei)朝南(nan)(nan),南(nan)(nan)偏東6度,俯視茶江,背靠印山(shan)(shan),依(yi)山(shan)(shan)而建(jian),逐層布置,顯得莊嚴肅穆(mu)。全廟占(zhan)地3600平(ping)方米(mi),建(jian)筑面(mian)積1300平(ping)方米(mi)。由兩(liang)邊耳門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)出入,東向(xiang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)禮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),西(xi)向(xiang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)叫(jiao)義路,門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)外立禁碑(bei)一塊,上(shang)刻“文(wen)武官員至此下(xia)馬(ma)”,以示(shi)孔廟的莊嚴。正(zheng)面(mian)是照壁(bi)(bi),沒有開大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),據說等(deng)有人中了狀元(yuan),才(cai)在照壁(bi)(bi)中間開大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),稱(cheng)狀元(yuan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),想從大門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)步(bu)入欞(ling)星門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),唯狀元(yuan)莫(mo)屬。
新(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)后,為方便(bian)群眾(zhong)游覽,把(ba)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元門(men)打開了。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)相傳(chuan)是(shi)(shi)漢高祖(zu)命祀欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)而移用(yong)于孔(kong)廟,以(yi)(yi)尊天(tian)(tian)者尊孔(kong)為本意。該門(men)全部青(qing)(qing)石(shi)(shi)砌筑(zhu),上面(mian)刻有(you)“欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)”三(san)(san)個大(da)字,還有(you)雙(shuang)龍戲珠(zhu)、雙(shuang)鳳朝(chao)陽等(deng)浮雕。欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)的(de)(de)六根大(da)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)頂端有(you)六只小石(shi)(shi)獅互相窺視(shi)著。過了欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)便(bian)是(shi)(shi)泮池,又叫月(yue)池,料石(shi)(shi)砌就,周圍以(yi)(yi)青(qing)(qing)石(shi)(shi)為欄,有(you)石(shi)(shi)拱橋跨過池面(mian),稱狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元橋,意為狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)元才能通過,橋面(mian)有(you)一(yi)塊刻有(you)云紋(wen)浮雕的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)石(shi)(shi),為“青(qing)(qing)云直上”之意。由欞星(xing)(xing)(xing)門(men)步上兩層平臺,便(bian)是(shi)(shi)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)由十一(yi)扇(shan)木(mu)(mu)門(men)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),木(mu)(mu)質結(jie)構(gou),門(men)扇(shan)上樓空(kong)的(de)(de)花鳥蟲魚(yu)雕刻,栩栩如生。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)東面(mian)是(shi)(shi)名宦(huan)祠(ci),西(xi)面(mian)是(shi)(shi)鄉(xiang)賢(xian)祠(ci),是(shi)(shi)供(gong)奉(feng)歷代(dai)先賢(xian)、先儒的(de)(de)地(di)方,計有(you)一(yi)百四十三(san)(san)個靈位。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)后面(mian)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)井,前有(you)寬(kuan)大(da)的(de)(de)平臺,叫杏壇(tan),又叫露(lu)壇(tan),傳(chuan)說是(shi)(shi)孔(kong)子(zi)講學的(de)(de)地(di)方。露(lu)壇(tan)之上是(shi)(shi)大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),為文廟的(de)(de)主體建筑(zhu),面(mian)闊五間(jian),進深三(san)(san)間(jian),有(you)磚柱(zhu)十根,木(mu)(mu)柱(zhu)十八根,大(da)門(men)十四扇(shan),門(men)窗(chuang)、檐(yan)口均飾以(yi)(yi)木(mu)(mu)雕。屋面(mian)飛檐(yan)高翹(qiao),重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山(shan),脊施花飾,泥塑(su)彩畫,琉璃瓦(wa)蓋,金碧輝煌(huang)。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)正中的(de)(de)神龕是(shi)(shi)供(gong)奉(feng)孔(kong)子(zi)靈牌(pai)的(de)(de)地(di)方。大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)之后是(shi)(shi)崇圣祠(ci),是(shi)(shi)供(gong)奉(feng)孔(kong)子(zi)五代(dai)祖(zu)先的(de)(de)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂,崇圣祠(ci)與大(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在建筑(zhu)構(gou)造上很講究,大(da)小高低(di)有(you)分別。
歷(li)代每歲春仲月(農歷(li)二、八月),在大殿舉行祭(ji)(ji)禮(li)。祭(ji)(ji)期黎明(ming),各官衣(yi)朝服,按序而立,齊集行禮(li),典(dian)儀極為(wei)隆重。
據資(zi)料記(ji)載,道光(guang)二十(shi)二年(nian)(1842年(nian)),有人認為(wei)原廟室規模(mo)小,出不了狀元,于是官府派遣(qian)王(wang)雁洲、莫(mo)勵(li)堂(tang)兩位舉人到山東(dong)曲(qu)阜參觀(guan)孔廟,以曲(qu)阜孔廟為(wei)模(mo)式(shi)設計繪(hui)圖(tu),籌集巨款,并從廣(guang)東(dong)、湖南等地請(qing)來工匠重(zhong)建,歷時兩年(nian)余始(shi)告竣工,成為(wei)廣(guang)西較大的(de)孔廟。清咸豐四年(nian)(1854年(nian))又(you)毀(hui)于兵燹,清咸豐十(shi)一年(nian)(1861年(nian))重(zhong)新修(xiu)復。以后(hou)曾修(xiu)葺二十(shi)多次。1963年(nian)廣(guang)西壯族自治區人民政府撥款維修(xiu),并列為(wei)自治區重(zhong)點文物保護單(dan)位。