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電容器行業簡介

一、電容器是什么元件

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)是儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢能(neng)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)元件。一個(ge)(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)被另一個(ge)(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)所包(bao)圍，或者由一個(ge)(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場線全部(bu)終止在另一個(ge)(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體(ti)(ti)系，稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)極板(ban)之間加上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)就會儲(chu)存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量在數(shu)值上(shang)(shang)等于一個(ge)(ge)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極板(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量與兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)極板(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓之比(bi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)單位是法拉（F）。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)中通常用字(zi)母C表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)元件。

電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器是(shi)電(dian)(dian)子設備中(zhong)大量(liang)使(shi)用的電(dian)(dian)子元件之一，所以被(bei)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用于隔直、耦(ou)合(he)、旁(pang)路、濾波(bo)、調諧(xie)回路、能(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換或儲能(neng)、控制電(dian)(dian)路等方(fang)面。隨著(zhu)新材料，新技術的出現，大容(rong)量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)容(rong)可能(neng)會代替可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池，而廣(guang)泛應(ying)用于各個(ge)領域。

二、電容器的種類有哪些

根(gen)據分(fen)析(xi)統計，電容器主要分(fen)為(wei)以(yi)下10類：

1、按照結構(gou)分三(san)大類：固定電容(rong)器、可變電容(rong)器和微調(diao)電容(rong)器。

2、按電(dian)(dian)(dian)介(jie)質(zhi)分類：有(you)機介(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、無機介(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和(he)空氣(qi)介(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)。

3、按用途(tu)分有：高頻(pin)(pin)旁(pang)路電(dian)容(rong)器、低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)旁(pang)路電(dian)容(rong)器、濾波電(dian)容(rong)器、調諧電(dian)容(rong)器、高頻(pin)(pin)耦合(he)電(dian)容(rong)器、低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)耦合(he)電(dian)容(rong)器、小型電(dian)容(rong)器。

4、按制(zhi)造材料的不同可以分為(wei)：瓷介電(dian)容(rong)、滌綸電(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)、鉭電(dian)容(rong)，還(huan)有(you)先進的聚丙烯電(dian)容(rong)等等。

5、高(gao)頻旁路：陶瓷電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、云(yun)母電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻(bo)璃膜電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、滌綸電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻(bo)璃釉電(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

6、低頻旁路：紙介電容(rong)(rong)器、陶瓷電容(rong)(rong)器、鋁電解電容(rong)(rong)器、滌綸電容(rong)(rong)器。

7、濾波：鋁電解(jie)電容器(qi)、紙介電容器(qi)、復(fu)合紙介電容器(qi)、液體(ti)鉭電容器(qi)。

8、調諧：陶瓷(ci)電容(rong)器、云(yun)母(mu)電容(rong)器、玻(bo)璃膜電容(rong)器、聚苯乙烯電容(rong)器。

9、低耦合(he)：紙介電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器、陶(tao)瓷電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器、鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器、滌綸(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器、固(gu)體鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器。

10、小型電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)：金(jin)屬化紙介電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、聚(ju)苯乙烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、固體(ti)鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、玻璃釉電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、金(jin)屬化滌(di)綸電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、聚(ju)丙(bing)烯(xi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)、云母電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)。

三、電路中電容的作用

1、隔直流(liu)(liu)：作用(yong)是阻止(zhi)直流(liu)(liu)通過而讓交流(liu)(liu)通過。

2、旁(pang)路(lu)（去耦）：為交流電路(lu)中(zhong)某些并聯的(de)元(yuan)件提供(gong)低阻抗通路(lu)。

3、耦合(he)：作(zuo)為兩個電路之間的(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)，允許交流信號通(tong)過(guo)并傳輸到下一級(ji)(ji)電路。用(yong)電容做耦合(he)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)件，是為了將前(qian)級(ji)(ji)信號傳遞到后(hou)(hou)一級(ji)(ji)，并且隔斷前(qian)一級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)直流對后(hou)(hou)一級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，使電路調(diao)試簡單，性能穩定。

4、濾波(bo)：這個對電(dian)路而(er)言很重(zhong)要，CPU背后(hou)的電(dian)容基本(ben)都是這個作用。

5、溫(wen)度補償：針對其它元件對溫(wen)度的(de)適(shi)應性(xing)不夠帶來的(de)影響，而進行補償，改(gai)善電路的(de)穩定性(xing)。

6、計時：電(dian)容器與電(dian)阻器配合使用(yong)，確定(ding)電(dian)路的時間常數。

7、調(diao)(diao)諧：對與頻率相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)電路進行系(xi)統調(diao)(diao)諧，比如手機、收音機、電視機。

8、整流：在預定的時間(jian)開或者(zhe)關(guan)半(ban)閉導體開關(guan)元件(jian)。

9、儲(chu)能：儲(chu)存電(dian)能，用于必(bi)須要(yao)的(de)時候釋(shi)放(fang)。例如(ru)相機(ji)閃光燈，加熱設備等(deng)等(deng)。如(ru)今電(dian)容的(de)儲(chu)能水(shui)平已接近鋰電(dian)池的(de)水(shui)準(zhun)。

四、電容的工作原理

電(dian)(dian)容的工作原理是通(tong)過在(zai)電(dian)(dian)極上儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)荷(he)儲(chu)存電(dian)(dian)能，通(tong)常(chang)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)器(qi)共同使用形成LC振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)場中(zhong)會受力而移動(dong)，當導體之間(jian)有了(le)介質，則阻礙了(le)電(dian)(dian)荷(he)移動(dong)而使得電(dian)(dian)荷(he)累積在(zai)導體上，造成電(dian)(dian)荷(he)的累積儲(chu)存。

電容器與電池類似，也具有兩個電極。在品牌電容器內部，這兩(liang)個電極分別(bie)連接(jie)到被電介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)隔開的兩(liang)塊金屬(shu)板(ban)上(shang)。電介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)可(ke)以是空氣、紙(zhi)張、塑料或(huo)其(qi)他任何不(bu)導(dao)電并能防(fang)止這兩(liang)個金屬(shu)極相互(hu)接(jie)觸的物質(zhi)。

電容器(qi)上與電池(chi)(chi)負極相連的金屬板(ban)將吸收電池(chi)(chi)產(chan)生的電子。電容器(qi)上與電池(chi)(chi)正極相連的金屬板(ban)將向電池(chi)(chi)釋(shi)放(fang)電子。

五、電容單位怎么換算

在(zai)國際單位(wei)制里，電(dian)容的(de)單位(wei)是(shi)法(fa)拉(la)，簡稱法(fa)，符號是(shi)F，由于法(fa)拉(la)這個單位(wei)太(tai)大，所以常用(yong)的(de)電(dian)容單位(wei)有毫法(fa)（mF）、微法(fa)（μF）、納法(fa)（nF）和皮法(fa)（pF）等，換算(suan)關系是(shi)：

1法(fa)拉(la)（F）=1000毫法(fa)（mF）=1000000微法(fa)（μF）。1微法(fa)（μF）=1000納法(fa)（nF）=1000000皮法(fa)（pF）。

電(dian)容與電(dian)池容量的關(guan)系：1伏安時=1瓦時=3600焦耳。